Evolución de las cooperativas de ahorro y crédito en ecuador, 2000-2015

Este artículo evalúa la evolución de las Cooperativas de Ahorro y Crédito controladas por la Superintendencia de Economía Popular y Solidaria de Ecuador en el período 2000-2015.En la metodología se calculó un índice basado en los factores clave del negocio (cartera, captaciones y resultados) ajustados por inflación (año base 2007), cuyos resultados fueron aplicados a la teoría Fisher y comparados con la variación porcentual del Producto Interno Bruto. Del análisis se concluye que las Cooperativas de Ahorro y Crédito que forman parte del Sistema Financiero Popular y Solidario crecieron en términos reales el 18,18% lo que las convierte en las Instituciones Financieras de mejor desempeño en el Sistema Financiero Nacional

Spatial Delimitation of Genetic Diversity of Native Maize and Its Relationship with Ethnic Groups in Mexico

Mexico, as a center of origin of maize, presents a high diversity of maize races. With the objective of spatially demarcating regions with high concentration of intraspecific diversity in Mexico, as a fundamental measure for the in situ conservation of their agrobiodiversity, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) tools have been used to generate diversity and richness indexes for 64 maize races cultivated in Mexico, using indexes to demarcate relationships to environmental factors such as temperature, precipitation, and altitude; the presence of indigenous groups; and the type of maize used. These relations allowed defining seven environmental units spatially, with characteristic maize races in each of them, which constitute priority areas for in situ conservation. In addition, a close relationship was found between the diversity of maize races and of ethnic groups, from the center to the south of the country, associated with the differences in maize use in different ethnic groups. This geographical demarcation of races and uses of maize will favor food security through specific measures of in situ conservation, as well as an increase in added value of maize by-products based on specific maize races conserved by local ethnic groupsS

Hofstede’s Cultural dimensions in Ecuadorian society

El presente artículo hace un recorrido importante del concepto de cultura. Se concentra en la teoría del antropólogo holandés Geert Hendrik Hofstede que manifiesta que los agrupamientos culturales que tiene una sociedad influencian su comportamiento y toma de decisiones en una región, país, continente e incluso en las organizaciones empresariales. Estas dimensiones se evalúan en una escala del 1 al 120 y confrontan entre ellas: la igualdad versus la desigualdad de podereconómico y social, el individualismo versus colectivismo, la masculinidad versus femineidad, evitar la incertidumbre versus la tolerancia, la indulgencia versus la restricción y la orientación de corto plazo versus largo plazo. Se observa a la República de Ecuador ciertos factores demográficos, geográficos y económicos, además que se realiza un análisis de los índices Hofstede y se examina el lugar que ocupa cada dimensión en la sociedad ecuatoriana.Ecuador, de acuerdo al análisis cultural del Hofstede Centre, se ubica como una sociedad colectivista pues consideran que pertenecer a un grupo es muy importante. A la vez, las reglas no son necesariamente seguidas, debido a que depende en última instancia, de la decisión de los titulares del poder que hacen sus propias reglas. La religión y la superstición tienen gran protagonismo, por lo que la tradición de cada grupo es respetada por sus miembros. La sociedad solo serádiferente cuando una autoridad de poder los conduzca hacia un cambio que agrupe a sus seguidores. Las personas buscan una sociedad que les otorguen estatus y recompensas vinculadas al desempeño, pero con frecuencia sacrifican el ocio en relación al trabajo.The present article makes an important tour of the concept of culture. It focuses on the theory of the Dutch anthropologist Geert Hendrik Hofstede, who states that the cultural groupings that a society has influence their behavior and decision making in a region, country, continent and even in business organizations. These dimensions are evaluated on a scale of 1 to 120 and they confront each other: equality versus inequality of economic and social power, individualismversus collectivism, masculinity versus femininity, avoiding uncertainty versus tolerance, indulgence versus restriction, and short-term versus long-term orientation. The Republic of Ecuador is observed certain demographic, geographical and economic factors, in addition that an analysis of the Hofstede indices is carried out and the place that each dimension occupies in the Ecuadorian society.According to the cultural analysis of the Hofstede Center, Ecuador is located as a collectivist society because they consider that belonging to a group is very important. At the same time, the rules are not necessarily followed, because they ultimately depend on the decision of the holders of power who make their own rules. The religion and the superstitionhave great protagonism too, which is why the tradition of each group is respected by its members. Society will only be different when a power authority leads them to a change that groups their followers. People seek a society that gives them status and rewards linked to performance, but often sacrifice leisure in relation to work

