Mapping local patterns of childhood overweight and wasting in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2017

A double burden of malnutrition occurs when individuals, household members or communities experience both undernutrition and overweight. Here, we show geospatial estimates of overweight and wasting prevalence among children under 5 years of age in 105 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) from 2000 to 2017 and aggregate these to policy-relevant administrative units. Wasting decreased overall across LMICs between 2000 and 2017, from 8.4% (62.3 (55.1–70.8) million) to 6.4% (58.3 (47.6–70.7) million), but is predicted to remain above the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target of <5% in over half of LMICs by 2025. Prevalence of overweight increased from 5.2% (30 (22.8–38.5) million) in 2000 to 6.0% (55.5 (44.8–67.9) million) children aged under 5 years in 2017. Areas most affected by double burden of malnutrition were located in Indonesia, Thailand, southeastern China, Botswana, Cameroon and central Nigeria. Our estimates provide a new perspective to researchers, policy makers and public health agencies in their efforts to address this global childhood syndemic

Mapping inequalities in exclusive breastfeeding in low- and middle-income countries, 2000–2018

Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF)—giving infants only breast-milk for the first 6 months of life—is a component of optimal breastfeeding practices effective in preventing child morbidity and mortality. EBF practices are known to vary by population and comparable subnational estimates of prevalence and progress across low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are required for planning policy and interventions. Here we present a geospatial analysis of EBF prevalence estimates from 2000 to 2018 across 94 LMICs mapped to policy-relevant administrative units (for example, districts), quantify subnational inequalities and their changes over time, and estimate probabilities of meeting the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target (WHO GNT) of ≥70% EBF prevalence by 2030. While six LMICs are projected to meet the WHO GNT of ≥70% EBF prevalence at a national scale, only three are predicted to meet the target in all their district-level units by 2030

[Rezension zu:] Gustav Adolf LEHMANN – Rainer WIEGELS (Hgg.), „Über die Alpen und über den Rhein …“. Beiträge zu den Anfängen und zum Verlauf der römischen Expansion nach Mitteleuropa. Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Neue Folge Bd. 37. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter 2015, 430 S.

Die in dem Sammelband abgedruckten 16 Aufsätze sind das Ergebnis eines internationalen Kolloquiums, das vom 28.-30. November 2012 in Göttingen stattfand. Der zeitliche Rahmen von ca. 50 v. Chr. bis 235 n. Chr. umfasst die Zeit, die für Mitteleuropa nördlich der Alpen prägend sein sollte. Das Ziel der Tagung war es, generell die Anfänge der römischen Expansion nach Mitteleuropa in den Mittelpunkt der Diskussion zu stellen. Dabei soll angesichts neuerer Funde die sogenannte Schlachtfeldarchäologie nicht zu kurz kommen. ... Armin Becker beleuchtet die römische Okkupation des Rhein-Main-Gebietes und der Wetterau unter Augustus (S. 225-234). ..

Fabrication and supercapacitive properties of a thick electrode of carbon nanotube-RuO2 core-shell hybrid material with a high RuO2 loading

A core-shell hybrid material of amorphous hydrous RuO2-coated carbon nanotubes (CNT-RuO2) with a RuO2 loading as high as 82.4wt% was prepared by a solution method using RuCl3 and NaHCO3 aqueous solutions. The effect of preparation conditions, especially the dripping speed of the NaHCO3 solution, on the formation of the core-shell structure was investigated, and the corresponding mechanism was discussed. Supercapacitive properties of the CNT-RuO2 and amorphous hydrous RuO2 electrodes with a thickness of over 200μm were studied and the crucial factors to govern their rate capability were analyzed. For the thick CNT-RuO2 electrode, a comparison of its specific capacitance before and after subtracting the effect of the voltage drop of discharge curves caused by the inner resistance of the CNT-RuO2 symmetrical supercapacitor indicates that electronic conductivity is more important than proton diffusion in determining its rate capability

The prevalence of onchocerciasis in Africa and Yemen, 2000–2018: a geospatial analysis

Background: Onchocerciasis is a disease caused by infection with Onchocerca volvulus, which is transmitted to humans via the bite of several species of black fly, and is responsible for permanent blindness or vision loss, as well as severe skin disease. Predominantly endemic in parts of Africa and Yemen, preventive chemotherapy with mass drug administration of ivermectin is the primary intervention recommended for the elimination of its transmission. Methods: A dataset of 18,116 geo-referenced prevalence survey datapoints was used to model annual 2000–2018 infection prevalence in Africa and Yemen. Using Bayesian model-based geostatistics, we generated spatially continuous estimates of all-age 2000–2018 onchocerciasis infection prevalence at the 5 × 5-km resolution as well as aggregations to the national level, along with corresponding estimates of the uncertainty in these predictions. Results: As of 2018, the prevalence of onchocerciasis infection continues to be concentrated across central and western Africa, with the highest mean estimates at the national level in Ghana (12.2%, 95% uncertainty interval [UI] 5.0–22.7). Mean estimates exceed 5% infection prevalence at the national level for Cameroon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Guinea-Bissau, Sierra Leone, and South Sudan. Conclusions: Our analysis suggests that onchocerciasis infection has declined over the last two decades throughout western and central Africa. Focal areas of Angola, Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Nigeria, South Sudan, and Uganda continue to have mean microfiladermia prevalence estimates exceeding 25%. At and above this level, the continuation or initiation of mass drug administration with ivermectin is supported. If national programs aim to eliminate onchocerciasis infection, additional surveillance or supervision of areas of predicted high prevalence would be warranted to ensure sufficiently high coverage of program interventions