Tomografía de coherencia óptica para evaluación de cambios post-tratamiento en la cabeza del nervio óptico en pacientes con glaucoma de ángulo abierto

Objetivo: Investigar la respuesta de los tejidos de la cabeza del nervio óptico al tratamiento médico del glaucoma utilizando tomografía de coherencia óptica de alta resolución (HD-OCT) y determinar los factores que influyen en dichas respuestas. Diseño: Serie observacional de casos. Métodos: Se tomaron imágenes de 13 ojos de 8 pacientes con glaucoma primario de ángulo abierto utilizando un rectángulo de 200 x 200 que cubriera el nervio óptico con HD-OCT antes de iniciar tratamiento y un mes después. La magnitud pre y post tratamiento de la profundidad de la excavación, espesor del tejido prelaminar, desplazamiento y espesor de la lámina cribosa se midieron en el corte donde se viera la mayor profundidad de la excavación. Resultados: Se observó una relación directa entre el aumento del espesor de los tejidos de la cabeza del nervio óptico, especialmente del tejido neural prelaminar y la disminución de la presión intraocular (PIO) in vivo. Conclusiones: Se demostró una regresión de la excavación in vivo debida a varios factores, principalmente el engrosamiento del tejido neural prelaminar, estableciendo la OCT como herramienta de gran utilidad para el diagnóstico de pacientes con glaucoma, y esta utilidad es aún mayor para el seguimiento de los mismos, por los cual debería ser incluida en los protocolos de abordaje y seguimiento de pacientes con glaucoma.Abstract. Purpose: To investigate the response of optic nerve’s head tissues to glaucoma medical treatment using high definition optic coherence tomography (HD – OCT), and to determine the factors influencing such responses Design: Case observational series Methods: 13 eyes of 8 primary open angle glaucoma patients were imaged using a 200 x 200 rectangle covering the optic nerve using HD – OCT before treatment and 1 month after. The pre and post treatment magnitude of excavation depth, thickness of pre – laminar tissue, and displacement and thickness of lamina cribrosa (LC) were measured in the scan were the excavation was deepest. Results: A direct relationship between the thickness of the optic nerve head’s tissues, specially the prelaminar tissue and the reduction of IOP in vivo was observed. Conclusions: A reduction in the excavation of the optic nerve’s head was demonstrated in vivo, due to various factors, mainly the thickening of neural pre – laminar tissue, establishing the OCT as a very useful tool for glaucoma patient’s diagnosis, and this usefulness is even bigger for the following – up of them; therefore, it should be included in the approaching and following – up protocols for glaucoma patientsOtr

Relief parameters and fuzzy logic for land evaluations of mango crops (mangifera indica l.) in colombia

The aim of this paper is to illustrate the use of digital elevation models (DEM) to calculate relief parameters and include them in suitability studies of land for mango crops in Colombia. Data from SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) DEMs with 30 meter of spatial resolution and elevation in meters were used to calculate the slope, aspect, curvature, solar radiation, and topographic wetness index for inclusion in a land evaluation study. Fuzzy logic rules were developed and applied to define the degree of suitability by matching land use requirements with land characteristics. When integrated with geographic information systems, DEMs have significant potential for quantitatively defining and characterizing relief and for generating more detailed data to improve land evaluation processes. The Fuzzy logic proved to be a more realistic approach for evaluating the degree of land suitability than traditional bivalent logic, allowing for the use of membership degrees

La imagen y la narrativa como herramientas para el abordaje psicosocial en escenarios de violencia. Departamentos de Antioquia y Cundinamarca

