Intervención educativa sobre hábitos de estudio en estudiantes universitarios de Poza Rica, Veracruz, México

The objective of the research was to know the effect of study habits in nursing university students from Poza Rica, Ver., Mexico, after an educational intervention. Methodology. The study was quantitative, pre-experimental, prospective and longitudinal; With a sample of 10 students in the period January - November 2019, the type of sampling was non-probabilistic for convenience. The SPSS version 21.0 program was used for descriptive and inferential statistics. The research was based on the General Health Law in its article 100. Results. The results indicate a mean (239.40) of post-test study habits, significantly higher than that of the pre-test (174.20); the SD of the post-test (7.9) and the pre-test (21.23). The value of t according to the degrees of freedom is t(9) = 1.77. The significance of p < .000. With a 95% confidence interval, the mean difference between the two classifications is 52.66 to 77.73. Due to the above, the null hypothesis is rejected, and the alternative hypothesis is accepted since the p-value is < 0.05. The detection of poor study habits in the pre-test is evident, with surprising results contrary to what was detected in the post with good study habits, after the intervention. Conclusions, for the educational institution it is advisable to carry out research when students enter the faculty to detect study habits in a timely manner and thereby implement interventions during the students' university life.El objetivo de la investigación que se expone en este artículo fue conocer el efecto de los hábitos de estudio en estudiantes universitarios de enfermería de Poza Rica, Ver., México, después de una intervención educativa. Metodología. El estudio fue cuantitativo, preexperimental, prospectivo y longitudinal; con una muestra de 10 estudiantes en el período enero – noviembre 2019, el tipo de muestreo fue no probabilístico por conveniencia. Se utilizó el programa SPSS versión 21.0, para estadística descriptiva e inferencial. La investigación se basó en la Ley General de Salud en su artículo 100. Resultados. Los resultados indican una media (239.40) de hábitos de estudio del post-test, significativamente mayor que la del pre- test (174.20); la SD del pos-test (7.9) y del pre -test (21.23). El valor de t de acuerdo con los grados de libertad es de t (9) = 1.77. La significancia del p < .000. Con un intervalo de confianza del 95% la diferencia media entre las dos clasificaciones es de 52.66 a 77.73. Por lo anterior expresado se rechaza la hipótesis nula y se acepta la hipótesis alterna ya que el p-valor es < 0.05. Es evidente la detección de deficientes hábitos de estudio en el pre- test, con asombrosos resultados contrarios a lo que se detectó en el post con buenos hábitos de estudio, posterior a la intervención. Conclusiones, para la institución educativa se aconseja realizar investigaciones al ingreso de estudiantes a la facultad para detectar oportunamente los hábitos de estudio y con ello implementar intervenciones durante la vida universitaria de los estudiantes

Acontecimientos vitales estresantes en enfermeras de una Institución de segundo nivel de atención, Veracruz, México

Introduction: environmental causes, psychic or social can generate stress in the individual and his family. These factors reach the category of stressful life events (AVE) when they are perceived as negative or unwanted and when accompanied by a vital change. Objective: To analyze the stressful life events (AVE) in nurses of an institution of second level of care, Veracruz, Mexico. Methods: A quantitative study with type of study, descriptive, cross-sectional, and correlational study. Non-probabilistic sampling for convenience, the sample was composed of 55 nurses, selected using the informed consent and voluntary participation. We used the Scale of stress or Social Readjustment of Holmes and Rahe that values 43 AVE, and an ad hoc questionnaire for data and labor issues. Statistical analysis of descriptive and inferential, type in the first frequencies, and percentages were obtained and the second used Ji2 to get to the statistical significance (p) of the variables. Results: Nurses in a 51% do not present major problems of stress, but the rest if you suffer a crisis of stress. Conclusions: The variables maintain statistical relationship with the bird and the level of stress.Introducción: Causas ambientales, psíquicas o sociales pueden generar estrés en el individuo y su familia. Estos factores alcanzan la categoría de acontecimientos vitales estresantes (AVE) cuando son percibidos como negativos o no deseados y cuando se acompañan de un cambio vital. Objetivo: Analizar los acontecimientos vitales estresantes (AVE) en enfermeras de una Institución de segundo nivel de atención, Veracruz, México. Métodos: Estudio de corte cuantitativo con tipo de estudio, descriptivo, transversal y correlacional. Muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia, la muestra fue de 55 enfermeras, se seleccionó utilizando el consentimiento informado y la participación voluntaria. Se utilizó la Escala de Estrés o Reajuste Social de Holmes y Rahe que valora 43 AVE, y un cuestionario ad hoc para los datos sociolaborales. Análisis estadístico de tipo descriptivo e inferencial, en el primero se obtuvieron frecuencias y porcentajes y en el segundo se utilizó Ji2 para obtener la significancia estadística (p) de las variables. Resultados: Las enfermeras en un 51% no presentan problemas importantes de estrés, pero el resto si sufre crisis de estrés. Conclusiones: Las variables sociolaborales mantienen relación estadística con las AVE y el nivel de estrés

Memorias de investigación: Feria de Semilleros y Jornadas de Investigación de UNIMINUTO, Seccional Antioquia - Chocó.

