Ativismo de acionistas no mercado acionário brasileiro : evidências e determinantes em empresas listadas na BM&FBovespa

Este estudo tem por objetivo verificar quais as características e determinantes do ativismo de acionistas nas empresas brasileiras de capital aberto. Por ativismo de acionistas entende-se a tentativa da parte dos acionistas de provocarem alterações na empresa sem uma mudança em sua estrutura de controle, como definem Gillan e Starks (2007). A amostra é composta por 322 empresas para o ano de 2010 e 347 empresas para 2012. Foram analisadas, junto a essas empresas, as atas de assembleias ordinárias, notícias que relataram alguma forma de ativismo e processos abertos junto à Comissão de Valores Mobiliários (CVM). Para o alcance do objetivo, formulou-se um índice composto por sete questões buscando-se evidenciar o ativismo de acionista na amostra do estudo, além da aplicação de regressão logística e regressão linear múltipla. Como resultados principais observou-se a ocorrência de ativismo de acionistas nas atas por meio de propostas apresentadas previamente e durante a assembleia, votos contrários e rejeição às propostas apresentadas, assim como a busca por representação nos conselhos de administração e fiscal, com eleição de membros efetivos por acionistas minoritários para suas composições. Verificou-se evidências de ativismo de acionistas em notícias no período da amostra, com destaque para os eventos de incorporação e operações de fechamento de capital. Pelo interesse que esses eventos despertaram na mídia, observou-se a ocorrência de republicações das notícias com aumento no quantitativo de um período a outro. Quanto aos processos abertos junto à CVM, evidenciou-se redução no quantitativo do ano de 2010 para o ano de 2012, embora tenha ocorrido aumento nos processos relativos a “Medidas adotadas por controlador e/ou administrador da companhia”. O Índice de Ativismo de Acionistas apresentou pontuação máxima para cinco das sete questões, para apenas duas das empresas nos períodos da amostra. As chances de uma empresa ser alvo de ativismo são afetadas negativamente pelo retorno sobre patrimônio líquido e concentração de propriedade e positivamente pelo tamanho da empresa, tamanho do conselho de administração, quantidade de propostas da administração na ordem do dia da assembleia e quantidade de acionistas, tanto pessoas físicas quanto jurídicas. No entanto, com a utilização da variável quantidade de acionistas pessoas jurídicas, observa-se a não significância estatística para o modelo referente às reclamações abertas junto à CVM. Para as empresas alvo de ativismo evidenciou-se através de regressão linear múltipla que a intensidade do ativismo medido pelo índice é afetada negativamente pelo endividamento, e positivamente pelo tamanho da empresa e quantidade de acionistas pessoas físicas. Desta forma, este estudo contribui para a literatura sobre ativismo de acionistas no mercado acionário brasileiro ao evidenciar sua ocorrência pela utilização de metodologia diferente da frequentemente aplicada a estudos internacionais anteriores, com a utilização de três frentes de análise: atas, notícias e processos abertos junto à CVM. Esta gama de informações permite a verificação desse fenômeno frequentemente analisado em estudos internacionais, porém com escassas pesquisas no mercado acionário brasileiro.This study aims at verifying the characteristics and determinants of shareholder activism in public Brazilian companies. Shareholder activism means the attempt of shareholders to cause alterations in the company, without changing its control structure, as defined by Gillan e Starks (2007). The sample is made up of 322 companies for the year 2010 and 347 companies for 2012. The study analyzed minutes of the ordinary meetings, media news on activism, and complaints at the Brazilian Securities and Exchange Commission (CVM). In order to achieve our goals and show shareholder activism in the sample, an index made up of seven questions was employed, as well as logistic regression and multiple linear regression. The results show the existence of shareholder activism expressed in the minutes through proposals made before and during the meetings, opposing votes and refusal of proposals presented, as well as search for representation in board of directors and audit committee through the election effective members by minority shareholders. Evidence of shareholder activism was verified in news of that period, mainly incorporation events and capital closing operations. Because of the interest these events aroused in the media, the news about them were republished, which led to an increase in the figures from one year to another. As far as the proceedings filed at the Brazilian Securities and Exchange Commission are concerned, there was a decrease from 2010 to 2012, even though there was an increase in proceedings concerning “measures adopted by company’s administrator and/or controller". The Shareholder Activism Index showed the highest score for five of the seven questions for only two of the sample companies in the study period. The chances of a company to target of activism are negatively affected by return on equity and ownership concentration, and positively by firm size, board size , number of proposals during meetings and quantity of shareholders; both individuals and corporations. However, when using the variable “number of individual shareholders”, no statistical significance was found for the model referring to complaints filed at CVM. For companies that had been target of activism, multiple linear regression and activism measured by the index showed that the company is negatively affected by leverage, and positively affected by firm size and quantity of individual shareholders. Therefore, this study is a contribution the literature on shareholder activism in the Brazilian stock market by showing the existence of the former through methodology different from what had been used in international studies, i.e. analyzing three aspects: meeting minutes, media news, and complaints filed at Brazilian Securities and Exchange Commission. This variety of information allows verifying this phenomenon that is frequently analyzed in international studies, but scarcely investigated in the Brazilian market