En este trabajo se analizan relatos con base en una aproximación al enfoque narrativo, desde un camino reflexivo y significativo de los abordajes psicosociales en contextos de violencia sistemática, donde se resaltan esfuerzos personales, familiares, colectivos y comunitarios con el fin de romper ciclos de violencia e injusticia; posteriormente desde la reflexión se hace una propuesta de entrevista a partir del caso de Ernesto, con preguntas abiertas construidas de manera reflexiva, circular y estratégica orientadas a un acercamiento psicosocial ético y proactivo en la superación de las condiciones de victimización, cada una con su respectiva justificación desde el contexto adecuado; seguido a ello se analiza el caso de la Masacre en El Salado: Relatos de resiliencia después de 20 años, plasmando los emergentes psicosociales, los impactos desde lo bio-psico-socio-cultural, los elementos simbólicos de violencia, resiliencia y experiencias de transformación, y así mismo las estrategias psicosociales que faciliten la potenciación de recursos de afrontamiento a la situación expresada. Adicional a ello, se hace la socialización del informe analítico y reflexivo de la experiencia realizada en el paso anterior de la foto voz como herramienta pedagógica, explorando la relevancia del contexto y el territorio como tejido simbólico y enlace significativo, identificando que estas imágenes reflejan tejidos de subjetividades profundas, capturando la complejidad y diversidad de experiencias en contextos afectados por la violencia. Finalmente, se exponen las respectivas conclusiones desde las diferentes experiencias de afrontamiento psicosocial en contextos de violencia que se abordaron como evaluación de eventos psicosociales traumáticos desde el enfoque narrativo.In this paper, stories are analyzed based on an approximation to the narrative approach, from a reflective and meaningful path of psychosocial approaches in contexts of systematic violence, where personal, family, collective and community efforts are highlighted in order to break cycles of violence and injustice; subsequently, from the reflection, an interview proposal is made based on Ernesto's case, with open questions constructed in a reflective, circular and strategic way oriented towards an ethical and proactive psychosocial approach in overcoming the conditions of victimization, each one with its respective justification from the proper context; following this, the case of the El Salado Massacre is analyzed: Stories of resilience after 20 years, reflecting the psychosocial emergencies, the impacts from the bio- psycho-socio-cultural, the symbolic elements of violence, resilience and transformation experiences. and likewise, the psychosocial strategies that facilitate the enhancement of coping resources to the situation expressed. In addition to this, the analytical and reflective report of the experience carried out in the previous step of the photo voice as a pedagogical tool is socialized, exploring the relevance of the context and the territory as a symbolic fabric and significant link, identifying that these images reflect fabrics of deep subjectivities, capturing the complexity and diversity of experiences in contexts affected by violence. Finally, the respective conclusions are presented from the different experiences of psychosocial coping in contexts of violence that were addressed as an evaluation of traumatic psychosocial events from the narrative approach

Multi-messenger observations of a binary neutron star merger

On 2017 August 17 a binary neutron star coalescence candidate (later designated GW170817) with merger time 12:41:04 UTC was observed through gravitational waves by the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors. The Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor independently detected a gamma-ray burst (GRB 170817A) with a time delay of ~1.7 s with respect to the merger time. From the gravitational-wave signal, the source was initially localized to a sky region of 31 deg2 at a luminosity distance of 40+8-8 Mpc and with component masses consistent with neutron stars. The component masses were later measured to be in the range 0.86 to 2.26 Mo. An extensive observing campaign was launched across the electromagnetic spectrum leading to the discovery of a bright optical transient (SSS17a, now with the IAU identification of AT 2017gfo) in NGC 4993 (at ~40 Mpc) less than 11 hours after the merger by the One- Meter, Two Hemisphere (1M2H) team using the 1 m Swope Telescope. The optical transient was independently detected by multiple teams within an hour. Subsequent observations targeted the object and its environment. Early ultraviolet observations revealed a blue transient that faded within 48 hours. Optical and infrared observations showed a redward evolution over ~10 days. Following early non-detections, X-ray and radio emission were discovered at the transient’s position ~9 and ~16 days, respectively, after the merger. Both the X-ray and radio emission likely arise from a physical process that is distinct from the one that generates the UV/optical/near-infrared emission. No ultra-high-energy gamma-rays and no neutrino candidates consistent with the source were found in follow-up searches. These observations support the hypothesis that GW170817 was produced by the merger of two neutron stars in NGC4993 followed by a short gamma-ray burst (GRB 170817A) and a kilonova/macronova powered by the radioactive decay of r-process nuclei synthesized in the ejecta

Table 2: Example applications of the use of remote sensing technologies to detect change in vegetation.

