Study of the interaction between FMRP and the cytoskeleton upon platelet activation

Résumé: Le syndrome du X fragile, première cause monogénique de déficience intellectuelle héréditaire, découle de l'expansion du nombre de répétitions CGG dans le gène FMR1 qui, accompagnée de sa méthylation, conduit à l'absence de la protéine correspondante : FMRP ou « Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein ». La fonction de cette protéine reste encore incertaine; FMRP est une protéine liant l'ARN qui serait impliqué au niveau de la synthèse protéique, mais d'autres fonctions ont également été proposées. La découverte de nouvelles observations dans un système biologique simplifié nous permettrait de mieux comprendre la contribution réelle de ces rôles. En fait, nous avons confirmé dans les plaquettes sanguines à l'état quiescent, qui sont caractérisées par un faible niveau de traduction, la présence de FMRP sous forme soluble, contrairement à la majorité des autres cellules et tissus étudiés. Puisque l'activation des plaquettes, étape incontournable de l'hémostase primaire, déclenche de nombreux processus intracellulaires telles une réorganisation du cytosquelette et une augmentation de la synthèse protéique, nous avons étudié le comportement de FMRP subséquemment à l'activation plaquettaire. Des plaquettes humaines ont été activées par l'utilisation de différents agonistes et soumises à des protocoles de fractionnement afin de déterminer la localisation subcellidaire de FMRP. Lors de l'activation plaquettaire, nous avons observé une redistribution de FMRP, de la fraction soluble à celle contenant le cytosquelette, proportionnelle au pourcentage d'agrégation des plaquettes. Cette interaction de FMRP avec certains constituants de cette fraction a également été évaluée en présence de plusieurs agents chimiques influençant différents processus cellulaires. Nous avons mis en évidence que l'utilisation de substances exerçant une influence sur la polymérisation du réseau d'actine modifie le comportement de FMRP, suggérant que cette protéine puisse interagir avec un constituant des microfilaments. Dans la mesure où certaines équipes de recherche ont rapporté que les polyribosomes plaquettaires sont une partie intégrante du cytosquelette, et d'autres que les polyribosomes avaient la possibilité de lier spécifiquement le réseau d'actine, nous avons envisagé la présence dans les plaquettes d'une interaction entre FMRP et l'appareil traductionnel en interaction avec les microfilaments. Concrètement, nous avons mis en évidence par une approche classique d'isolation des polyribosomes, la présence de FMRP dans ces fractions, et ce, uniquement postactivation. La redistribution de FMRP, bien que compatible avec d'autres modèles cellulaires, lui suggère une nouvelle fonction au sein de la réorganisation du cytosquelette et du déclenchement de la synthèse protéique survenant lors de l'activation plaquettaire. Puisque ces phénomènes peuvent facilement être modulés dans les plaquettes sanguines, ces cellules humaines ont le potentiel de devenir un modèle plus que promoteur pour l'étude de FMRP et ainsi, du syndrome du X fragile.||Abstract: Fragile X syndrome, the most common form of inherited intellectual disability, results from the expansion of CGG repeats in the FMR1 gene which, together with its methylation, leads to the absence of the corresponding protein: FMRP or Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein. The function of this protein remains uncertain; FMRP, a protein showing sequence motifs characteristic of RNA-binding proteins, seems to participate in several cellular processes related to protein synthesis. Uncovering novel observations in a simpler human biological system, will allow us to better understand the real contribution of those suggested functions. In fact, we confirm in resting blood platelets, characterized by a limited translational activity, the presence of FMRP in a soluble form, unlike most other cells and tissues studied so far. Since platelet activation, a critical step in primary hemostasis, triggers many intracellular processes including cytoskeleton's reorganization and an increase in protein synthesis, we therefore investigated the behaviour of FMRP upon platelet activation. Human platelets were activated by means of different agonists and subjected to cell fractionation protocols in order to determine the subcellular localization of FMRP. Following activation, we observed a shift of FMRP from the soluble to the cytoskeleton fraction, which was proportional to the percentage of platelet aggregation. Moreover, this interaction of FMRP with certain components of this fraction was also assessed in the presence of various chemical agents that influence different cellular processes. We showed that agents affecting actin network polymerization modified FMRP's behavior, suggesting that FMRP might interact with components of the microfilaments. Some research groups have reported that platelet polyribosomes are an integral part of the cytoskeleton, and others that polyribosomes are able to specifically bind the actin network. We thus investigated the presence of an interaction of FMRP in platelets with the microfilament's bound translational apparatus. In fact, we have demonstrated by a classical approach of polyribosome isolation, the presence of FMRP in these fractions exclusively following activation. The resultant redistribution of FMRP, although consistent with other cellular models, suggests a new function for this protein in connection with the platelet cytoskeletal reorganization and the initiation of protein synthesis occurring during platelet activation. Since these processes can easily be modulated in blood platelets, these human cells have the potential to be a very promising model for studying FMRP and thus the fragile X syndrome

High precision astrometry mission for the detection and characterization of nearby habitable planetary systems with the Nearby Earth Astrometric Telescope (NEAT)

(abridged) A complete census of planetary systems around a volume-limited sample of solar-type stars (FGK dwarfs) in the Solar neighborhood with uniform sensitivity down to Earth-mass planets within their Habitable Zones out to several AUs would be a major milestone in extrasolar planets astrophysics. This fundamental goal can be achieved with a mission concept such as NEAT - the Nearby Earth Astrometric Telescope. NEAT is designed to carry out space-borne extremely-high-precision astrometric measurements sufficient to detect dynamical effects due to orbiting planets of mass even lower than Earth's around the nearest stars. Such a survey mission would provide the actual planetary masses and the full orbital geometry for all the components of the detected planetary systems down to the Earth-mass limit. The NEAT performance limits can be achieved by carrying out differential astrometry between the targets and a set of suitable reference stars in the field. The NEAT instrument design consists of an off-axis parabola single-mirror telescope, a detector with a large field of view made of small movable CCDs located around a fixed central CCD, and an interferometric calibration system originating from metrology fibers located at the primary mirror. The proposed mission architecture relies on the use of two satellites operating at L2 for 5 years, flying in formation and offering a capability of more than 20,000 reconfigurations (alternative option uses deployable boom). The NEAT primary science program will encompass an astrometric survey of our 200 closest F-, G- and K-type stellar neighbors, with an average of 50 visits. The remaining time might be allocated to improve the characterization of the architecture of selected planetary systems around nearby targets of specific interest (low-mass stars, young stars, etc.) discovered by Gaia, ground-based high-precision radial-velocity surveys.Comment: Accepted for publication in Experimental Astronomy. The full member list of the NEAT proposal and the news about the project are available at http://neat.obs.ujf-grenoble.fr. The final publication is available at http://www.springerlink.co