ANÁLISE DA RELEVÂNCIA DA DOAR E DA DFC: COM A DFC, HÁ GANHO INFORMACIONAL PARA OS USUÁRIOS?

Considerando a importância das demonstrações contábeis para seus usuários e a substituição da exigência de divulgação da Demonstração de Origens e Aplicações de Recursos (DOAR) pela obrigatoriedade da Demonstração dos Fluxos de Caixa (DFC), este estudo tem como objetivo verificar a relevância das informações divulgadas por meio da DFC (referentes a 2010) e por meio da DOAR (referentes a 2007), comparando-as. A abordagem é quantitativa, fundamentada em estudos de value relevance e na aplicação de técnicas de regressão múltipla. São utilizados dados secundários e englobadas 180 empresas listadas na BM&FBovespa. Os resultados encontrados confirmam a hipótese que a DFC apresentou informações mais relevantes que a DOAR, considerando-se os períodos especificados. Respeitadas as devidas limitações, conclui-se que o conteúdo divulgado através da DFC apresenta ganho informacional aos usuários em relação àquele divulgado através da DOAR. Assim, essa substituição da DOAR pela DFC, ocorrida no contexto de harmonização das normas internacionais de contabilidade, tende a favorecer os usuários das demonstrações contábeis em seu processo de tomada de decisões

Lucro e prejuízo sob a perspectiva da administração: como os resultados são apresentados nos relatórios de administração?

This article aims to analyze how textual information on company earnings are presented in the Management Reports in alternating periods of profit and loss. The theoretical foundations were based on the agency theory and on impression management. A qualitative-quantitative method was adopted and the data were analyzed through statistical tests of comparison of means based on content analysis. Management Reports were analyzed from 30 companies listed on BM&FBovespa – which presented profit in 2009 and loss in 2010. The main evidence found in the report analysis were: i) difference in the number of lines and words between the profit and loss periods; ii) in loss periods, the occurrence of terms that express this result is limited and the terms Ebitda and gross margin are highlighted; and iii) there are signs of deviation of the users’ attention from the earnings to other indicators through the selection and repetition of financial terms, reducing the exposure of the negative results and enhancing the positive indicators. These results indicate an environment that reflects the information asymmetry problems, in which regulatory entities should develop policies to monitor to discretion about the Financial Statements that can impair the market agents.Este artículo objetiva analizar cómo son presentadas las informaciones textuales relativas a los resultados de las empresas contenidos en los Informes de Administración en períodos alternados de lucro y perjuicio. La fundamentación teórica fue pautada en la teoría de la agencia y el gerenciamiento de impresiones. Se adoptó una metodología cuali-cuanti y el análisis de los datos fue realizado por medio de tests estadísticos de comparación entre las medias de las informaciones colectadas por medio del análisis de contenido. Fueron analizados Informes de Administración de 30 empresas listadas en la BM&FBovespa - que presentaron lucro en el año 2009 y perjuicio en 2010. Las principales evidencias encontradas en el análisis de los informes fueron: i) diferencia en la cantidad de líneas y palabras en el período de lucro para el de perjuicio; ii) en el período de perjuicio es reducida la ocurrencia de términos que expresan ese resultado y aumento de destaque en los términos Ebitda y margen bruto; y iii) hay indicios de desvío de la atención de los usuarios de los resultados hacia otros indicadores por medio de la selección y repetición de términos financieros, con reducción en la exposición de los resultados negativos y aumento de los indicadores positivos. Esos resultados apuntan para un ambiente que refleja los problemas de asimetría informacional y que órganos reguladores deben desarrollar políticas para monitorear la discrecionalidad sobre las Demostraciones Financieras que puedan perjudicar los agentes del mercado.Este artigo objetiva analisar como são apresentadas as informações textuais relativas aos resultados das empresas contidos nos Relatórios de Administração em períodos alternados de lucro e prejuízo. A fundamentação teórica foi pautada na teoria da agência e o gerenciamento de impressões. Adotou-se uma metodologia quali-quanti e a análise dos dados foi realizada por meio de testes estatísticos de comparação entre as médias das informações coletadas por meio da análise de conteúdo. Foram analisados Relatórios de Administração de 30 empresas listadas na BM&FBovespa - que apresentaram lucro no ano de 2009 e prejuízo em 2010. As principais evidências encontradas na análise dos relatórios foram: i) diferença na quantidade de linhas e palavras no período de lucro para o de prejuízo; ii) em período de prejuízo é reduzida a ocorrência de termos que expressam esse resultado e aumento de destaque nos termos Ebitda e margem bruta; e iii) há indícios de desvio da atenção dos usuários dos resultados para outros indicadores por meio da seleção e repetição de termos financeiros, com redução na exposição dos resultados negativos e aumento dos indicadores positivos. Esses resultados apontam para um ambiente que reflete os problemas de assimetria informacional e que órgãos reguladores devem desenvolver políticas para monitorar a discricionariedade sobre as Demonstrações Financeiras que possam prejudicar os agentes do mercado

