In vivo antifungal activity of neem oil and aqueous extracts against leaf spot disease caused by Cercospora abelmoschii on okra

The cercospora leaf spot, caused by Cercospora abelmoschi Ellis and Everhart, is quite common in okra  culture. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of aqueous extracts of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss), citronella (Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus grandis L.), ecolife®, A. indica oil and fungicide cercobin 700 PM® in control of cercospora leaf spot on okra in greenhouse. The extracts and neem oil were tested in concentration 10%, the fungicide cercobin 700PM® in dose 2.5 g.l-1, applied 10 days after pathogen inoculation by leaf spray and the citric biomass extract ecolife® in concentration 5.0 ml.l-1, applied 10 days before pathogen inoculation. All treatments, except ecolife®, were effective in controlling cercospora leaf spot and may be recommended as alternatives in agroecological systems. © JASEMKeywords: Abelmoschus esculentus, aqueous extracts, Cercospora abelmoschi, fungicide cercobin andgreenhouse

Organic Residues in Control of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. passiflorae in Yellow Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa)

The fusarium is an important disease in yellow passion fruit that causes severe limitation in fruit production and reduced longevity of the orchards. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of organic residues in vitro and in vivo as alternative control in Fusarium of yellow passion fruit, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. passiflorae. Six concentrations were evaluated in vitro (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 %), in the form aqueous extracts, in the mycelial growth inhibition and in vivo (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 g kg-1), incorporated on soil for the Fusarium control. The organic residues used were eucalyptus leaves, bagasse babassu and cassava peeling. These residues were subjected to nutritional and microbiological analyzes. The pathogenicity of isolates tested was confirmed, which proves the presence of Fusarium in yellow passion fruit in vivo. Bagasse babassu presented the highest N, P and K concentration. Fungal species with higher frequency were Penicillium sp., Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus ochraceus. I There was a significative inhibition in vitro of the bagasse babassu extract at 6 % and other two residues at 10 %. In vivo the 60 g kg-1 of bagasse babassu and 80 g kg-1 of cassava peeling were efficient for Fusarium control. Eucalyptus leaves presented no effect on development of Fusarium wilt in yellow passion fruit in the greenhouse. The organic residues can be used for the Fusarium control in yellow passion fruit.La fusariosis, es una importante enfermedad en el cultivo de maracuyá que causa una severa limitación en la producción de frutos y una reducción en la longevidad del cultivo. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo, evaluar el efecto de residuos orgánicos in vitro e in vivo como medida alternativa para el manejo de la fusariosis en el maracuyá, causada por Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. passiflorae. Se evaluaron seis concentraciones in vitro (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 y 10 %) en forma de extracto acuoso, e igual número, para la inhibición del crecimiento micelial in vivo (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 g kg-1), incorporados al suelo para el control de Fusarium. Los residuos orgánicos utilizados, fueron hojas de eucalipto, bagazo de coco babasú y cáscara de yuca. Estos residuos fueron sometidos a análisis nutricionales y microbiológicos. Se confirmó la patogeneidad de los aislados evaluados, lo que comprobó la presencia de fusariosis en el maracuyá amarillo in vivo. La bagazo babasú, presentó las mayores concentraciones de N, P y K. Las especies fúngicas presentes con mayor frecuencia fueron Penicillium sp., Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus y Aspergillus ochraceus. En el proceso in vitro, el extracto de babasú presento inhibición significativa en la concentración del 6 % y, en los extractos de hojas de eucalipto y cáscara de yuca la del 10 %. A nivel in vivo, la concentración de 60 g kg1 de bagazo babasú y 80 g kg1 de cáscara de mandioca, fueron eficientes en el control de fusariosis. El residuo de eucalipto no influenció el desarrollo de la mancha de fusarium del maracuyá en vivero. Es posible utilizar residuos orgánicos para el control de fusarium en el cultivo de maracuyá amarillo.Neste trabalho, os resíduos orgânicos de folhas de eucalipto, torta de babaçu e casca de mandioca foram avaliados em diferentes concentrações, in vitro e in vivo no controle de F. oxysporum f. sp. passiflorae, agente causador da fusariose no maracujazeiro amarelo. Os extratos aquosos desses resíduos foram testados quanto à inibição do crescimento micelial e os efeitos no controle da doença em casa de vegetação. Foi confirmada a patogenicidade dos isolados testados, comprovando-se a fusariose em maracujazeiro amarelo in vivo. No teste in vitro o extrato de torta de babaçu obteve inibição significativa a 6 % e os extratos de folhas de eucalipto e casca de mandioca a 10 %. No experimento in vivo os resíduos de torta de babaçu e casca de mandioca demonstraram potencial eficiência no controle da fusariose nas concentrações de 60 g.Kg-1 e 80g.Kg-1, respectivamente. Já no resíduo de folhas de eucalipto não houve diferença significativa ao desenvolvimento da murcha do fusário no maracujazeiro em casa de vegetação. Assim comprovou-se a eficiência do uso do resíduo de torta de babaçu e mandioca no controle da fusariose em maracujazeiro