Assessment of Type I Interferon Signaling in Pediatric Inflammatory Disease

International audiencePURPOSE: Increased type I interferon is considered relevant to the pathology of a number of monogenic and complex disorders spanning pediatric rheumatology, neurology, and dermatology. However, no test exists in routine clinical practice to identify enhanced interferon signaling, thus limiting the ability to diagnose and monitor treatment of these diseases. Here, we set out to investigate the use of an assay measuring the expression of a panel of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) in children affected by a range of inflammatory diseases. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A cohort study was conducted between 2011 and 2016 at the University of Manchester, UK, and the Institut Imagine, Paris, France. RNA PAXgene blood samples and clinical data were collected from controls and symptomatic patients with a genetically confirmed or clinically well-defined inflammatory phenotype. The expression of six ISGs was measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and the median fold change was used to calculate an interferon score (IS) for each subject compared to a previously derived panel of 29 controls (where +2 SD of the control data, an IS of \textgreater2.466, is considered as abnormal). Results were correlated with genetic and clinical data. RESULTS: Nine hundred ninety-two samples were analyzed from 630 individuals comprising symptomatic patients across 24 inflammatory genotypes/phenotypes, unaffected heterozygous carriers, and controls. A consistent upregulation of ISG expression was seen in 13 monogenic conditions (455 samples, 265 patients; median IS 10.73, interquartile range (IQR) 5.90-18.41), juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus (78 samples, 55 patients; median IS 10.60, IQR 3.99-17.27), and juvenile dermatomyositis (101 samples, 59 patients; median IS 9.02, IQR 2.51-21.73) compared to controls (78 samples, 65 subjects; median IS 0.688, IQR 0.427-1.196), heterozygous mutation carriers (89 samples, 76 subjects; median IS 0.862, IQR 0.493-1.942), and individuals with non-molecularly defined autoinflammation (89 samples, 69 patients; median IS 1.07, IQR 0.491-3.74). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: An assessment of six ISGs can be used to define a spectrum of inflammatory diseases related to enhanced type I interferon signaling. If future studies demonstrate that the IS is a reactive biomarker, this measure may prove useful both in the diagnosis and the assessment of treatment efficacy

Large expert-curated database for benchmarking document similarity detection in biomedical literature search

Document recommendation systems for locating relevant literature have mostly relied on methods developed a decade ago. This is largely due to the lack of a large offline gold-standard benchmark of relevant documents that cover a variety of research fields such that newly developed literature search techniques can be compared, improved and translated into practice. To overcome this bottleneck, we have established the RElevant LIterature SearcH consortium consisting of more than 1500 scientists from 84 countries, who have collectively annotated the relevance of over 180 000 PubMed-listed articles with regard to their respective seed (input) article/s. The majority of annotations were contributed by highly experienced, original authors of the seed articles. The collected data cover 76% of all unique PubMed Medical Subject Headings descriptors. No systematic biases were observed across different experience levels, research fields or time spent on annotations. More importantly, annotations of the same document pairs contributed by different scientists were highly concordant. We further show that the three representative baseline methods used to generate recommended articles for evaluation (Okapi Best Matching 25, Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency and PubMed Related Articles) had similar overall performances. Additionally, we found that these methods each tend to produce distinct collections of recommended articles, suggesting that a hybrid method may be required to completely capture all relevant articles. The established database server located at https://relishdb.ict.griffith.edu.au is freely available for the downloading of annotation data and the blind testing of new methods. We expect that this benchmark will be useful for stimulating the development of new powerful techniques for title and title/abstract-based search engines for relevant articles in biomedical research.Peer reviewe

An integrated expression atlas of miRNAs and their promoters in human and mouse

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs with key roles in cellular regulation. As part of the fifth edition of the Functional Annotation of Mammalian Genome (FANTOM5) project, we created an integrated expression atlas of miRNAs and their promoters by deep-sequencing 492 short RNA (sRNA) libraries, with matching Cap Analysis Gene Expression (CAGE) data, from 396 human and 47 mouse RNA samples. Promoters were identified for 1,357 human and 804 mouse miRNAs and showed strong sequence conservation between species. We also found that primary and mature miRNA expression levels were correlated, allowing us to use the primary miRNA measurements as a proxy for mature miRNA levels in a total of 1,829 human and 1,029 mouse CAGE libraries. We thus provide a broad atlas of miRNA expression and promoters in primary mammalian cells, establishing a foundation for detailed analysis of miRNA expression patterns and transcriptional control regions

Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and angiotensin receptor blocker initiation on organ support-free days in patients hospitalized with COVID-19