Perfil de saúde de óbitos por sepse em Goiás

Introdução: A Síndrome da Resposta Inflamatória Sistêmica (SIRS), também é conhecida como sepse. Desde 2016, é definida como disfunção orgânica com risco de vida causada por uma resposta desregulada do hospedeiro à infecção. No Brasil, representa de 30 a 60% dos óbitos em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI), o que é um problema grave de saúde pública. Objetivo: Avaliar atualizações na literatura e realizar busca no Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde (DATASUS) sobre sepse em Goiás. Método: Trata-se de um estudo longitudinal para o ano de 2019 no DATASUS. As variáveis selecionadas no banco de dados foram: “Mortalidade – dede 1996 pela CID-10”, “Mortalidade geral”, “Goiás”, “Mortalidade – Goiás; Linha: Região de Saúde (CIR); Coluna: Capítulo CID-10; Conteúdo: Óbitos por Residência”, “Períodos Disponíveis: 2019”, “Seleções Disponíveis: Categoria CID-10: 041 Outras septicemias”. O estudo associa revisão da literatura com coleta em bancos de dados reconhecidos pela comunidade científica, tais como: PubMed, CAPES e The Lancet, no período de 2017-2021, versando seu conteúdo em língua vernácula, inglesa e espanhola. Resultado: Foram identificados 242 casos de Sepse em Goiás no ano de 2019, sendo este um problema de saúde pública. Observou-se que o DATASUS ainda utiliza a nomenclatura septicemia, atualmente obsoleta. Conclusão: O resultado obtido é indicativo de uma grave situação de saúde coletiva, quando se considera as inúmeras UTIs em Goiás, o que sugere um melhor planejamento das equipes de saúde, a fim de mitigar os impactos da sepse, o que é preditivo de redução de óbitos relacionados à Sepse

The inventory of geological heritage of the state of São Paulo, Brazil: Methodological basis, results and perspectives

An inventory of geological sites based on solid and clear criteria is a first step for any geoconservation strategy. This paper describes the method used in the geoheritage inventory of the State of São Paulo, Brazil, and presents its main results. This inventory developed by the geoscientific community aimed to identify geosites with scientific value in the whole state, using a systematic approach. All 142 geosites representative of 11 geological frameworks were characterised and quantitatively evaluated according to their scientific value and risk of degradation, in order to establish priorities for their future management. An online database of the inventory is under construction, which will be available to be easily consulted and updated by the geoscientific community. All data were made available to the State Geological Institute as the backbone for the implementation of a future state geoconservation strategy.The authors acknowledge the Science Without Borders Programme, Process 075/2012, which supported this study and the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP), Process 2011/17261-6. We also thanks C. Mazoca for his help with maps and figures.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

American oil palm from Brazil: genetic diversity, population structure, and core collection.

