Is there adaptation of the exocrine pancreas in wild animal? The case of the Roe Deer.

International audienceABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Physiology of the exocrine pancreas has been well studied in domestic and in laboratory animals as well as in humans. However, it remains quite unknown in wildlife mammals. Roe deer and cattle (including calf) belong to different families but have a common ancestor. This work aimed to evaluate in the Roe deer, the adaptation to diet of the exocrine pancreatic functions and regulations related to animal evolution and domestication. RESULTS: Forty bovine were distributed into 2 groups of animals either fed exclusively with a milk formula (monogastric) or fed a dry feed which allowed for rumen function to develop, they were slaughtered at 150 days of age. The 35 Roe deer were wild animals living in the temperate broadleaf and mixed forests, shot during the hunting season and classified in two groups adult and young. Immediately after death, the pancreas was removed for tissue sample collection and then analyzed. When expressed in relation to body weight, pancreas, pancreatic protein weights and enzyme activities measured were higher in Roe deer than in calf. The 1st original feature is that in Roe deer, the very high content in pancreatic enzymes seems to be related to specific digestive products observed (proline-rich proteins largely secreted in saliva) which bind tannins, reducing their deleterious effects on protein digestion. The high chymotrypsin and elastase II quantities could allow recycling of proline-rich proteins. In contrast, domestication and rearing cattle resulted in simplified diet with well digestible components. The 2nd feature is that in wild animal, both receptor subtypes of the CCK/gastrin family peptides were present in the pancreas as in calf, although CCK-2 receptor subtype was previously identified in higher mammals. CONCLUSIONS: Bovine species could have lost some digestive capabilities (no ingestion of great amounts of tannin-rich plants, capabilities to secrete high amounts of proline-rich proteins) compared with Roe deer species. CCK and gastrin could play an important role in the regulation of pancreatic secretion in Roe deer as in calf. This work, to the best of our knowledge is the first study which compared the roe deer adaptation to diet with a domesticated animal largely studied

Retrospective studies on rabbit haemorrhagic disease outbreaks caused by RHDV GI.2 virus on farms in France from 2013 to 2018