La Sociedad Ecuatoriana Analizada desde las Dimensiones Culturales

The cultural dimensions of the Ecuadorian society were oriented according to the Hofstede model, which are evaluated on a scale from 1 to 100, which implies measuring the variability between them: Equality versus inequality of economic and social power; individualism compared to collectivism; masculinity and femininity; avoid uncertainty as opposed to tolerance; indulgence against restriction and short-term orientation compared to the long term. An exploratory study was applied by secondary sources, which determined that Ecuador is located as a collectivist society that considers that it belongs to a very important group. Likewise, religion and superstition have great prominence, being the tradition respected by its members. Consider that society is always different when a power authority leads to a change that groups its followers. In this society people seek status and rewards linked to performance, but often sacrifices leisure in relation to work.Se analizaron las dimensiones culturales de la sociedad ecuatoriana de acuerdo al modelo Hofstede, las que se evalúan en una escala del 1 al 100, lo que implica medir la variabilidad entre ellas: La igualdad versus la desigualdad de poder económico y social; el individualismo comparado con el colectivismo; la masculinidad y la femineidad; evitar la incertidumbre en oposición a la tolerancia; la indulgencia contra la restricción y la orientación de corto plazo comparada con el  largo plazo.  Se aplicó un estudio exploratorio mediante revisión de fuentes secundarias, lo que determinó que Ecuador se ubica como una sociedad colectivista pues consideran que pertenecer a un grupo es muy importante. Así mismo, la religión y la superstición tienen gran protagonismo, siendo la tradición respetada por sus miembros. Consideran que la sociedad sólo será diferente cuando una autoridad de poder los conduzca hacia un cambio que agrupe a sus seguidores.  En esta sociedad las personas buscan status y recompensas vinculadas al desempeño, pero con frecuencia sacrifican el ocio en relación al trabajo

Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) Phase 4 (2018) : Change management in allergic rhinitis and asthma multimorbidity using mobile technology

Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) has evolved from a guideline by using the best approach to integrated care pathways using mobile technology in patients with allergic rhinitis (AR) and asthma multimorbidity. The proposed next phase of ARIA is change management, with the aim of providing an active and healthy life to patients with rhinitis and to those with asthma multimorbidity across the lifecycle irrespective of their sex or socioeconomic status to reduce health and social inequities incurred by the disease. ARIA has followed the 8-step model of Kotter to assess and implement the effect of rhinitis on asthma multimorbidity and to propose multimorbid guidelines. A second change management strategy is proposed by ARIA Phase 4 to increase self-medication and shared decision making in rhinitis and asthma multimorbidity. An innovation of ARIA has been the development and validation of information technology evidence-based tools (Mobile Airways Sentinel Network [MASK]) that can inform patient decisions on the basis of a self-care plan proposed by the health care professional.Peer reviewe

Juxtaposing BTE and ATE – on the role of the European insurance industry in funding civil litigation

One of the ways in which legal services are financed, and indeed shaped, is through private insurance arrangement. Two contrasting types of legal expenses insurance contracts (LEI) seem to dominate in Europe: before the event (BTE) and after the event (ATE) legal expenses insurance. Notwithstanding institutional differences between different legal systems, BTE and ATE insurance arrangements may be instrumental if government policy is geared towards strengthening a market-oriented system of financing access to justice for individuals and business. At the same time, emphasizing the role of a private industry as a keeper of the gates to justice raises issues of accountability and transparency, not readily reconcilable with demands of competition. Moreover, multiple actors (clients, lawyers, courts, insurers) are involved, causing behavioural dynamics which are not easily predicted or influenced. Against this background, this paper looks into BTE and ATE arrangements by analysing the particularities of BTE and ATE arrangements currently available in some European jurisdictions and by painting a picture of their respective markets and legal contexts. This allows for some reflection on the performance of BTE and ATE providers as both financiers and keepers. Two issues emerge from the analysis that are worthy of some further reflection. Firstly, there is the problematic long-term sustainability of some ATE products. Secondly, the challenges faced by policymakers that would like to nudge consumers into voluntarily taking out BTE LEI

Penilaian Kinerja Keuangan Koperasi di Kabupaten Pelalawan

This paper describe development and financial performance of cooperative in District Pelalawan among 2007 - 2008. Studies on primary and secondary cooperative in 12 sub-districts. Method in this stady use performance measuring of productivity, efficiency, growth, liquidity, and solvability of cooperative. Productivity of cooperative in Pelalawan was highly but efficiency still low. Profit and income were highly, even liquidity of cooperative very high, and solvability was good

Search for stop and higgsino production using diphoton Higgs boson decays

Results are presented of a search for a "natural" supersymmetry scenario with gauge mediated symmetry breaking. It is assumed that only the supersymmetric partners of the top-quark (stop) and the Higgs boson (higgsino) are accessible. Events are examined in which there are two photons forming a Higgs boson candidate, and at least two b-quark jets. In 19.7 inverse femtobarns of proton-proton collision data at sqrt(s) = 8 TeV, recorded in the CMS experiment, no evidence of a signal is found and lower limits at the 95% confidence level are set, excluding the stop mass below 360 to 410 GeV, depending on the higgsino mass

Severe early onset preeclampsia: short and long term clinical, psychosocial and biochemical aspects

Preeclampsia is a pregnancy specific disorder commonly defined as de novo hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks gestational age. It occurs in approximately 3-5% of pregnancies and it is still a major cause of both foetal and maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide1. As extensive research has not yet elucidated the aetiology of preeclampsia, there are no rational preventive or therapeutic interventions available. The only rational treatment is delivery, which benefits the mother but is not in the interest of the foetus, if remote from term. Early onset preeclampsia (<32 weeks’ gestational age) occurs in less than 1% of pregnancies. It is, however often associated with maternal morbidity as the risk of progression to severe maternal disease is inversely related with gestational age at onset2. Resulting prematurity is therefore the main cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity in patients with severe preeclampsia3. Although the discussion is ongoing, perinatal survival is suggested to be increased in patients with preterm preeclampsia by expectant, non-interventional management. This temporising treatment option to lengthen pregnancy includes the use of antihypertensive medication to control hypertension, magnesium sulphate to prevent eclampsia and corticosteroids to enhance foetal lung maturity4. With optimal maternal haemodynamic status and reassuring foetal condition this results on average in an extension of 2 weeks. Prolongation of these pregnancies is a great challenge for clinicians to balance between potential maternal risks on one the eve hand and possible foetal benefits on the other. Clinical controversies regarding prolongation of preterm preeclamptic pregnancies still exist – also taking into account that preeclampsia is the leading cause of maternal mortality in the Netherlands5 - a debate which is even more pronounced in very preterm pregnancies with questionable foetal viability6-9. Do maternal risks of prolongation of these very early pregnancies outweigh the chances of neonatal survival? Counselling of women with very early onset preeclampsia not only comprises of knowledge of the outcome of those particular pregnancies, but also knowledge of outcomes of future pregnancies of these women is of major clinical importance. This thesis opens with a review of the literature on identifiable risk factors of preeclampsia