The American oil palm [Elaeis oleifera (Knuth) Cortés] has pronounced importance in oil palm breeding programs. Here, a germplasm bank (GB) of E. oleifera plants collected in the Amazon rainforest in Brazil was submitted to single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) marker identification, selection, and use, aiming to characterize genetic diversity and population structure and to design a core collection (CC). Five hundred and fifty-three plants from 206 subsamples, collected at 19 localities spread throughout six geographic regions, were submitted to genotyping-by-sequencing analysis. A set of 1,827 high-quality SNP markers was then selected and used to run the genetic diversity and population structure analysis. The genetic diversity found is of moderate degree, and probably only a small portion of the species diversity is represented in the collection. The possible reason for that is the collecting strategy used, which collected subsamples only around the most prominent watercourses in the region. The average degree of genetic differentiation among subsamples is very high, indicating the presence of high interpopulation differentiation. The collection showed a low level of endogamy. The low average gene flow found indicates that genetic isolation caused by drift is occurring, and there is a need to review the conservation strategy. A set of 245 SNPs distributed throughout all 16 chromosomes was used to design CC based on maximizing the strategy of diversity. The optimal adjustment of the validated parameters, maintained while taking fewest subsamples, led to the choice of a model containing 20% of the entire collection as the ideal to form the CC

Impact of COVID-19 on cardiovascular testing in the United States versus the rest of the world

Objectives: This study sought to quantify and compare the decline in volumes of cardiovascular procedures between the United States and non-US institutions during the early phase of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the care of many non-COVID-19 illnesses. Reductions in diagnostic cardiovascular testing around the world have led to concerns over the implications of reduced testing for cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Methods: Data were submitted to the INCAPS-COVID (International Atomic Energy Agency Non-Invasive Cardiology Protocols Study of COVID-19), a multinational registry comprising 909 institutions in 108 countries (including 155 facilities in 40 U.S. states), assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on volumes of diagnostic cardiovascular procedures. Data were obtained for April 2020 and compared with volumes of baseline procedures from March 2019. We compared laboratory characteristics, practices, and procedure volumes between U.S. and non-U.S. facilities and between U.S. geographic regions and identified factors associated with volume reduction in the United States. Results: Reductions in the volumes of procedures in the United States were similar to those in non-U.S. facilities (68% vs. 63%, respectively; p = 0.237), although U.S. facilities reported greater reductions in invasive coronary angiography (69% vs. 53%, respectively; p < 0.001). Significantly more U.S. facilities reported increased use of telehealth and patient screening measures than non-U.S. facilities, such as temperature checks, symptom screenings, and COVID-19 testing. Reductions in volumes of procedures differed between U.S. regions, with larger declines observed in the Northeast (76%) and Midwest (74%) than in the South (62%) and West (44%). Prevalence of COVID-19, staff redeployments, outpatient centers, and urban centers were associated with greater reductions in volume in U.S. facilities in a multivariable analysis. Conclusions: We observed marked reductions in U.S. cardiovascular testing in the early phase of the pandemic and significant variability between U.S. regions. The association between reductions of volumes and COVID-19 prevalence in the United States highlighted the need for proactive efforts to maintain access to cardiovascular testing in areas most affected by outbreaks of COVID-19 infection

Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants

Summary Background Comparable global data on health and nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents are scarce. We aimed to estimate age trajectories and time trends in mean height and mean body-mass index (BMI), which measures weight gain beyond what is expected from height gain, for school-aged children and adolescents. Methods For this pooled analysis, we used a database of cardiometabolic risk factors collated by the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1985 to 2019 in mean height and mean BMI in 1-year age groups for ages 5–19 years. The model allowed for non-linear changes over time in mean height and mean BMI and for non-linear changes with age of children and adolescents, including periods of rapid growth during adolescence. Findings We pooled data from 2181 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in 65 million participants in 200 countries and territories. In 2019, we estimated a difference of 20 cm or higher in mean height of 19-year-old adolescents between countries with the tallest populations (the Netherlands, Montenegro, Estonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina for boys; and the Netherlands, Montenegro, Denmark, and Iceland for girls) and those with the shortest populations (Timor-Leste, Laos, Solomon Islands, and Papua New Guinea for boys; and Guatemala, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Timor-Leste for girls). In the same year, the difference between the highest mean BMI (in Pacific island countries, Kuwait, Bahrain, The Bahamas, Chile, the USA, and New Zealand for both boys and girls and in South Africa for girls) and lowest mean BMI (in India, Bangladesh, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia, and Chad for boys and girls; and in Japan and Romania for girls) was approximately 9–10 kg/m2. In some countries, children aged 5 years started with healthier height or BMI than the global median and, in some cases, as healthy as the best performing countries, but they became progressively less healthy compared with their comparators as they grew older by not growing as tall (eg, boys in Austria and Barbados, and girls in Belgium and Puerto Rico) or gaining too much weight for their height (eg, girls and boys in Kuwait, Bahrain, Fiji, Jamaica, and Mexico; and girls in South Africa and New Zealand). In other countries, growing children overtook the height of their comparators (eg, Latvia, Czech Republic, Morocco, and Iran) or curbed their weight gain (eg, Italy, France, and Croatia) in late childhood and adolescence. When changes in both height and BMI were considered, girls in South Korea, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and some central Asian countries (eg, Armenia and Azerbaijan), and boys in central and western Europe (eg, Portugal, Denmark, Poland, and Montenegro) had the healthiest changes in anthropometric status over the past 3·5 decades because, compared with children and adolescents in other countries, they had a much larger gain in height than they did in BMI. The unhealthiest changes—gaining too little height, too much weight for their height compared with children in other countries, or both—occurred in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, New Zealand, and the USA for boys and girls; in Malaysia and some Pacific island nations for boys; and in Mexico for girls. Interpretation The height and BMI trajectories over age and time of school-aged children and adolescents are highly variable across countries, which indicates heterogeneous nutritional quality and lifelong health advantages and risks

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI &lt;18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). For school&#x2;aged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI &lt;2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI &gt;2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesit

Taking the pulse of Earth's tropical forests using networks of highly distributed plots

