Diseño de un instrumento para medir el constructo "Liderazgo directivo" en el Banco de Crédito del Perú - región La Libertad - 2016

Los instrumentos para recolectar datos en las investigaciones científicas son muy importantes, pero cuando se presentan diferentes realidades la mayoría de los instrumentos disponibles no son pertinentes, por ello se tienen que adecuar o diseñar nuevos instrumentos. El asunto se complica si se trata de variables complejas o constructos, como es el caso del liderazgo debido a que los pocos instrumentos diseñados para medirlo corresponden a otras realidades y han sido elaborados a partir de la opinión de miles de directivos (Whetten y Cameron, 2011). El desarrollo del presente trabajo de investigación, a diferencia de la propuesta de Whetten y Cameron (2011) se centró en la opinión de los seguidores del líder, para diseñar el instrumento que mida los niveles de liderazgo directivo del gerente de una institución financiera, y para ello formulamos la siguiente pregunta: ¿Qué dimensiones e indicadores conformarían el constructo liderazgo directivo, para que el instrumento diseñado cumpla con los requisitos de validez y confiabilidad, al ser aplicado en el Banco de Crédito del Perú – Región La Libertad? Las características de nuestro trabajo requerían de un diseño mixto (cualitativo – cuantitativo), y partimos de la propuesta teórica de Whetten y Cameron (2011) que implica la presencia de cuatro dimensiones y diez indicadores. Empezamos recopilando la información con el apoyo de los colaboradores de la empresa en estudio, la cual sirvió para identificar los indicadores del constructo, y usando la técnica de triangulación, identificar las dimensiones sobre la base de la referencia teórica. A continuación, procedimos con la validez de contenido (Juicio de expertos), luego llevamos a cabo la validez del constructo (Análisis Factorial en su fase exploratorio), y sometimos el instrumento a la prueba de confiabilidad (verificación de la “consistencia interna” calculando el coeficiente Alfa de Cronbach). Una vez ajustado el instrumento, con los resultados de las pruebas estadísticas procedimos a aplicar el mismo a la institución de estudio para medir los niveles de liderazgo y así ayudar a mejorar la realidad de la misma. Los resultados nos llevaron a comprobar que el constructo liderazgo directivo en la institución financiera de interés está compuesto de tres dimensiones: Relaciones humanas y participativas (7 indicadores), Innovación y espíritu emprendedor (7 indicadores) y Competitividad y control (2 indicadores). El instrumento diseñado para medir el constructo contiene 26 reactivos. Sólo cinco indicadores y tres dimensiones de la propuesta de Whetten y Cameron (2011) fueron ratificados por nuestro estudio, lo cual demuestra que la realidad de la organización en estudio representa un caso particular, y por ello se requería disponer de un instrumento para medir el liderazgo directivo en esta realidad.The instruments for collecting data in scientific research are very important, but when different realities appear most of the available instruments are not relevant, therefore new instruments have to be adapted or designed. The issue is complicated if it is a question of complex variables or constructs, as is the case of leadership because the few instruments designed to measure it correspond to other realities and have been elaborated from the opinion of thousands of managers (Whetten and Cameron, 2011). The development of the present research work, unlike the proposal of Whetten and Cameron (2011) focused on the opinion of the followers of the leader to design the instrument that measures the managerial leadership levels of the manager of a financial institution, and we ask the following question: What dimensions and indicators would conform the managerial leadership construct, so that the instrument designed meets the requirements of validity and reliability, when applied in the Banco de Crédito del Perú – Región La Libertad? The characteristics of our work required a mixed design (qualitative - quantitative), and we start with the theoretical proposal of Whetten and Cameron (2011) that involves the presence of four dimensions and ten indicators. We started collecting the information with the support of the collaborators of the company under study, which served to identify the indicators of the construct, and using the triangulation technique, to identify the dimensions based on the theoretical reference. We then proceeded with the content validity (Face validity), then carried out the validity of the construct (Factorial Analysis in its exploratory phase), and submitted the instrument to the reliability test (verification of ""internal consistency"" by calculating The Cronbach alpha coefficient). Once the instrument was adjusted, the results of the statistical tests were applied to the institution of study to measure the levels of leadership and thus help to improve the reality of the same. The results lead us to verify that the managerial leadership construct in the financial institution of interest is composed of three dimensions: Human and participatory relations (7 indicators), Innovation and entrepreneurship (7 indicators) and Competitiveness and control (2 indicators). The instrument designed to measure the construct contains 26 reagents. Only five indicators and three dimensions of the proposal of Whetten and Cameron (2011) were ratified by our study, which shows that the reality of the organization under study represents a particular case, and therefore an instrument was needed to measure the Leadership in this reality.Tesi