IMPORTANCE Overactivation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) may contribute to poor clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Objective To determine whether angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) initiation improves outcomes in patients hospitalized for COVID-19. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In an ongoing, adaptive platform randomized clinical trial, 721 critically ill and 58 non–critically ill hospitalized adults were randomized to receive an RAS inhibitor or control between March 16, 2021, and February 25, 2022, at 69 sites in 7 countries (final follow-up on June 1, 2022). INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomized to receive open-label initiation of an ACE inhibitor (n = 257), ARB (n = 248), ARB in combination with DMX-200 (a chemokine receptor-2 inhibitor; n = 10), or no RAS inhibitor (control; n = 264) for up to 10 days. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was organ support–free days, a composite of hospital survival and days alive without cardiovascular or respiratory organ support through 21 days. The primary analysis was a bayesian cumulative logistic model. Odds ratios (ORs) greater than 1 represent improved outcomes. RESULTS On February 25, 2022, enrollment was discontinued due to safety concerns. Among 679 critically ill patients with available primary outcome data, the median age was 56 years and 239 participants (35.2%) were women. Median (IQR) organ support–free days among critically ill patients was 10 (–1 to 16) in the ACE inhibitor group (n = 231), 8 (–1 to 17) in the ARB group (n = 217), and 12 (0 to 17) in the control group (n = 231) (median adjusted odds ratios of 0.77 [95% bayesian credible interval, 0.58-1.06] for improvement for ACE inhibitor and 0.76 [95% credible interval, 0.56-1.05] for ARB compared with control). The posterior probabilities that ACE inhibitors and ARBs worsened organ support–free days compared with control were 94.9% and 95.4%, respectively. Hospital survival occurred in 166 of 231 critically ill participants (71.9%) in the ACE inhibitor group, 152 of 217 (70.0%) in the ARB group, and 182 of 231 (78.8%) in the control group (posterior probabilities that ACE inhibitor and ARB worsened hospital survival compared with control were 95.3% and 98.1%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this trial, among critically ill adults with COVID-19, initiation of an ACE inhibitor or ARB did not improve, and likely worsened, clinical outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT0273570

Study of the interaction between FMRP and the cytoskeleton upon platelet activation

Résumé: Le syndrome du X fragile, première cause monogénique de déficience intellectuelle héréditaire, découle de l'expansion du nombre de répétitions CGG dans le gène FMR1 qui, accompagnée de sa méthylation, conduit à l'absence de la protéine correspondante : FMRP ou « Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein ». La fonction de cette protéine reste encore incertaine; FMRP est une protéine liant l'ARN qui serait impliqué au niveau de la synthèse protéique, mais d'autres fonctions ont également été proposées. La découverte de nouvelles observations dans un système biologique simplifié nous permettrait de mieux comprendre la contribution réelle de ces rôles. En fait, nous avons confirmé dans les plaquettes sanguines à l'état quiescent, qui sont caractérisées par un faible niveau de traduction, la présence de FMRP sous forme soluble, contrairement à la majorité des autres cellules et tissus étudiés. Puisque l'activation des plaquettes, étape incontournable de l'hémostase primaire, déclenche de nombreux processus intracellulaires telles une réorganisation du cytosquelette et une augmentation de la synthèse protéique, nous avons étudié le comportement de FMRP subséquemment à l'activation plaquettaire. Des plaquettes humaines ont été activées par l'utilisation de différents agonistes et soumises à des protocoles de fractionnement afin de déterminer la localisation subcellidaire de FMRP. Lors de l'activation plaquettaire, nous avons observé une redistribution de FMRP, de la fraction soluble à celle contenant le cytosquelette, proportionnelle au pourcentage d'agrégation des plaquettes. Cette interaction de FMRP avec certains constituants de cette fraction a également été évaluée en présence de plusieurs agents chimiques influençant différents processus cellulaires. Nous avons mis en évidence que l'utilisation de substances exerçant une influence sur la polymérisation du réseau d'actine modifie le comportement de FMRP, suggérant que cette protéine puisse interagir avec un constituant des microfilaments. Dans la mesure où certaines équipes de recherche ont rapporté que les polyribosomes plaquettaires sont une partie intégrante du cytosquelette, et d'autres que les polyribosomes avaient la possibilité de lier spécifiquement le réseau d'actine, nous avons envisagé la présence dans les plaquettes d'une interaction entre FMRP et l'appareil traductionnel en interaction avec les microfilaments. Concrètement, nous avons mis en évidence par une approche classique d'isolation des polyribosomes, la présence de FMRP dans ces fractions, et ce, uniquement postactivation. La redistribution de FMRP, bien que compatible avec d'autres modèles cellulaires, lui suggère une nouvelle fonction au sein de la réorganisation du cytosquelette et du déclenchement de la synthèse protéique survenant lors de l'activation plaquettaire. Puisque ces phénomènes peuvent facilement être modulés dans les plaquettes sanguines, ces cellules humaines ont le potentiel de devenir un modèle plus que promoteur pour l'étude de FMRP et ainsi, du syndrome du X fragile.||Abstract: Fragile X syndrome, the most common form of inherited intellectual disability, results from the expansion of CGG repeats in the FMR1 gene which, together with its methylation, leads to the absence of the corresponding protein: FMRP or Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein. The function of this protein remains uncertain; FMRP, a protein showing sequence motifs characteristic of RNA-binding proteins, seems to participate in several cellular processes related to protein synthesis. Uncovering novel observations in a simpler human biological system, will allow us to better understand the real contribution of those suggested functions. In fact, we confirm in resting blood platelets, characterized by a limited translational activity, the presence of FMRP in a soluble form, unlike most other cells and tissues studied so far. Since platelet activation, a critical step in primary hemostasis, triggers many intracellular processes including cytoskeleton's reorganization and an increase in protein synthesis, we therefore investigated the behaviour of FMRP upon platelet activation. Human platelets were activated by means of different agonists and subjected to cell fractionation protocols in order to determine the subcellular localization of FMRP. Following activation, we observed a shift of FMRP from the soluble to the cytoskeleton fraction, which was proportional to the percentage of platelet aggregation. Moreover, this interaction of FMRP with certain components of this fraction was also assessed in the presence of various chemical agents that influence different cellular processes. We showed that agents affecting actin network polymerization modified FMRP's behavior, suggesting that FMRP might interact with components of the microfilaments. Some research groups have reported that platelet polyribosomes are an integral part of the cytoskeleton, and others that polyribosomes are able to specifically bind the actin network. We thus investigated the presence of an interaction of FMRP in platelets with the microfilament's bound translational apparatus. In fact, we have demonstrated by a classical approach of polyribosome isolation, the presence of FMRP in these fractions exclusively following activation. The resultant redistribution of FMRP, although consistent with other cellular models, suggests a new function for this protein in connection with the platelet cytoskeletal reorganization and the initiation of protein synthesis occurring during platelet activation. Since these processes can easily be modulated in blood platelets, these human cells have the potential to be a very promising model for studying FMRP and thus the fragile X syndrome

Energy from photobioreactors: Bioencapsulation of photosynthetically active molecules, organelles, and whole cells within biologically inert matrices

Photosynthesis is a highly efficient solar energy transformation process. Exploiting this natural phenomenon is one way to overcome the shortage in the Earth's fuel resources. This review summarizes the work carried out in the field of photobioreactor design via the immobilization of photosynthetically active matter within biologically inert matrices and the potential biotechnological applications of the obtained hybrid materials within the domain of solar energy to chemical energy transformation. The first part deals with the design of artificial photosynthetic reaction centers (RCs) by the encapsulation of pigments, proteins, and complexes. The action of thylakoids, chloroplasts, and whole plant cells, immobilized in biocompatible supports, in the conversion of CO 2 into chemical energy, is also addressed. Finally, the latest advances in the exploitation of the bioactivity of photosynthetically active micro-organisms are explored in terms of the production of secondary metabolites and hydrogen. © 2008 IUPAC