[EN] Rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) is a critical health threat to the rabbit industry in Europe. In 2018, the French rabbit industry adopted a voluntary control plan against this disease. In this context, two epidemiological studies were conducted on RHD outbreaks that occurred between 2013 and 2018 in France. The objectives were to describe the spread of RHD due to the new genotype RHDV GI.2 (rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus GI.2) and to identify rearing factors influencing the occurrence of the disease in order to guide the prevention measures recommended in the control plan. An analysis of cases on 295 farms between 2013 and 2017 showed that 32% of farms were affected at least once; the incidence of the disease increased in 2016-2017 compared to 2013-2015. Farms already affected in 2013-2015 had a higher risk of being infected in 2016-2017 than those that remained unaffected until 2015 (Relative Risk and 95% Confident Interval 1.7 [1.1-2.7]). A case-control study carried out between 2016 and 2018 on 37 outbreaks and 32 control farms revealed variability in biosecurity and decontamination practices between farms. The risk of being infected tends to be linked to these practices, but certain structural factors (e.g. the manure disposal system, transfer of rabbits at weaning) could also influence the risk of virus introduction into farms. In the context of a limited vaccination coverage of the farms (only females are vaccinated), these hypotheses will be studied further, using information from the RHD outbreak monitoring system implemented at the same time as the control plan in 2018.This study was founded by the French Ministry of Agriculture (2017-430 / 170274).Huneau-Salaün, A.; Boucher, S.; Fontaine, J.; Le Normand, B.; Lopez, S.; Maurice, T.; Nouvel, L.... (2021). Retrospective studies on rabbit haemorrhagic disease outbreaks caused by RHDV GI.2 virus on farms in France from 2013 to 2018. World Rabbit Science. 29(2):87-98. https://doi.org/10.4995/wrs.2021.12800OJS8798292Abrantes J., Van der Loo W., Le Pendu J., Esteves P.J. 2012. Rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) and rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV): a review. Vet. Res., 43: 12.https://doi.org/10.1186/1297-9716-43-12Capucci L., Cavadini P., Schiavitto M., Lombardi G., Lavazza A. 2017. Increased pathogenicity in rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus type 2 (RHDV2). Vet. Record., 180: 426. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.104132Carvalho C.L., Leclerc Duarte E., Monteiro J.M., Afonso C., Pacheco J., Carvalho P., Mendonça P., Botelho A., Albuquerque T., Themudo P., Fevereiro M., Henriques A.M., Santos Barros S., Dias Duarte M. 2017. Progression of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus 2 upon vaccination in anindustrial rabbitry: a laboratorial approach. World Rabbit Sci., 25: 73-85. https://doi.org/10.4995/wrs.2017.5708Cooke B.D., Fenner F. 2002. Rabbit haemorrhagic disease and the biological control of wild rabbits, Oryctolagus Cuniculus, in Australia and New Zealand. Wildlife Res., 29: 689-706. https://doi.org/10.1071/WR02010Dalton K.P., Balseiro A., Juste R.A., Podadera A., Nicieza I., del Llano D., González R., Martin Alonso J.M., Prieto J.M., Parra F., Casais R. 2018. Clinical course and pathogenicity of variant rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus in experimentally infected adult and kit rabbits: Significance towards control and spread. Vet. Microbiol., 220: 24-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.04.033Dohoo I., Martin W., Stryhn H. 2003. Measures of disease frequency. In: Veterinary Epidemiologic Research, First Edition, AVC Inc., Charlottetown, Canada, 65-84.Hall R.N., Huang N., Roberts J., Strive T. 2019. Carrion flies as sentinels for monitoring lagovirus activity in Australia. Transboundary Emerg. Dis., 66: 2025-2032. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.13250Henning J., Meers J., Davies R., Morris R.S. 2005. Survival of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) in the environment. Epidemiol. Infect., 133: 719-730. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268805003766Hurand J. 2016. L'élevage de lapins de chair en France, résultats technico-économiques 2015. Tema, 40.ITAVI. 2019. Situation de la filière cunicole. Novembre 2019. 6 p. Available athttps://www.itavi.asso.fr/content/note-deconjoncture-lapins-7Accessed December 2019.Le Gall-Reculé G., Zwingelstein F., Boucher S., Le Normand B., Plassiart G., Portejoie Y., Decors A., Bertagnoli S., Guérin J.L., Marchandeau S. 2011. Detection of a new variant of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus in France. Vet. Rec., 168: 137- 138. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.d697Le Gall-Reculé G., Lavazza A., Marchandeau S., Bertagnoli S., Zwingelstein F., Cavadini P., Martinelli N., Lombardi G., Guérin J.L., Lemaitre E., Decors A., Boucher S., Le Normand B., Capucci L. 2013. Emergence of a new lagovirus related to Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus. Vet. Res., 44:81. https://doi.org/10.1186/1297-9716-44-81Le Gall-Reculé G., Boucher S. 2017. Connaissances et actualités sur la maladie hémorragique du lapin. In Proc.: 17èmes Journées de la Recherche Cunicole, 21-22 November, 2017. Le Mans, France. 97-109.Le Minor O., Joudou L., Le Moullec T., Beilvert F. 2017. Innocuité et efficacité de la vaccination à 2 et 3 semaines d'âge contre le virus RHDV2 de la maladie hémorragique virale du lapin (VHD). In Proc.:17èmes Journées de la Recherche Cunicole, 21-22 November, 2017. Le Mans, France. 127-130.Le Minor O., Boucher S., Joudou L., Mellet R., Sourice M., Le Moullec T., Nicoler A., Beilvert F., Sigognault-Flochlay A. 2019. Rabbit haemorrhagic disease: experimental study of a recent highly pathogenic GI.2/RJDV2/b strain and evaluation of vaccine efficacy. World Rabbit Sci., 27: 143-156.https://doi.org/10.4995/wrs.2019.11082Le Pendu J., Abrantes J., Bertagnoli S., Guitton J.S., Le Gall-Reculé G., Lopes A.M., Marchandeau S., Alda F., Almeida T., Célio A. C., Barcena J., Burmakina G., Blanco E., Calvete C., Cavadini P., Cooke B., Dalton K., Mateos M.D., Deptula W., Eden J.S., Wang F., Ferreira C.C., Ferreira P., Foronda P., Gonçalves D., Gavier-Widén D., Hall R., Hukowska-Szematowicz B., Kerr P., Kovaliski J., Lavazza A., Mahar J., Malogolovkin A., Marques R.M., Marques S., Martin-Alonso A., Monterroso P., MorenoS., Mutze G., Naimanis A., Niedzwiedzka-Rystwej P., Peacock D., Parra F., Rocchi M., Rouco C., Ruvoën-Clouet N., Silva E., Silvério D., Strive T., Thompson G., Tokarz-Deptula B., Esteves P. 2017. Proposal for a unified classification system and nomenclature of lagoviruses. J. Gen. Virol., 98: 1658-1666. https://doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.000840Matthaei M., Kerr P.J., Read A.J., Hick P., Haboury S., Wright J.D., Strive T. 2014. Comparative quantitative monitoring of rabbit haemorrhagic disease viruses in rabbit kittens. Virol. J., 11: 109. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-422X-11-109Mc Coll K.A., Merchant J.C., Hardy J., Cooke B.D., Robinson A., Westbury H.A. 2002. Evidence for insect transmission of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus. Epidemiol. Infect., 129: 655-663. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268802007756Neimanis A.S., Larsson Pettersson U., Huang N., Gavier-Widen D., Strive T. 2018. Elucidation of the pathology and tissue distribution of Lagovirus europaeus GI.2/RHDV2 (rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus 2) in young and adult rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Vet. Res., 49:46. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13567-018-0540-zRosell J.M., de la Fuente L.F., Parra F., Dalton K.P., Badiola Sáiz J.I., Pérez de Rozas A., Badiola Díez J.J., Fernández de Luco D., Casal J., Majó N., Casas J., Garriga R., Fernández Magariños X.M. 2019. Myxomatosis and Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease: A 30-Year Study of the Occurrence on Commercial Farms in Spain. Animals, 9: 780. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9100780Rouco C., Aguayo-Adán J.A., Santoro S., Abrantes J., Delibes-Mateos M. 2019. Worldwide rapid spread of the novel rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (GI.2/RHDV2/b). Transboundary Emerg. Dis., 66: 1762-1764.https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.1318