Tropical forests are the most diverse and productive ecosystems on Earth. While better understanding of these forests is critical for our collective future, until quite recently efforts to measure and monitor them have been largely disconnected. Networking is essential to discover the answers to questions that transcend borders and the horizons of funding agencies. Here we show how a global community is responding to the challenges of tropical ecosystem research with diverse teams measuring forests tree-by-tree in thousands of long-term plots. We review the major scientific discoveries of this work and show how this process is changing tropical forest science. Our core approach involves linking long-term grassroots initiatives with standardized protocols and data management to generate robust scaled-up results. By connecting tropical researchers and elevating their status, our Social Research Network model recognises the key role of the data originator in scientific discovery. Conceived in 1999 with RAINFOR (South America), our permanent plot networks have been adapted to Africa (AfriTRON) and Southeast Asia (T-FORCES) and widely emulated worldwide. Now these multiple initiatives are integrated via ForestPlots.net cyber-infrastructure, linking colleagues from 54 countries across 24 plot networks. Collectively these are transforming understanding of tropical forests and their biospheric role. Together we have discovered how, where and why forest carbon and biodiversity are responding to climate change, and how they feedback on it. This long-term pan-tropical collaboration has revealed a large long-term carbon sink and its trends, as well as making clear which drivers are most important, which forest processes are affected, where they are changing, what the lags are, and the likely future responses of tropical forests as the climate continues to change. By leveraging a remarkably old technology, plot networks are sparking a very modern revolution in tropical forest science. In the future, humanity can benefit greatly by nurturing the grassroots communities now collectively capable of generating unique, long-term understanding of Earth's most precious forests.Additional co-authors: Susan Laurance, William Laurance, Francoise Yoko Ishida, Andrew Marshall, Catherine Waite, Hannsjoerg Woell, Jean-Francois Bastin, Marijn Bauters, Hans Beeckman, Pfascal Boeckx, Jan Bogaert, Charles De Canniere, Thales de Haulleville, Jean-Louis Doucet, Olivier Hardy, Wannes Hubau, Elizabeth Kearsley, Hans Verbeeck, Jason Vleminckx, Steven W. Brewer, Alfredo Alarcón, Alejandro Araujo-Murakami, Eric Arets, Luzmila Arroyo, Ezequiel Chavez, Todd Fredericksen, René Guillén Villaroel, Gloria Gutierrez Sibauty, Timothy Killeen, Juan Carlos Licona, John Lleigue, Casimiro Mendoza, Samaria Murakami, Alexander Parada Gutierrez, Guido Pardo, Marielos Peña-Claros, Lourens Poorter, Marisol Toledo, Jeanneth Villalobos Cayo, Laura Jessica Viscarra, Vincent Vos, Jorge Ahumada, Everton Almeida, Jarcilene Almeida, Edmar Almeida de Oliveira, Wesley Alves da Cruz, Atila Alves de Oliveira, Fabrício Alvim Carvalho, Flávio Amorim Obermuller, Ana Andrade, Fernanda Antunes Carvalho, Simone Aparecida Vieira, Ana Carla Aquino, Luiz Aragão, Ana Claudia Araújo, Marco Antonio Assis, Jose Ataliba Mantelli Aboin Gomes, Fabrício Baccaro, Plínio Barbosa de Camargo, Paulo Barni, Jorcely Barroso, Luis Carlos Bernacci, Kauane Bordin, Marcelo Brilhante de Medeiros, Igor Broggio, José Luís Camargo, Domingos Cardoso, Maria Antonia Carniello, Andre Luis Casarin Rochelle, Carolina Castilho, Antonio Alberto Jorge Farias Castro, Wendeson Castro, Sabina Cerruto Ribeiro, Flávia Costa, Rodrigo Costa de Oliveira, Italo Coutinho, John Cunha, Lola da Costa, Lucia da Costa Ferreira, Richarlly da Costa Silva, Marta da Graça Zacarias Simbine, Vitor de Andrade Kamimura, Haroldo Cavalcante de Lima, Lia de Oliveira Melo, Luciano de Queiroz, José Romualdo de Sousa Lima, Mário do Espírito Santo, Tomas Domingues, Nayane Cristina dos Santos Prestes, Steffan Eduardo Silva Carneiro, Fernando Elias, Gabriel Eliseu, Thaise Emilio, Camila Laís Farrapo, Letícia Fernandes, Gustavo Ferreira, Joice Ferreira, Leandro Ferreira, Socorro Ferreira, Marcelo Fragomeni Simon, Maria Aparecida Freitas, Queila S. García, Angelo Gilberto Manzatto, Paulo Graça, Frederico Guilherme, Eduardo Hase, Niro Higuchi, Mariana Iguatemy, Reinaldo Imbrozio Barbosa, Margarita Jaramillo, Carlos Joly, Joice Klipel, Iêda Leão do Amaral, Carolina Levis, Antonio S. Lima, Maurício Lima Dan, Aline Lopes, Herison Madeiros, William E. Magnusson, Rubens Manoel dos Santos, Beatriz Marimon, Ben Hur Marimon Junior, Roberta Marotti Martelletti Grillo, Luiz Martinelli, Simone Matias Reis, Salomão Medeiros, Milton Meira-Junior, Thiago Metzker, Paulo Morandi, Natanael Moreira do Nascimento, Magna Moura, Sandra Cristina Müller, Laszlo Nagy, Henrique Nascimento, Marcelo Nascimento, Adriano Nogueira Lima, Raimunda Oliveira de Araújo, Jhonathan Oliveira Silva, Marcelo Pansonato, Gabriel Pavan Sabino, Karla Maria Pedra de Abreu, Pablo José Francisco Pena Rodrigues, Maria Piedade, Domingos Rodrigues, José Roberto Rodrigues Pinto, Carlos Quesada, Eliana Ramos, Rafael Ramos, Priscyla Rodrigues, Thaiane Rodrigues de Sousa, Rafael Salomão, Flávia Santana, Marcos Scaranello, Rodrigo Scarton Bergamin, Juliana Schietti, Jochen Schöngart, Gustavo Schwartz, Natalino Silva, Marcos Silveira, Cristiana Simão Seixas, Marta Simbine, Ana Claudia Souza, Priscila Souza, Rodolfo Souza, Tereza Sposito, Edson Stefani Junior, Julio Daniel do Vale, Ima Célia Guimarães Vieira, Dora Villela, Marcos Vital, Haron Xaud, Katia Zanini, Charles Eugene Zartman, Nur Khalish Hafizhah Ideris, Faizah binti Hj Metali, Kamariah Abu Salim, Muhd Shahruney Saparudin, Rafizah Mat Serudin, Rahayu Sukmaria Sukri, Serge Begne, George Chuyong, Marie Noel Djuikouo, Christelle Gonmadje, Murielle Simo-Droissart, Bonaventure Sonké, Hermann Taedoumg, Lise Zemagho, Sean Thomas, Fidèle Baya, Gustavo Saiz, Javier Silva Espejo, Dexiang Chen, Alan Hamilton, Yide Li, Tushou Luo, Shukui Niu, Han Xu, Zhang Zhou, Esteban Álvarez-Dávila, Juan Carlos Andrés Escobar, Henry Arellano-Peña, Jaime Cabezas Duarte, Jhon Calderón, Lina Maria Corrales Bravo, Borish Cuadrado, Hermes Cuadros, Alvaro Duque, Luisa Fernanda Duque, Sandra Milena Espinosa, Rebeca Franke-Ante, Hernando García, Alejandro Gómez, Roy González-M., Álvaro Idárraga-Piedrahíta, Eliana Jimenez, Rubén Jurado, Wilmar López Oviedo, René López-Camacho, Omar Aurelio Melo Cruz, Irina Mendoza Polo, Edwin Paky, Karen Pérez, Angel Pijachi, Camila Pizano, Adriana Prieto, Laura Ramos, Zorayda Restrepo Correa, James Richardson, Elkin Rodríguez, Gina M. Rodriguez M., Agustín Rudas, Pablo Stevenson, Markéta Chudomelová, Martin Dancak, Radim Hédl, Stanislav Lhota, Martin Svatek, Jacques Mukinzi, Corneille Ewango, Terese Hart, Emmanuel Kasongo Yakusu, Janvier Lisingo, Jean-Remy Makana, Faustin Mbayu, Benjamin Toirambe, John Tshibamba Mukendi, Lars Kvist, Gustav Nebel, Selene Báez, Carlos Céron, Daniel M. Griffith, Juan Ernesto Guevara Andino, David Neill, Walter Palacios, Maria Cristina Peñuela-Mora, Gonzalo Rivas-Torres, Gorky Villa, Sheleme Demissie, Tadesse Gole, Techane Gonfa, Kalle Ruokolainen, Michel Baisie, Fabrice Bénédet, Wemo Betian, Vincent Bezard, Damien Bonal, Jerôme Chave, Vincent Droissart, Sylvie Gourlet-Fleury, Annette Hladik, Nicolas Labrière, Pétrus Naisso, Maxime Réjou-Méchain, Plinio Sist, Lilian Blanc, Benoit Burban, Géraldine Derroire, Aurélie Dourdain, Clement Stahl, Natacha Nssi Bengone, Eric Chezeaux, Fidèle Evouna Ondo, Vincent Medjibe, Vianet Mihindou, Lee White, Heike Culmsee, Cristabel Durán Rangel, Viviana Horna, Florian Wittmann, Stephen Adu-Bredu, Kofi Affum-Baffoe, Ernest Foli, Michael Balinga, Anand Roopsind, James Singh, Raquel Thomas, Roderick Zagt, Indu K. Murthy, Kuswata Kartawinata, Edi Mirmanto, Hari Priyadi, Ismayadi Samsoedin, Terry Sunderland, Ishak Yassir, Francesco Rovero, Barbara Vinceti, Bruno Hérault, Shin-Ichiro Aiba, Kanehiro