Análisis de las diferencias entre las medias de los indicadores financieros de empresas pesqueras en el periodo 2018-2021

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las diferencias entre las medias de los indicadores financieros de empresas pesqueras peruanas y chilenas en el periodo 2018-2021. Esta investigación de enfoque mixto y diseño DEXPLOS, utilizó ANOVA de un factor para comprobar la hipótesis. La muestra estuvo conformada por cinco empresas. Se halló que sí existen diferencias significativas entre las medias de los indicadores analizados en el periodo de estudio, destacando en el análisis Austral Group de Perú y Camanchaca de Chile. Una limitación correspondió a la escasa disponibilidad de estudios previos similares, lo que implica que este trabajo de investigación es inédito. En este trabajo no se incluyó un análisis de la gestión de las operaciones y no se consideraron otras variables inherentes al sector pesquero, sin embargo, la gestión empresarial finalmente termina reflejándose en los Estados Financieros y en consecuencia en los indicadores financieros. Se recomienda realizar estudios similares para comparar los resultados hallados con empresas del sector pesquero de otros países, de tal forma que se valide el modelo o mejorar el mismo con otras propuestas. Analysis of the differences between the means of the financial indicators of fishing companies in the period 2018-2021The objective of this study was to analyze the differences between the means of the financial indicators of Peruvian and Chilean fishing companies in the period 2018-2021. This research with a mixed approach and DEXPLOS design, used ANOVA of one factor to test the hypothesis. The sample consisted of five companies. It was found that there are significant differences between the means of the indicators analyzed in the study period, standing out in the analysis Austral Group from Peru and Camanchaca from Chile. One limitation corresponded to the limited availability of previous similar studies, which implies that this research work is unprecedented. In this work an analysis of the management of the operations was not included and other variables inherent to the fishing sector were not considered, however, the business management finally ends up being reflected in the Financial Statements and consequently in the financial indicators. It is recommended to carry out similar studies to compare the results found with companies in the fishing sector of other countries, in such a way that the model is validated or improved with other proposals

Eficiencia financiera de las Cajas Municipales de Ahorro y Crédito (CMAC) del Perú en el periodo 2015-2021

Este trabajo utiliza la técnica de tabla de decisiones con variables de entrada Morosidad, ROE, Z2 de Altman, y el grado de relación Morosidad-Z2 y ROE-Z2 para medir la eficiencia del desempeño financiero de las Cajas Municipales de Ahorro y Crédito (CMAC) en una muestra de seis entidades con activos superiores a S/2 billones (2 billones de Soles). Los hallazgos empíricos muestran que CMAC Huancayo, Arequipa, Cusco y Piura logran destacar en su desempeño financiero en 2015-2021, mientras que CMAC Trujillo logra superar el 50% de eficiencia, pero CMAC Sullana es alarmantemente ineficiente. El modelo propuesto proporciona un enfoque integral y pragmático para medir la eficiencia del desempeño financiero de estas microfinancieras, lo cual ha sido una limitante superada por la presente investigación. Entre las conclusiones se destaca que es importante conocer el nivel de eficiencia del desempeño financiero de las CMAC para identificar aquellas con las mejores prácticas en un entorno altamente competitivo.Financial efficiency of the Municipal Savings and Credit Banks (CMAC) of Peru in the period 2015-2021This work uses the decision table technique with input variables Delinquency, ROE, Altman's Z2, and the degree of relationship Delinquency-Z2 and ROE-Z2 to measure the efficiency of the financial performance of the Municipal Savings and Credit Banks (CMAC). ) in a sample of six entities with assets greater than S/2 billion (2 billion Soles). Empirical findings show that CMAC Huancayo, Arequipa, Cusco and Piura manage to stand out in their financial performance in 2015-2021, while CMAC Trujillo manages to exceed 50% efficiency, but CMAC Sullana is alarmingly inefficient. The proposed model provides a comprehensive and pragmatic approach to measure the efficiency of the financial performance of these microfinance institutions, which has been a limitation overcome by this research. Among the conclusions, it is highlighted that it is important to know the level of efficiency of the financial performance of the CMACs to identify those with the best practices in a highly competitive environment