MICROBIOLIZAÇÃO DE SEMENTES DE ALFACE COM Bacillus spp. PARA CONTROLE DE FUNGOS FITOPATOGÊNICOS

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da microbiolização de sementes de alface (Lactuca sativa L.) cv. ‘Grandes Lagos Americana’ e ‘Americana Delícia’ com diferentes isolados de Bacillus para controle de fungos fitopatogênicos, assim como avaliar a qualidade sanitária e a taxa de transmissão dos patógenos associados a estas sementes. A análise sanitária das sementes foi realizada por meio do método do Blotter Test. Para quantificar a taxa de transmissão dos fitopatógenos, 400 sementes de cada cultivar foram semeadas em bandejas contendo substrato composto de solo:areia grossa:vermiculita (3:1:1), avaliando-se aos 7, 14 e 21 dias após a semeadura. Fragmentos de folha, caulículo e raiz foram transferidos para placa de Petri contendo meio de cultura BDA e incubados em câmara BOD. A avaliação da transmissão foi realizada sete dias após a incubação em relação a presença de patógenos, quantificando-se a porcentagem de transmissão. As sementes de alface foram microbiolizadas com diferentes isolados de Bacillus: B47 – B. amyloliquefaciens; B41, B22 e B22’ – B. methylotrophicus; e B7’ – B. thuringiensis. Após o tratamento, as sementes foram plaqueadas em meio BDA e incubadas. Os resultados mostraram que as sementes da cv. ‘Grandes Lagos Americana’ apresentaram a maior percentagem de contaminação por fungos nos testes de sanidade e transmissão. Os isolados B47 e o B22 foram os mais eficientes no controle dos fungos transmitidos pelas sementes de alface das cultivares avaliadas.The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the microbiolization of lettuce seeds (Lactuca sativa L.) cv. ‘Grandes Lagos Americana’ and ‘Americana Delícia’ with Bacillus spp. to control of plant pathogenic fungi as well as assessing the health quality, and the rate of transmission of pathogens associated with these seeds. The health quality of the seeds was carried out using the Blotter Test method. To quantify the transmission rate of phytopathogens, 400 seeds of each cultivars were sowing in trays containing substrate soil:gravel:vermiculite (3:1:1) and the evaluations carried out at 7, 14 and 21 days after sowing. Fragments of leaf, the stem and root were plated in PDA medium in Petri dishes and incubated in BOD. Transmission assessment was performed seven days after incubation as for a presence of pathogens, quantifying the percentage of transmission. The lettuce seeds were microbiolized with different Bacillus isolates: B47 – B. amyloliquefaciens; B41, B22 e B22’ – B. methylotrophicus; e B7’ – B. thuringiensis. After treatment, the seeds were placed in Petri dishes containing BDA medium and incubated. The results showed that the seeds of cv. ‘Grandes Lagos Americana’ had the highest percentage of fungi contamination in the health quality and transmission tests. Isolates B47 and B22 were the most efficient in controlling the fungi transmitted by the lettuce seeds of the evaluated cultivars

Indutores de resistência abióticos no controle da fusariose do abacaxi

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of abiotic resistance inducers on the control of pineapple fusariosis (Fusarium guttiforme) in the pre‑harvest period, in an area with natural occurrence of the disease in the field, and to check for any physicochemical and biochemical changes in the fruits. The products tested were potassium phosphite, calcium phosphite, copper phosphite, Agro‑Mos, calcium silicate, Biopirol, and Bion sprayed on the field, at the dosages recommended by the manufacturers. Potassium phosphite, Biopirol, and copper phosphite were the most effective in reducing the incidence of pineapple fusariosis in the field, with 91.67%, 70.01%, and 67.68% of control, respectively. The physicochemical analyses showed that the treatments did not promote change in pH, total soluble solids, and total acidity of fruits, while, in biochemical analyses, only β‑1,3‑glucanase showed lower expression compared with the control (sterilized distilled water), except for the treatment with potassium phosphite. Therefore, foliar fertilization with potassium phosphite and copper phosphite, as well as the treatment with Biopirol, may aid in the control of pineapple fusariosis.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de indutores de resistência abióticos no controle da fusariose (Fusarium guttiforme) do abacaxizeiro na fase pré‑colheita, em área de ocorrência natural da doença, e verificar se promoveram alterações físico‑químicas e bioquímicas nos frutos. Os produtos testados foram fosfito de potássio, fosfito de cálcio, fosfito de cobre, Agro‑Mos, silicato de cálcio, Biopirol e Bion pulverizados em campo, nas dosagens recomendadas pelos fabricantes. Fosfito de potássio, Biopirol e fosfito de cobre foram os mais eficientes na redução da incidência da fusariose do abacaxizeiro em campo, com 91,67, 70,01 e 67,68% de controle, respectivamente. As análises físico‑químicas mostraram que os tratamentos não promoveram alteração no pH, nos sólidos solúveis totais e na acidez total dos frutos, enquanto, nas análises bioquímicas, apenas a β‑1,3‑glucanase apresentou menor atividade em relação à testemunha (água destilada esterilizada), com exceção do tratamento com fosfito de potássio. Assim, a adubação foliar com fosfito de potássio e fosfito de cobre, assim como o tratamento com o Biopirol, podem auxiliar no controle da fusariose do abacaxi

Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants

Summary Background Comparable global data on health and nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents are scarce. We aimed to estimate age trajectories and time trends in mean height and mean body-mass index (BMI), which measures weight gain beyond what is expected from height gain, for school-aged children and adolescents. Methods For this pooled analysis, we used a database of cardiometabolic risk factors collated by the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1985 to 2019 in mean height and mean BMI in 1-year age groups for ages 5–19 years. The model allowed for non-linear changes over time in mean height and mean BMI and for non-linear changes with age of children and adolescents, including periods of rapid growth during adolescence. Findings We pooled data from 2181 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in 65 million participants in 200 countries and territories. In 2019, we estimated a difference of 20 cm or higher in mean height of 19-year-old adolescents between countries with the tallest populations (the Netherlands, Montenegro, Estonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina for boys; and the Netherlands, Montenegro, Denmark, and Iceland for girls) and those with the shortest populations (Timor-Leste, Laos, Solomon Islands, and Papua New Guinea for boys; and Guatemala, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Timor-Leste for girls). In the same year, the difference between the highest mean BMI (in Pacific island countries, Kuwait, Bahrain, The Bahamas, Chile, the USA, and New Zealand for both boys and girls and in South Africa for girls) and lowest mean BMI (in India, Bangladesh, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia, and Chad for boys and girls; and in Japan and Romania for girls) was approximately 9–10 kg/m2. In some countries, children aged 5 years started with healthier height or BMI than the global median and, in some cases, as healthy as the best performing countries, but they became progressively less healthy compared with their comparators as they grew older by not growing as tall (eg, boys in Austria and Barbados, and girls in Belgium and Puerto Rico) or gaining too much weight for their height (eg, girls and boys in Kuwait, Bahrain, Fiji, Jamaica, and Mexico; and girls in South Africa and New Zealand). In other countries, growing children overtook the height of their comparators (eg, Latvia, Czech Republic, Morocco, and Iran) or curbed their weight gain (eg, Italy, France, and Croatia) in late childhood and adolescence. When changes in both height and BMI were considered, girls in South Korea, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and some central Asian countries (eg, Armenia and Azerbaijan), and boys in central and western Europe (eg, Portugal, Denmark, Poland, and Montenegro) had the healthiest changes in anthropometric status over the past 3·5 decades because, compared with children and adolescents in other countries, they had a much larger gain in height than they did in BMI. The unhealthiest changes—gaining too little height, too much weight for their height compared with children in other countries, or both—occurred in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, New Zealand, and the USA for boys and girls; in Malaysia and some Pacific island nations for boys; and in Mexico for girls. Interpretation The height and BMI trajectories over age and time of school-aged children and adolescents are highly variable across countries, which indicates heterogeneous nutritional quality and lifelong health advantages and risks

Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions

Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants.

BACKGROUND: Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. METHODS: We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30-79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. FINDINGS: The number of people aged 30-79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306-359) million women and 317 (292-344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584-668) million women and 652 (604-698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55-62) of women and 49% (46-52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43-51) of women and 38% (35-41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20-27) for women and 18% (16-21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. INTERPRETATION: Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings. FUNDING: WHO

Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants

Background Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30-79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. Findings The number of people aged 30-79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306-359) million women and 317 (292-344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584-668) million women and 652 (604-698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55-62) of women and 49% (46-52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43-51) of women and 38% (35-41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20-27) for women and 18% (16-21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. Interpretation Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings. Copyright (C) 2021 World Health Organization; licensee Elsevier

Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants

Background Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30–79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. Findings The number of people aged 30–79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306–359) million women and 317 (292–344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584–668) million women and 652 (604–698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55–62) of women and 49% (46–52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43–51) of women and 38% (35–41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20–27) for women and 18% (16–21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. Interpretation Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings