Cryptic speciation in gentoo penguins is driven by geographic isolation and regional marine conditions: Unforeseen vulnerabilities to global change

The conservation of biodiversity is hampered by data deficiencies, with many new species and subspecies awaiting description or reclassification. Population genomics and ecological niche modelling offer complementary new tools for un-covering functional units of phylogenetic diversity. We hypothesize that phyloge-netically delineated lineages of gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua) distributed across Antarctica and sub-Antarctic Islands are subject to spatially explicit ecological con-ditions that have limited gene flow, facilitating genetic differentiation, and thereby speciation processes

Improving risk management for violence in mental health services: a multimethods approach

contractual_start_date: 07-2008 editorial_review_begun: 07-2014 accepted_for_publication: 06-2015contractual_start_date: 07-2008 editorial_review_begun: 07-2014 accepted_for_publication: 06-2015contractual_start_date: 07-2008 editorial_review_begun: 07-2014 accepted_for_publication: 06-2015contractual_start_date: 07-2008 editorial_review_begun: 07-2014 accepted_for_publication: 06-201

Elective cancer surgery in COVID-19-free surgical pathways during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: An international, multicenter, comparative cohort study

PURPOSE As cancer surgery restarts after the first COVID-19 wave, health care providers urgently require data to determine where elective surgery is best performed. This study aimed to determine whether COVID-19–free surgical pathways were associated with lower postoperative pulmonary complication rates compared with hospitals with no defined pathway. PATIENTS AND METHODS This international, multicenter cohort study included patients who underwent elective surgery for 10 solid cancer types without preoperative suspicion of SARS-CoV-2. Participating hospitals included patients from local emergence of SARS-CoV-2 until April 19, 2020. At the time of surgery, hospitals were defined as having a COVID-19–free surgical pathway (complete segregation of the operating theater, critical care, and inpatient ward areas) or no defined pathway (incomplete or no segregation, areas shared with patients with COVID-19). The primary outcome was 30-day postoperative pulmonary complications (pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, unexpected ventilation). RESULTS Of 9,171 patients from 447 hospitals in 55 countries, 2,481 were operated on in COVID-19–free surgical pathways. Patients who underwent surgery within COVID-19–free surgical pathways were younger with fewer comorbidities than those in hospitals with no defined pathway but with similar proportions of major surgery. After adjustment, pulmonary complication rates were lower with COVID-19–free surgical pathways (2.2% v 4.9%; adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.62; 95% CI, 0.44 to 0.86). This was consistent in sensitivity analyses for low-risk patients (American Society of Anesthesiologists grade 1/2), propensity score–matched models, and patients with negative SARS-CoV-2 preoperative tests. The postoperative SARS-CoV-2 infection rate was also lower in COVID-19–free surgical pathways (2.1% v 3.6%; aOR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.36 to 0.76). CONCLUSION Within available resources, dedicated COVID-19–free surgical pathways should be established to provide safe elective cancer surgery during current and before future SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks

Elective Cancer Surgery in COVID-19-Free Surgical Pathways During the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic: An International, Multicenter, Comparative Cohort Study.

PURPOSE: As cancer surgery restarts after the first COVID-19 wave, health care providers urgently require data to determine where elective surgery is best performed. This study aimed to determine whether COVID-19-free surgical pathways were associated with lower postoperative pulmonary complication rates compared with hospitals with no defined pathway. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This international, multicenter cohort study included patients who underwent elective surgery for 10 solid cancer types without preoperative suspicion of SARS-CoV-2. Participating hospitals included patients from local emergence of SARS-CoV-2 until April 19, 2020. At the time of surgery, hospitals were defined as having a COVID-19-free surgical pathway (complete segregation of the operating theater, critical care, and inpatient ward areas) or no defined pathway (incomplete or no segregation, areas shared with patients with COVID-19). The primary outcome was 30-day postoperative pulmonary complications (pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, unexpected ventilation). RESULTS: Of 9,171 patients from 447 hospitals in 55 countries, 2,481 were operated on in COVID-19-free surgical pathways. Patients who underwent surgery within COVID-19-free surgical pathways were younger with fewer comorbidities than those in hospitals with no defined pathway but with similar proportions of major surgery. After adjustment, pulmonary complication rates were lower with COVID-19-free surgical pathways (2.2% v 4.9%; adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.62; 95% CI, 0.44 to 0.86). This was consistent in sensitivity analyses for low-risk patients (American Society of Anesthesiologists grade 1/2), propensity score-matched models, and patients with negative SARS-CoV-2 preoperative tests. The postoperative SARS-CoV-2 infection rate was also lower in COVID-19-free surgical pathways (2.1% v 3.6%; aOR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.36 to 0.76). CONCLUSION: Within available resources, dedicated COVID-19-free surgical pathways should be established to provide safe elective cancer surgery during current and before future SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks

Shifting Perspectives in Polar Research: Global Lessons on the Barriers and Drivers for Securing Academic Careers in Natural Sciences

BF received funding from the post-doctoral fellowships programme Beatriu de Pinós funded by the Secretary of Universities and Research (Government of Catalonia) and by the Horizon 2020 Programme of Research and Innovation of the European Union under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 801370 (Incorporation grant 2019 BP 00183) and the Juan de la Cierva Programme funded by the Ministry of Science and Innovation (Incorporation grant IJCI-2017-31478). PC and HJG were supported by NERC core funding to the BAS “Biodiversity, Evolution and Adaptation” Team.The polar regions provide valuable insights into the functioning of the Earth’s regulating systems. Conducting field research in such harsh and remote environments requires strong international cooperation, extended planning horizons, sizable budgets and longterm investment. Consequently, polar research is particularly vulnerable to societal and economic pressures during periods of austerity. The global financial crisis of 2008, and the ensuing decade of economic slowdown, have already adversely affected polar research, and the current COVID-19 pandemic has added further pressure. In this article we present the outcomes of a community survey that aimed to assess the main barriers and success factors identified by academic researchers at all career stages in response to these global crises. The survey results indicate that the primary barriers faced by polar early and mid-career researchers (EMCRs) act at institutional level, while mitigating factors are developed at individual and group levels. Later career scientists report pressure toward taking early retirement as a means of institutions saving money, reducing both academic leadership and the often unrecognized but vital mentor roles that many play. Gender and social inequalities are also perceived as important barriers. Reorganization of institutional operations and more effective strategies for long-term capacity building and retaining of talent, along with reduction in non-research duties shouldered by EMCRs, would make important contributions toward ensuring continued vitality and innovation in the polar research community.Secretary of Universities and Research (Government of Catalonia)Horizon 2020 Programme of Research and Innovation of the European Union under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 801370Juan de la Cierva Programme funded by the Ministry of Science and Innovation (Incorporation grant IJCI-2017-31478)NERC core funding to the BAS “Biodiversity, Evolution and Adaptation” Tea

Potencial de Tegula atra (mollusca : Gastropoda) como biorregulador del crecimiento de algas en estanques de cultivo de lenguado Paralichthys adspersus

One of the main problems in aquaculture lies in the stress to which the species in cultivation can be subjected, therefore the development of alternative techniques such a mixed culture are beneficial to minimize stress and improve the industry. Tegula atra is a gastropod that lives in subtidal and intertidal, with local economic importance and due its herbivorous behavior, we hypothesized that T. atra may be valuable in controlling macroalgae growth in culture tanks by mixed culture. Grazing percentage, respiratory behavior and excretion of nitrogen wastes, were measured in three size classes of T. atra, which were maintained in mixed culture together with the economically relevant Chilean flounder. While the largest specimens of T. atra (Class 3) were the most efficient in terms of algae consumption, the other classes were less effective and did not show significant differences in each other within a 24-hour period. Smaller and larger size classes organisms (Class 1 and Class 3), consumed the greatest amount of oxygen within a period of 120 min. Finally, smallest organisms (Class 1) emitted the greatest nitrogen wastes, in a period of 120 min. As the grazing ability was higher in larger specimens (Class 3), they could be the ideal candidates for polyculture. However, medium-sized specimens (Class 2) may be the most suitable, due its low O2 consumption and lower excretion of NH3, producing less negative effect on water quality. Future studies should evaluate the potential negative impacts of T. atra on the physiology of its cohabitants

Potencial de Tegula atra (Mollusca: Gastropoda) como biorregulador del crecimiento de algas en estanques de cultivo de lenguado Paralichthys adspersus

Uno de los principales problemas en la acuicultura es el estrés al que se pueden ver sometidas las especies en cultivo, por esto el desarrollo de técnicas alternativas para minimizar el estrés son de gran ayuda. Tegula atra es un gastrópodo que habita en el submareal e intermareal, con importancia económica local y debido a su conducta herbívora, se planteó la hipótesis que esta especie puede ser útil en el control del crecimiento de macroalgas en los estanques, mediante cultivo mixto. En el presente estudio, se midió el porcentaje de ramoneo, la conducta respiratoria y excreción de desechos nitrogenados de tres clases de talla de T. atra, las cuales se mantuvieron en estanques con Paralichthys adspersus. Los ejemplares de mayor talla de T. atra (Clase 3) fueron los más eficientes en términos de consumo de algas, dentro de un período de 24 horas. Los organismos pertenecientes a las clases de tallas pequeñas y grandes (Clase 1 y Clase 3), consumieron mayor cantidad de oxígeno dentro de un periodo de 120 min. Finalmente, los organismos de menor talla (Clase 1) fueron los que emitieron la mayor cantidad de desechos nitrogenados, en un período de 120 min. Dado que, la capacidad ramoneadora fue mayor en los ejemplares de talla superior (Clase 3), éstos podrían ser los candidatos ideales para el policultivo, sin embargo, al considerar la respirometría, los animales de talla media (Clase 2), serían óptimos, por su bajo consumo de O₂ y menor excreción de NH3, generando un menor impacto negativo en la calidad del agua. Futuros estudios debieran evaluar los posibles impactos negativos a nivel fisiológico que pueda tener la presencia de T. atra, sobre sus cohabitantes

Potencial de Tegula atra (Mollusca: Gastropoda) como biorregulador del crecimiento de algas en estanques de cultivo de lenguado Paralichthys adspersus

Abstract: One of the main problems in aquaculture lies in the stress to which the species in cultivation can be subjected, therefore the development of alternative techniques such a mixed culture are beneficial to minimize stress and improve the industry. Tegula atra is a gastropod that lives in subtidal and intertidal, with local economic importance and due its herbivorous behavior, we hypothesized that T. atra may be valuable in controlling macroalgae growth in culture tanks by mixed culture. Grazing percentage, respiratory behavior and excretion of nitrogen wastes, were measured in three size classes of T. atra, which were maintained in mixed culture together with the economically relevant Chilean flounder. While the largest specimens of T. atra (Class 3) were the most efficient in terms of algae consumption, the other classes were less effective and did not show significant differences in each other within a 24-hour period. Smaller and larger size classes organisms (Class 1 and Class 3), consumed the greatest amount of oxygen within a period of 120 min. Finally, smallest organisms (Class 1) emitted the greatest nitrogen wastes, in a period of 120 min. As the grazing ability was higher in larger specimens (Class 3), they could be the ideal candidates for polyculture. However, medium-sized specimens (Class 2) may be the most suitable, due its low O₂ consumption and lower excretion of NH3, producing less negative effect on water quality. Future studies should evaluate the potential negative impacts of T. atra on the physiology of its cohabitants.Resumen: Uno de los principales problemas en la acuicultura es el estrés al que se pueden ver sometidas las especies en cultivo, por esto el desarrollo de técnicas alternativas para minimizar el estrés son de gran ayuda. Tegula atra es un gastrópodo que habita en el submareal e intermareal, con importancia económica local y debido a su conducta herbívora, se planteó la hipótesis que esta especie puede ser útil en el control del crecimiento de macroalgas en los estanques, mediante cultivo mixto. En el presente estudio, se midió el porcentaje de ramoneo, la conducta respiratoria y excreción de desechos nitrogenados de tres clases de talla de T. atra, las cuales se mantuvieron en estanques con Paralichthys adspersus. Los ejemplares de mayor talla de T. atra (Clase 3) fueron los más eficientes en términos de consumo de algas, dentro de un período de 24 horas. Los organismos pertenecientes a las clases de tallas pequeñas y grandes (Clase 1 y Clase 3), consumieron mayor cantidad de oxígeno dentro de un periodo de 120 min. Finalmente, los organismos de menor talla (Clase 1) fueron los que emitieron la mayor cantidad de desechos nitrogenados, en un período de 120 min. Dado que, la capacidad ramoneadora fue mayor en los ejemplares de talla superior (Clase 3), éstos podrían ser los candidatos ideales para el policultivo, sin embargo, al considerar la respirometría, los animales de talla media (Clase 2), serían óptimos, por su bajo consumo de O₂ y menor excreción de NH3, generando un menor impacto negativo en la calidad del agua. Futuros estudios debieran evaluar los posibles impactos negativos a nivel fisiológico que pueda tener la presencia de T. atra, sobre sus cohabitantes

Data from: Genetic structure of introduced American mink (Neovison vison) in Patagonia: colonisation insights and implications for control and management strategies

Context: Biological invasions have caused dramatic changes in native biodiversity and ecosystem function. Studies of genetic variation and evolutionary changes are useful for understanding population dynamics during biological invasions, and shed light on management, prevention and restoration strategies. Aims: This study aimed to investigate the structure and genetic variability of American mink (Neovison vison), an invasive species in southern South America, introduced for fur farming in the 1930s. Methods: Samples from 153 mink were obtained from 12 locations in southern Chile to sequence the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region and to genotype 11 polymorphic microsatellite loci. Key results: The highest mtDNA diversity was detected in Puerto Cisnes, suggesting multiple introductions and/or the most probable area where mink was first introduced. The latter is also supported by microsatellite data, because a high percentage of individuals from different locations were assigned to this location. All other locations showed low or no mtDNA diversity, possibly due to founder effect. The results also indicate marked population structure, with three genetic clusters coincident with the main historical introduction points, with low dispersal among them. Conclusions: The results suggest that control strategies for American mink in southern Chile should be concentrated on these three genetically differentiated management units, and particularly on source populations and locations with low effective population size and restricted connectivity. Implications: Genetic approaches have been used for the management of numerous alien species worldwide. Recommendations delivered here for American mink control could also be implemented in other regions and for other invasive species with similar genetic diversity distribution and connectivity