In order to understand the distribution and prevalence of Ommatissus lybicus (Hemiptera: Tropiduchidae) as well as analyse their current biographical patterns and predict their future spread, comprehensive and detailed information on the environmental, climatic, and agricultural practices are essential. The spatial analytical techniques such as Remote Sensing and Spatial Statistics Tools, can help detect and model spatial links and correlations between the presence, absence and density of O. lybicus in response to climatic, environmental, and human factors. The main objective of this paper is to review remote sensing and relevant analytical techniques that can be applied in mapping and modelling the habitat and population density of O. lybicus. An exhaustive search of related literature revealed that there are very limited studies linking location-based infestation levels of pests like the O. lybicus with climatic, environmental, and human practice related variables. This review also highlights the accumulated knowledge and addresses the gaps in this area of research. Furthermore, it makes recommendations for future studies, and gives suggestions on monitoring and surveillance methods in designing both local and regional level integrated pest management strategies of palm tree and other affected cultivated crops

Multi-messenger Observations of a Binary Neutron Star Merger

On 2017 August 17 a binary neutron star coalescence candidate (later designated GW170817) with merger time 12:41:04 UTC was observed through gravitational waves by the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors. The Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor independently detected a gamma-ray burst (GRB 170817A) with a time delay of ∼ 1.7 {{s}} with respect to the merger time. From the gravitational-wave signal, the source was initially localized to a sky region of 31 deg2 at a luminosity distance of {40}-8+8 Mpc and with component masses consistent with neutron stars. The component masses were later measured to be in the range 0.86 to 2.26 {M}ȯ . An extensive observing campaign was launched across the electromagnetic spectrum leading to the discovery of a bright optical transient (SSS17a, now with the IAU identification of AT 2017gfo) in NGC 4993 (at ∼ 40 {{Mpc}}) less than 11 hours after the merger by the One-Meter, Two Hemisphere (1M2H) team using the 1 m Swope Telescope. The optical transient was independently detected by multiple teams within an hour. Subsequent observations targeted the object and its environment. Early ultraviolet observations revealed a blue transient that faded within 48 hours. Optical and infrared observations showed a redward evolution over ∼10 days. Following early non-detections, X-ray and radio emission were discovered at the transient’s position ∼ 9 and ∼ 16 days, respectively, after the merger. Both the X-ray and radio emission likely arise from a physical process that is distinct from the one that generates the UV/optical/near-infrared emission. No ultra-high-energy gamma-rays and no neutrino candidates consistent with the source were found in follow-up searches. These observations support the hypothesis that GW170817 was produced by the merger of two neutron stars in NGC 4993 followed by a short gamma-ray burst (GRB 170817A) and a kilonova/macronova powered by the radioactive decay of r-process nuclei synthesized in the ejecta.</p

Evaluation of digital elevation models as a source of data for the land suitability evaluation. Case of mango

Los parámetros extraídos de los modelos digitales de elevación (DEM) permiten caracterizar el relieve de forma cuantitativa, así como establecer las relaciones de estos con los procesos y características del suelo; parte fundamental en la evaluación de aptitud de las tierras. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo determinar la utilidad de los DEM como fuente de datos para la evaluación de la aptitud de las tierras para el cultivo de mango (Mangifera indica L), para esto se desarrolló un modelo espacial basado en lógica difusa involucrando los parámetros extraídos de los DEM, estableciendo su relación con el rendimiento del cultivo. Los parámetros seleccionados fueron: pendiente, curvatura plana, curvatura vertical, factor LS, índice topográfico de humedad TWI, duración de la insolación y la altitud que es la información estructural implícita en el DEM. Al modelo de evaluación de tierras se adicionó la profundidad efectiva, el drenaje interno del suelo y la capacidad de intercambio catiónica efectiva (CICE), información extraída del estudio de suelos; estos parámetros fueron modelados de forma difusa de acuerdo con funciones de pertenencia determinadas por los requerimientos del cultivo y finalmente fueron integrados mediante un operador difuso. Se analizaron estadísticamente los parámetros extraídos de los DEM en una zona piloto de 1.439,74 hectáreas, donde se hizo un análisis exploratorio de datos, un análisis de varianza (ANOVA), un análisis de correlación de Pearson con datos de la altitud de cada DEM, una comparación de las datos mediante modelos lineales y finalmente se analizó la variabilidad espacial de la producción de mango y su relación con la variabilidad del relieve mediante análisis de correlación canónica (ACC). De acuerdo con los resultados se concluye que los DEM son una fuente alternativa y confiable de datos para la evaluación de aptitud de las tierras, además permiten medir de forma cuantitativa las variaciones del relieve, lo cual es una ventaja sobre los métodos tradicionales de caracterización del relieve. / Abstract. This research was conducted to evaluate the use of the DEM as a data source for assessing the suitability of land for the crop of mango (Mangifera indica L.). Some parameters extracted from digital elevation models (DEM) were used to characterize quantitatively the relief and to establish the relationships with soil properties and crop yield, as an essential part of the land suitability evaluation. The spatial model developed was based on fuzzy logic involving the parameters slope, plan curvature, profile curvature, LS factor, topographic wetness index (TWI), solar radiation and elevation calculated from three DEM as data sources: SRTM, ASTER and contours map. Additional soil information was obtained from an existing soil survey at 1:100,000. These parameters were modeled according to fuzzy membership functions to define degree of suitability taken into account crop requirements. Parameters extracted from the DEM were analyzed statistically in a small area of 1.439,74 hectares, where he became an exploratory data analysis, variance analysis (ANOVA), a Pearson correlation analysis using data from the elevation of each DEM, a comparison of data using linear models and finally analyzed the spatial variability of mango production and its relationship with variability of relief through canonical correlation analysis (CCA). According to the results it was concluded that the DEM is an reliable alternative of data source for land suitability assessment and the improvement of traditional methods by including a quantitative characterization of relief.Magíster en geomática.Maestrí