Análisis del riesgo de quiebra de instituciones financieras peruanas, 2015-2021

En Perú, la dinámica económica de la Banca Múltiple y las Cajas Municipales es relevante; sin embargo, estas no han sido estudiadas en cuanto al riesgo de quiebra, indicador importante en la gestión financiera y la calificación crediticia. La presente investigación pretende ser un nuevo aporte en el tema, ya que se analizó a 26 instituciones financieras activas con el objetivo de evaluar el riesgo de quiebra. Utilizando el análisis discriminante múltiple del modelo Z de Altman complementado con la media armónica, los resultados muestran evidencia empírica de que solo el 20% de las instituciones de la Banca Múltiple se ubica en la zona segura y un preocupante 13% se ubica en la zona de quiebra. Además, las Cajas Municipales cuentan con una relativa mejor salud financiera al ubicarse el 100% fuera de la zona de quiebra. Se sugiere realizar estudios en países con economías similares. Una limitación fue el haberse trabajado con datos históricos. Entre las conclusiones a destacar: se encuentra que, el modelo Z de Altman es eficaz en la predicción del riesgo de quiebra de instituciones financieras. Bankruptcy risk analysis of peruvian financial institutions, 2015-2021In Peru, the economic dynamics of Multiple Banking and Municipal Savings Banks is relevant; however, these have not been studied in terms of bankruptcy risk, an important indicator in financial management and credit rating. This research aims to be a new contribution to the subject, since 26 active financial institutions were analyzed to assess the risk of bankruptcy. Using the multiple discriminant analysis of the Altman Z model complemented with the harmonic mean, the results show empirical evidence that only 20% of Multiple Banking institutions are in the safe zone and a worrying 13% are in the bankruptcy zone. In addition, the Municipal Savings Banks have a relatively better financial health as they are located 100% outside the bankruptcy zone. Studies are suggested in countries with similar economies. One limitation was to have worked with historical data. Among the conclusions to highlight it is found that Altman's Z model is effective in predicting the risk of bankruptcy of financial institutions

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Correction to: Two years later: Is the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic still having an impact on emergency surgery? An international cross-sectional survey among WSES members

Background: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is still ongoing and a major challenge for health care services worldwide. In the first WSES COVID-19 emergency surgery survey, a strong negative impact on emergency surgery (ES) had been described already early in the pandemic situation. However, the knowledge is limited about current effects of the pandemic on patient flow through emergency rooms, daily routine and decision making in ES as well as their changes over time during the last two pandemic years. This second WSES COVID-19 emergency surgery survey investigates the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on ES during the course of the pandemic. Methods: A web survey had been distributed to medical specialists in ES during a four-week period from January 2022, investigating the impact of the pandemic on patients and septic diseases both requiring ES, structural problems due to the pandemic and time-to-intervention in ES routine. Results: 367 collaborators from 59 countries responded to the survey. The majority indicated that the pandemic still significantly impacts on treatment and outcome of surgical emergency patients (83.1% and 78.5%, respectively). As reasons, the collaborators reported decreased case load in ES (44.7%), but patients presenting with more prolonged and severe diseases, especially concerning perforated appendicitis (62.1%) and diverticulitis (57.5%). Otherwise, approximately 50% of the participants still observe a delay in time-to-intervention in ES compared with the situation before the pandemic. Relevant causes leading to enlarged time-to-intervention in ES during the pandemic are persistent problems with in-hospital logistics, lacks in medical staff as well as operating room and intensive care capacities during the pandemic. This leads not only to the need for triage or transferring of ES patients to other hospitals, reported by 64.0% and 48.8% of the collaborators, respectively, but also to paradigm shifts in treatment modalities to non-operative approaches reported by 67.3% of the participants, especially in uncomplicated appendicitis, cholecystitis and multiple-recurrent diverticulitis. Conclusions: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic still significantly impacts on care and outcome of patients in ES. Well-known problems with in-hospital logistics are not sufficiently resolved by now; however, medical staff shortages and reduced capacities have been dramatically aggravated over last two pandemic years

Search for dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks in √s = 13 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

A search for weakly interacting massive particle dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks is presented. Final states containing third-generation quarks and miss- ing transverse momentum are considered. The analysis uses 36.1 fb−1 of proton–proton collision data recorded by the ATLAS experiment at √s = 13 TeV in 2015 and 2016. No significant excess of events above the estimated backgrounds is observed. The results are in- terpreted in the framework of simplified models of spin-0 dark-matter mediators. For colour- neutral spin-0 mediators produced in association with top quarks and decaying into a pair of dark-matter particles, mediator masses below 50 GeV are excluded assuming a dark-matter candidate mass of 1 GeV and unitary couplings. For scalar and pseudoscalar mediators produced in association with bottom quarks, the search sets limits on the production cross- section of 300 times the predicted rate for mediators with masses between 10 and 50 GeV and assuming a dark-matter mass of 1 GeV and unitary coupling. Constraints on colour- charged scalar simplified models are also presented. Assuming a dark-matter particle mass of 35 GeV, mediator particles with mass below 1.1 TeV are excluded for couplings yielding a dark-matter relic density consistent with measurements