Early-onset catatonia associated with SHANK3 mutations: looking at the autism spectrum through the prism of psychomotor phenomena

BackgroundIndividuals with Phelan-McDermid syndrome (PMS) present with a wide range of diagnoses: autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability, or schizophrenia. Differences in the genetic background could explain these different neurodevelopmental trajectories. However, a more parsimonious hypothesis is to consider that they may be the same phenotypic entity. Catatonic disturbances occasionally reported from adolescence onwards in PMS prompts exploration of the hypothesis that this clinical entity may be an early-onset form of catatonia. The largest cohort of children with childhood catatonia was studied by the Wernicke-Kleist-Leonhard school (WKL school), which regards catatonia as a collection of qualitative abnormalities of psychomotricity that predominantly affecting involuntary motricity (reactive and expressive). The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of psychomotor signs in three young adults carrying a mutation or intragenic deletion of the SHANK3 gene through the prism of the WKL school conception of catatonia.MethodsThis study was designed as an exploratory case study. Current and childhood psychomotor phenomena were investigated through semi-structured interviews with the parents, direct interaction with the participants, and the study of documents reporting observations of the participants at school or by other healthcare professionals.ResultsThe findings show catatonic manifestations from childhood that evolved into a chronic form, with possible phases of sub-acute exacerbations starting from adolescence.ConclusionThe presence of catatonic symptoms from childhood associated with autistic traits leads us to consider that this singular entity fundamentally related to SHANK3 mutations could be a form of early-onset catatonia. Further case studies are needed to confirm our observations

Large expert-curated database for benchmarking document similarity detection in biomedical literature search