Kitayama, Armandu Daniels, Darlington Tuagben, John T. Woods, Muhammad Fitriadi, Alexander Karolus, Kho Lip Khoon, Noreen Majalap, Colin Maycock, Reuben Nilus, Sylvester Tan, Almeida Sitoe, Indiana Coronado G., Lucas Ojo, Rafael de Assis, Axel Dalberg Poulsen, Douglas Sheil, Karen Arévalo Pezo, Hans Buttgenbach Verde, Victor Chama Moscoso, Jimmy Cesar Cordova Oroche, Fernando Cornejo Valverde, Massiel Corrales Medina, Nallaret Davila Cardozo, Jano de Rutte Corzo, Jhon del Aguila Pasquel, Gerardo Flores Llampazo, Luis Freitas, Darcy Galiano Cabrera, Roosevelt García Villacorta, Karina Garcia Cabrera, Diego García Soria, Leticia Gatica Saboya, Julio Miguel Grandez Rios, Gabriel Hidalgo Pizango, Eurídice Honorio Coronado, Isau Huamantupa-Chuquimaco, Walter Huaraca Huasco, Yuri Tomas Huillca Aedo, Jose Luis Marcelo Peña, Abel Monteagudo Mendoza, Vanesa Moreano Rodriguez, Percy Núñez Vargas, Sonia Cesarina Palacios Ramos, Nadir Pallqui Camacho, Antonio Peña Cruz, Freddy Ramirez Arevalo, José Reyna Huaymacari, Carlos Reynel Rodriguez, Marcos Antonio Ríos Paredes, Lily Rodriguez Bayona, Rocio del Pilar Rojas Gonzales, Maria Elena Rojas Peña, Norma Salinas Revilla, Yahn Carlos Soto Shareva, Raul Tupayachi Trujillo, Luis Valenzuela Gamarra, Rodolfo Vasquez Martinez, Jim Vega Arenas, Christian Amani, Suspense Averti Ifo, Yannick Bocko, Patrick Boundja, Romeo Ekoungoulou, Mireille Hockemba, Donatien Nzala, Alusine Fofanah, David Taylor, Guillermo Bañares-de Dios, Luis Cayuela, Íñigo Granzow-de la Cerda, Manuel Macía, Juliana Stropp, Maureen Playfair, Verginia Wortel, Toby Gardner, Robert Muscarella, Hari Priyadi, Ervan Rutishauser, Kuo-Jung Chao, Pantaleo Munishi, Olaf Bánki, Frans Bongers, Rene Boot, Gabriella Fredriksson, Jan Reitsma, Hans ter Steege, Tinde van Andel, Peter van de Meer, Peter van der Hout, Mark van Nieuwstadt, Bert van Ulft, Elmar Veenendaal, Ronald Vernimmen, Pieter Zuidema, Joeri Zwerts, Perpetra Akite, Robert Bitariho, Colin Chapman, Eilu Gerald, Miguel Leal, Patrick Mucunguzi, Miguel Alexiades, Timothy R. Baker, Karina Banda, Lindsay Banin, Jos Barlow, Amy Bennett, Erika Berenguer, Nicholas Berry, Neil M. Bird, George A. Blackburn, Francis Brearley, Roel Brienen, David Burslem, Lidiany Carvalho, Percival Cho, Fernanda Coelho, Murray Collins, David Coomes, Aida Cuni-Sanchez, Greta Dargie, Kyle Dexter, Mat Disney, Freddie Draper, Muying Duan, Adriane Esquivel-Muelbert, Robert Ewers, Belen Fadrique, Sophie Fauset, Ted R. Feldpausch, Filipe França, David Galbraith, Martin Gilpin, Emanuel Gloor, John Grace, Keith Hamer, David Harris, Tommaso Jucker, Michelle Kalamandeen, Bente Klitgaard, Aurora Levesley, Simon L. Lewis, Jeremy Lindsell, Gabriela Lopez-Gonzalez, Jon Lovett, Yadvinder Malhi, Toby Marthews, Emma McIntosh, Karina Melgaço, William Milliken, Edward Mitchard, Peter Moonlight, Sam Moore, Alexandra Morel, Julie Peacock, Kelvin Peh, Colin Pendry, R. Toby Pennington, Luciana de Oliveira Pereira, Carlos Peres, Oliver L. Phillips, Georgia Pickavance, Thomas Pugh, Lan Qie, Terhi Riutta, Katherine Roucoux, Casey Ryan, Tiina Sarkinen, Camila Silva Valeria, Dominick Spracklen, Suzanne Stas, Martin Sullivan, Michael Swaine, Joey Talbot, James Taplin, Geertje van der Heijden, Laura Vedovato, Simon Willcock, Mathew Williams, Luciana Alves, Patricia Alvarez Loayza, Gabriel Arellano, Cheryl Asa, Peter Ashton, Gregory Asner, Terry Brncic, Foster Brown, Robyn Burnham, Connie Clark, James Comiskey, Gabriel Damasco, Stuart Davies, Tony Di Fiore, Terry Erwin, William Farfan-Rios, Jefferson Hall, David Kenfack, Thomas Lovejoy, Roberta Martin, Olga Martha Montiel, John Pipoly, Nigel Pitman, John Poulsen, Richard Primack, Miles Silman, Marc Steininger, Varun Swamy, John Terborgh, Duncan Thomas, Peter Umunay, Maria Uriarte, Emilio Vilanova Torre, Ophelia Wang, Kenneth Young, Gerardo A. Aymard C., Lionel Hernández, Rafael Herrera Fernández, Hirma Ramírez-Angulo, Pedro Salcedo, Elio Sanoja, Julio Serrano, Armando Torres-Lezama, Tinh Cong Le, Trai Trong Le, Hieu Dang Tra