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

Hyperoxemia and excess oxygen use in early acute respiratory distress syndrome : Insights from the LUNG SAFE study

Publisher Copyright: © 2020 The Author(s). Copyright: Copyright 2020 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.Background: Concerns exist regarding the prevalence and impact of unnecessary oxygen use in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We examined this issue in patients with ARDS enrolled in the Large observational study to UNderstand the Global impact of Severe Acute respiratory FailurE (LUNG SAFE) study. Methods: In this secondary analysis of the LUNG SAFE study, we wished to determine the prevalence and the outcomes associated with hyperoxemia on day 1, sustained hyperoxemia, and excessive oxygen use in patients with early ARDS. Patients who fulfilled criteria of ARDS on day 1 and day 2 of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure were categorized based on the presence of hyperoxemia (PaO2 > 100 mmHg) on day 1, sustained (i.e., present on day 1 and day 2) hyperoxemia, or excessive oxygen use (FIO2 ≥ 0.60 during hyperoxemia). Results: Of 2005 patients that met the inclusion criteria, 131 (6.5%) were hypoxemic (PaO2 < 55 mmHg), 607 (30%) had hyperoxemia on day 1, and 250 (12%) had sustained hyperoxemia. Excess FIO2 use occurred in 400 (66%) out of 607 patients with hyperoxemia. Excess FIO2 use decreased from day 1 to day 2 of ARDS, with most hyperoxemic patients on day 2 receiving relatively low FIO2. Multivariate analyses found no independent relationship between day 1 hyperoxemia, sustained hyperoxemia, or excess FIO2 use and adverse clinical outcomes. Mortality was 42% in patients with excess FIO2 use, compared to 39% in a propensity-matched sample of normoxemic (PaO2 55-100 mmHg) patients (P = 0.47). Conclusions: Hyperoxemia and excess oxygen use are both prevalent in early ARDS but are most often non-sustained. No relationship was found between hyperoxemia or excessive oxygen use and patient outcome in this cohort. Trial registration: LUNG-SAFE is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02010073publishersversionPeer reviewe

VIII Encuentro de Docentes e Investigadores en Historia del Diseño, la Arquitectura y la Ciudad

Acta de congresoLa conmemoración de los cien años de la Reforma Universitaria de 1918 se presentó como una ocasión propicia para debatir el rol de la historia, la teoría y la crítica en la formación y en la práctica profesional de diseñadores, arquitectos y urbanistas. En ese marco el VIII Encuentro de Docentes e Investigadores en Historia del Diseño, la Arquitectura y la Ciudad constituyó un espacio de intercambio y reflexión cuya realización ha sido posible gracias a la colaboración entre Facultades de Arquitectura, Urbanismo y Diseño de la Universidad Nacional y la Facultad de Arquitectura de la Universidad Católica de Córdoba, contando además con la activa participación de mayoría de las Facultades, Centros e Institutos de Historia de la Arquitectura del país y la región. Orientado en su convocatoria tanto a docentes como a estudiantes de Arquitectura y Diseño Industrial de todos los niveles de la FAUD-UNC promovió el debate de ideas a partir de experiencias concretas en instancias tales como mesas temáticas de carácter interdisciplinario, que adoptaron la modalidad de presentación de ponencias, entre otras actividades. En el ámbito de VIII Encuentro, desarrollado en la sede Ciudad Universitaria de Córdoba, se desplegaron numerosas posiciones sobre la enseñanza, la investigación y la formación en historia, teoría y crítica del diseño, la arquitectura y la ciudad; sumándose el aporte realizado a través de sus respectivas conferencias de Ana Clarisa Agüero, Bibiana Cicutti, Fernando Aliata y Alberto Petrina. El conjunto de ponencias que se publican en este Repositorio de la UNC son el resultado de dos intensas jornadas de exposiciones, cuyos contenidos han posibilitado actualizar viejos dilemas y promover nuevos debates. El evento recibió el apoyo de las autoridades de la FAUD-UNC, en especial de la Secretaría de Investigación y de la Biblioteca de nuestra casa, como así también de la Facultad de Arquitectura de la UCC; va para todos ellos un especial agradecimiento