Document recommendation systems for locating relevant literature have mostly relied on methods developed a decade ago. This is largely due to the lack of a large offline gold-standard benchmark of relevant documents that cover a variety of research fields such that newly developed literature search techniques can be compared, improved and translated into practice. To overcome this bottleneck, we have established the RElevant LIterature SearcH consortium consisting of more than 1500 scientists from 84 countries, who have collectively annotated the relevance of over 180 000 PubMed-listed articles with regard to their respective seed (input) article/s. The majority of annotations were contributed by highly experienced, original authors of the seed articles. The collected data cover 76% of all unique PubMed Medical Subject Headings descriptors. No systematic biases were observed across different experience levels, research fields or time spent on annotations. More importantly, annotations of the same document pairs contributed by different scientists were highly concordant. We further show that the three representative baseline methods used to generate recommended articles for evaluation (Okapi Best Matching 25, Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency and PubMed Related Articles) had similar overall performances. Additionally, we found that these methods each tend to produce distinct collections of recommended articles, suggesting that a hybrid method may be required to completely capture all relevant articles. The established database server located at https://relishdb.ict.griffith.edu.au is freely available for the downloading of annotation data and the blind testing of new methods. We expect that this benchmark will be useful for stimulating the development of new powerful techniques for title and title/abstract-based search engines for relevant articles in biomedical research.Peer reviewe

Is Na-butyrate a growth factor in the preruminant calf ? Preliminary results

International audienc

Maternal Supplementation of Food Ingredient (Prebiotic) or Food Contaminant (Mycotoxin) Influences Mucosal Immune System in Piglets

International audienceThe early life period is crucial for the maturation of the intestinal barrier, its immune system, and a lifelong beneficial host-microbiota interaction. The study aims to assess the impact of a beneficial dietary (short-chain fructooligosaccharides, scFOS) supplementation vs. a detrimental dietary environment (such as mycotoxin deoxynivalenol, DON) on offspring intestinal immune system developmental profiles. Sows were given scFOS-supplemented or DON-contaminated diets during the last 4 weeks of gestation, whereas force-feeding piglets with DON was performed during the first week of offspring life. Intestinal antigen-presenting cell (APC) subset frequency was analyzed by flow cytometry in the Peyer's patches and in lamina propria and the responsiveness of intestinal explants to toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands was performed using ELISA and qRT-PCR from post-natal day (PND) 10 until PND90. Perinatal exposure with scFOS did not affect the ontogenesis of APC. While it early induced inflammatory responses in piglets, scFOS further promoted the T regulatory response after TLR activation. Sow and piglet DON contamination decreased CD16+ MHCII+ APC at PND10 in lamina propria associated with IFNγ inflammation and impairment of Treg response. Our study demonstrated that maternal prebiotic supplementation and mycotoxin contamination can modulate the mucosal immune system responsiveness of offspring through different pathways

Rhythm Reproduction in Kindergarten, Reading Performance at Second Grade, and Developmental Dyslexia Theories

International audienceTemporal processing deficit could be associated with a specific difficulty in learning to read. In 1951, Stambak provided preliminary evi- dence that children with dyslexia performed less well than good readers in reproduction of 21 rhythmic patterns. Stambak's task was admi- nistered to 1,028 French children aged 5 – 6 years. The score distribution ( from 0 to 21) was quasi-normal, with some children failing completely and other performing perfectly. In second grade, reading was assessed in 695 of these children. Kindergarten variables explained 26% of the variance of the reading score at second grade. The Stambak score was strongly and linearly related to reading performance in second grade, after partialling out performance on other tasks (oral repetition, attention, and visuo-spatial tasks) and socio-cultural level. Findings are discussed in relation to perceptual, cerebellar, intermodal, and attention-related theories of developmental dyslexia. It is con- cluded that simple rhythm reproduction tasks in kindergarten are predictive of later reading performance

Impact of food additive (prebiotic) and food contaminant (mycotoxin) in the maternal diet onto the ontogenesis and responsiveness of mucosal immune system

Session Scientifique 1 : “Immunomodulation”International audienceImpact of food additive (prebiotic) and food contaminant (mycotoxin) in the maternal diet onto the ontogenesis and responsiveness of mucosal immune system. IAD 2016 - 10. Journées du Réseau Français "Immunologie des animaux domestiques