Desarrollo de la cognición desde el nacimiento hasta los 2 años

Este documento es una revisión teórica acerca del desarrollo cognitivo desde el nacimiento hasta los dos años de edad. Se pretende determinar el grado de relación que hay entre las propuestas teóricas de la epistemología genética, teoría sociocultural del desarrollo cognitivo y la revolución cognitiva. El desarrollo cognitivo desde el nacimiento hasta los dos años de edad, se adquiere a través del desarrollo, que se halla vinculado en dicho acto la capacidad o disposición biológica y la experiencia. Se encontró así que el desarrollo del lenguaje tiene un periodo que es casi el mismo en todo el mundo y que sigue una secuencia en la que el niño comienza con el llanto o reflejo de grito y va avanzando hacia los arrullos, y el balbuceo, se cree por tanto que hasta aquí es una condición biológica. El desarrollo de la cognición se da a través de la experiencia y la interacción con el ambiente. Las cogniciones como los contextos son considerados cruciales para el desarrollo del lenguaje.This document is a theoretical review brings over of the cognitive development from the birth up to two years of age. There is tried to determine the degree of relation that exists between (among) the theoretical offers of the genetic epistemology, sociocultured theory of the cognitive development and the cognitive revolution. The cognitive development from the birth up to two years of age, it is acquired across the development, which is linked in the above mentioned act the capacity or biological disposition (regulation) and the experience. He(she) was so the development of the language has a period that is an almost the same one in the whole world and that follows (continues) a sequence in which the child begins with the weeping or reflex of shout and is advancing towards the lullabies, and the stutter, it is believed therefore that hitherto it is a biological condition. The development of the cognition is given across the experience and the interaction with the environment. The cognitions as the contexts are considered to be crucial for the development of the language. Key words: Cognition, epistemology genetics, language, culture, cognitive revolution

La lúdica y el pensamiento lógico matemático para niños en grado preescolar

El presente proyecto busca contribuir a las prácticas docentes en el área de matemáticas, con el diseño y aplicación de un manual lúdico recreativo para apoyar el proceso de aprendizaje de niños y niñas en edad escolar frente a esta asignatura. Su diseño vincula elementos como la comprensión de las nociones temporo - T espaciales, y las relaciones cualitativas y cuantitativas entre los objetos, por lo que se plantea una serie de actividades lúdicas que fortalecen las funciones psíquicas y cognitivas, evidenciadas a través del juego como preámbulo para mostrar la conquista del pensamiento lógico matemático. Teniendo en cuenta estos aspectos, se pretende mejorar los problemas detectados en la población objeto de estudia, de acuerdo a las necesidades formativas propias del desarrollo infantil, las diferentes edades y ritmos de aprendizaje, de sus experiencias, fortalezas y debilidades