Esta publicación busca divulgar investigaciones y producción académica en diferentes disciplinas, realizadas por estudiantes y docentes de UNIMINUTO Seccional Antioquia – Chocó, así como dar a conocer a los semilleros de investigación que participaron en la VI Feria de Semilleros, con el fin de visibilizar el trabajo que realiza el Centro de Investigación para el Desarrollo de UNIMINUTO Bello —CIDUB—, con respecto a debates académicos y espacios de interlocución

Impact of COVID-19 on cardiovascular testing in the United States versus the rest of the world

Objectives: This study sought to quantify and compare the decline in volumes of cardiovascular procedures between the United States and non-US institutions during the early phase of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the care of many non-COVID-19 illnesses. Reductions in diagnostic cardiovascular testing around the world have led to concerns over the implications of reduced testing for cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Methods: Data were submitted to the INCAPS-COVID (International Atomic Energy Agency Non-Invasive Cardiology Protocols Study of COVID-19), a multinational registry comprising 909 institutions in 108 countries (including 155 facilities in 40 U.S. states), assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on volumes of diagnostic cardiovascular procedures. Data were obtained for April 2020 and compared with volumes of baseline procedures from March 2019. We compared laboratory characteristics, practices, and procedure volumes between U.S. and non-U.S. facilities and between U.S. geographic regions and identified factors associated with volume reduction in the United States. Results: Reductions in the volumes of procedures in the United States were similar to those in non-U.S. facilities (68% vs. 63%, respectively; p = 0.237), although U.S. facilities reported greater reductions in invasive coronary angiography (69% vs. 53%, respectively; p < 0.001). Significantly more U.S. facilities reported increased use of telehealth and patient screening measures than non-U.S. facilities, such as temperature checks, symptom screenings, and COVID-19 testing. Reductions in volumes of procedures differed between U.S. regions, with larger declines observed in the Northeast (76%) and Midwest (74%) than in the South (62%) and West (44%). Prevalence of COVID-19, staff redeployments, outpatient centers, and urban centers were associated with greater reductions in volume in U.S. facilities in a multivariable analysis. Conclusions: We observed marked reductions in U.S. cardiovascular testing in the early phase of the pandemic and significant variability between U.S. regions. The association between reductions of volumes and COVID-19 prevalence in the United States highlighted the need for proactive efforts to maintain access to cardiovascular testing in areas most affected by outbreaks of COVID-19 infection

Contributions of mean and shape of blood pressure distribution to worldwide trends and variations in raised blood pressure: A pooled analysis of 1018 population-based measurement studies with 88.6 million participants

© The Author(s) 2018. Background: Change in the prevalence of raised blood pressure could be due to both shifts in the entire distribution of blood pressure (representing the combined effects of public health interventions and secular trends) and changes in its high-blood-pressure tail (representing successful clinical interventions to control blood pressure in the hypertensive population). Our aim was to quantify the contributions of these two phenomena to the worldwide trends in the prevalence of raised blood pressure. Methods: We pooled 1018 population-based studies with blood pressure measurements on 88.6 million participants from 1985 to 2016. We first calculated mean systolic blood pressure (SBP), mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and prevalence of raised blood pressure by sex and 10-year age group from 20-29 years to 70-79 years in each study, taking into account complex survey design and survey sample weights, where relevant. We used a linear mixed effect model to quantify the association between (probittransformed) prevalence of raised blood pressure and age-group- and sex-specific mean blood pressure. We calculated the contributions of change in mean SBP and DBP, and of change in the prevalence-mean association, to the change in prevalence of raised blood pressure. Results: In 2005-16, at the same level of population mean SBP and DBP, men and women in South Asia and in Central Asia, the Middle East and North Africa would have the highest prevalence of raised blood pressure, and men and women in the highincome Asia Pacific and high-income Western regions would have the lowest. In most region-sex-age groups where the prevalence of raised blood pressure declined, one half or more of the decline was due to the decline in mean blood pressure. Where prevalence of raised blood pressure has increased, the change was entirely driven by increasing mean blood pressure, offset partly by the change in the prevalence-mean association. Conclusions: Change in mean blood pressure is the main driver of the worldwide change in the prevalence of raised blood pressure, but change in the high-blood-pressure tail of the distribution has also contributed to the change in prevalence, especially in older age groups

Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017.

BACKGROUND: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 comparative risk assessment (CRA) is a comprehensive approach to risk factor quantification that offers a useful tool for synthesising evidence on risks and risk-outcome associations. With each annual GBD study, we update the GBD CRA to incorporate improved methods, new risks and risk-outcome pairs, and new data on risk exposure levels and risk-outcome associations. METHODS: We used the CRA framework developed for previous iterations of GBD to estimate levels and trends in exposure, attributable deaths, and attributable disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), by age group, sex, year, and location for 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or groups of risks from 1990 to 2017. This study included 476 risk-outcome pairs that met the GBD study criteria for convincing or probable evidence of causation. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from 46 749 randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL), we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We explored the relationship between development and risk exposure by modelling the relationship between the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and risk-weighted exposure prevalence and estimated expected levels of exposure and risk-attributable burden by SDI. Finally, we explored temporal changes in risk-attributable DALYs by decomposing those changes into six main component drivers of change as follows: (1) population growth; (2) changes in population age structures; (3) changes in exposure to environmental and occupational risks; (4) changes in exposure to behavioural risks; (5) changes in exposure to metabolic risks; and (6) changes due to all other factors, approximated as the risk-deleted death and DALY rates, where the risk-deleted rate is the rate that would be observed had we reduced the exposure levels to the TMREL for all risk factors included in GBD 2017

Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Stanaway JD, Afshin A, Gakidou E, et al. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet. 2018;392(10159):1923-1994.Background The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 comparative risk assessment (CRA) is a comprehensive approach to risk factor quantification that offers a useful tool for synthesising evidence on risks and risk outcome associations. With each annual GBD study, we update the GBD CRA to incorporate improved methods, new risks and risk outcome pairs, and new data on risk exposure levels and risk outcome associations. Methods We used the CRA framework developed for previous iterations of GBD to estimate levels and trends in exposure, attributable deaths, and attributable disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), by age group, sex, year, and location for 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or groups of risks from 1990 to 2017. This study included 476 risk outcome pairs that met the GBD study criteria for convincing or probable evidence of causation. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from 46 749 randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL), we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We explored the relationship between development and risk exposure by modelling the relationship between the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and risk-weighted exposure prevalence and estimated expected levels of exposure and risk-attributable burden by SDI. Finally, we explored temporal changes in risk-attributable DALYs by decomposing those changes into six main component drivers of change as follows: (1) population growth; (2) changes in population age structures; (3) changes in exposure to environmental and occupational risks; (4) changes in exposure to behavioural risks; (5) changes in exposure to metabolic risks; and (6) changes due to all other factors, approximated as the risk-deleted death and DALY rates, where the risk-deleted rate is the rate that would be observed had we reduced the exposure levels to the TMREL for all risk factors included in GBD 2017. Findings In 2017,34.1 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 33.3-35.0) deaths and 121 billion (144-1.28) DALYs were attributable to GBD risk factors. Globally, 61.0% (59.6-62.4) of deaths and 48.3% (46.3-50.2) of DALYs were attributed to the GBD 2017 risk factors. When ranked by risk-attributable DALYs, high systolic blood pressure (SBP) was the leading risk factor, accounting for 10.4 million (9.39-11.5) deaths and 218 million (198-237) DALYs, followed by smoking (7.10 million [6.83-7.37] deaths and 182 million [173-193] DALYs), high fasting plasma glucose (6.53 million [5.23-8.23] deaths and 171 million [144-201] DALYs), high body-mass index (BMI; 4.72 million [2.99-6.70] deaths and 148 million [98.6-202] DALYs), and short gestation for birthweight (1.43 million [1.36-1.51] deaths and 139 million [131-147] DALYs). In total, risk-attributable DALYs declined by 4.9% (3.3-6.5) between 2007 and 2017. In the absence of demographic changes (ie, population growth and ageing), changes in risk exposure and risk-deleted DALYs would have led to a 23.5% decline in DALYs during that period. Conversely, in the absence of changes in risk exposure and risk-deleted DALYs, demographic changes would have led to an 18.6% increase in DALYs during that period. The ratios of observed risk exposure levels to exposure levels expected based on SDI (O/E ratios) increased globally for unsafe drinking water and household air pollution between 1990 and 2017. This result suggests that development is occurring more rapidly than are changes in the underlying risk structure in a population. Conversely, nearly universal declines in O/E ratios for smoking and alcohol use indicate that, for a given SDI, exposure to these risks is declining. In 2017, the leading Level 4 risk factor for age-standardised DALY rates was high SBP in four super-regions: central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia; north Africa and Middle East; south Asia; and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania. The leading risk factor in the high-income super-region was smoking, in Latin America and Caribbean was high BMI, and in sub-Saharan Africa was unsafe sex. O/E ratios for unsafe sex in sub-Saharan Africa were notably high, and those for alcohol use in north Africa and the Middle East were notably low. Interpretation By quantifying levels and trends in exposures to risk factors and the resulting disease burden, this assessment offers insight into where past policy and programme efforts might have been successful and highlights current priorities for public health action. Decreases in behavioural, environmental, and occupational risks have largely offset the effects of population growth and ageing, in relation to trends in absolute burden. Conversely, the combination of increasing metabolic risks and population ageing will probably continue to drive the increasing trends in non-communicable diseases at the global level, which presents both a public health challenge and opportunity. We see considerable spatiotemporal heterogeneity in levels of risk exposure and risk-attributable burden. Although levels of development underlie some of this heterogeneity, O/E ratios show risks for which countries are overperforming or underperforming relative to their level of development. As such, these ratios provide a benchmarking tool to help to focus local decision making. Our findings reinforce the importance of both risk exposure monitoring and epidemiological research to assess causal connections between risks and health outcomes, and they highlight the usefulness of the GBD study in synthesising data to draw comprehensive and robust conclusions that help to inform good policy and strategic health planning. Copyright (C) 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd

Acontecimientos vitales estresantes en enfermeras de una Institución de segundo nivel de atención, Veracruz, México

Introduction: environmental causes, psychic or social can generate stress in the individual and his family. These factors reach the category of stressful life events (AVE) when they are perceived as negative or unwanted and when accompanied by a vital change. Objective: To analyze the stressful life events (AVE) in nurses of an institution of second level of care, Veracruz, Mexico. Methods: A quantitative study with type of study, descriptive, cross-sectional, and correlational study. Non-probabilistic sampling for convenience, the sample was composed of 55 nurses, selected using the informed consent and voluntary participation. We used the Scale of stress or Social Readjustment of Holmes and Rahe that values 43 AVE, and an ad hoc questionnaire for data and labor issues. Statistical analysis of descriptive and inferential, type in the first frequencies, and percentages were obtained and the second used Ji2 to get to the statistical significance (p) of the variables. Results: Nurses in a 51% do not present major problems of stress, but the rest if you suffer a crisis of stress. Conclusions: The variables maintain statistical relationship with the bird and the level of stress.Introducción: Causas ambientales, psíquicas o sociales pueden generar estrés en el individuo y su familia. Estos factores alcanzan la categoría de acontecimientos vitales estresantes (AVE) cuando son percibidos como negativos o no deseados y cuando se acompañan de un cambio vital. Objetivo: Analizar los acontecimientos vitales estresantes (AVE) en enfermeras de una Institución de segundo nivel de atención, Veracruz, México. Métodos: Estudio de corte cuantitativo con tipo de estudio, descriptivo, transversal y correlacional. Muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia, la muestra fue de 55 enfermeras, se seleccionó utilizando el consentimiento informado y la participación voluntaria. Se utilizó la Escala de Estrés o Reajuste Social de Holmes y Rahe que valora 43 AVE, y un cuestionario ad hoc para los datos sociolaborales. Análisis estadístico de tipo descriptivo e inferencial, en el primero se obtuvieron frecuencias y porcentajes y en el segundo se utilizó Ji2 para obtener la significancia estadística (p) de las variables. Resultados: Las enfermeras en un 51% no presentan problemas importantes de estrés, pero el resto si sufre crisis de estrés. Conclusiones: Las variables sociolaborales mantienen relación estadística con las AVE y el nivel de estrés

Acontecimientos vitales estresantes en enfermeras de una Institución de segundo nivel de atención, Veracruz, México

Introducción: Causas ambientales, psíquicas o sociales pueden generar estrés en el individuo y su familia. Estos factores alcanzan la categoría de acontecimientos vitales estresantes (AVE) cuando son percibidos como negativos o no deseados y cuando se acompañan de un cambio vital. Objetivo: Analizar los acontecimientos vitales estresantes (AVE) en enfermeras de una Institución de segundo nivel de atención, Veracruz, México. Métodos: Estudio de corte cuantitativo con tipo de estudio, descriptivo, transversal y correlacional. Muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia, la muestra fue de 55 enfermeras, se seleccionó utilizando el consentimiento informado y la participación voluntaria. Se utilizó la Escala de Estrés o Reajuste Social de Holmes y Rahe que valora 43 AVE, y un cuestionario ad hoc para los datos sociolaborales. Análisis estadístico de tipo descriptivo e inferencial, en el primero se obtuvieron frecuencias y porcentajes y en el segundo se utilizó Ji2 para obtener la significancia estadística (p) de las variables. Resultados: Las enfermeras en un 51% no presentan problemas importantes de estrés, pero el resto si sufre crisis de estrés. Conclusiones: Las variables sociolaborales mantienen relación estadística con las AVE y el nivel de estrés