The efficiency of the rational use of energy

From an ecological point of view, the reduction of the "consumption" of energy is the first aim. The reduction of the CO2-emissions is only a subsidiary aim. On the other hand in industry, the reduction of the costs for energy is the main motive power to increase the efficiency of energy use. Therefore, efficiency may be interpreted in different ways and the understanding of efficiency is led by different criteria. Nevertheless, from a scientifical point of view, an efficient use of energy means the minimization of the input energy for a given energy application. This objective definition has been applied in the German directive for the evaluation of the efficient use of heat in buildings within the "Energie-Einspar-Verordnung 2002" [EnEV - Verordnung über energiesparenden Wärmeschutz und energiesparende Anlagentechnik bei Gebäuden - Bundesgesetzblatt Teil I Nr. 59 vom 21. Nov. 2001. S. 3085 ff.], the German directive for the saving of energy in buildings. In this paper, a criterion for the rational use of energy in industry. The starting point therefore is the exergy and the corresponding input energy. A project for the efficient use of energy in industry that is run in Germany [Schaumann G, Pohl Ch. Transferstelle Bingen Projekt since 2000; www.energie-industrie.de.] is presented and the formulae for the cogeneration of heat-and-power is shown as an example.Efficient use of energy in industry Characteristic for efficiency Exergy Energy input Rational use of energy Cogeneration of heat and power Energy management

Anthraquinones and betaenone derivatives from the sponge-associated fungus Microsphaeropsis species : novel inhibitors of protein kinases

An undescribed fungus of the genus Microsphaeropsis, isolated from the Mediterranean sponge Aplysina aerophoba, produces two new betaenone derivatives (1, 2) and three new 1,3,6, 8-tetrahydroxyanthraquinone congeners (5-7). The structures of the compounds were established on the basis of NMR spectroscopic and mass spectrometric data and by CD spectroscopy. This is the first report wherein the (1)H and (13)C NMR data of the betaenone congeners are fully and unambiguously assigned on the basis of two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. Furthermore, we describe the first elucidation of the absolute configuration of 1-(2'-anthraquinonyl)ethanols such as 5 and 6, by quantum chemical calculation of their circular dichroism (CD) and comparison with experimentally measured spectra. Moreover, it was shown that compounds 1, 5, 6, and 7 are inhibitors of PKC-epsilon, CDK4, and EGF receptor tyrosine kinases

Gamma Factory for CERN initiative - progress report

International audienceThe Gamma Factory (GF) initiative proposes to use partially stripped ion (PSI) beams as drivers of a new type of high-intensity and high-energy (0.1–400 MeV) photon source. As part of the ongoing Physics Beyond Collider studies, initial beam tests were carried out in 2017 and 2018 at the SPS and LHC with partially stripped xenon and lead beams. This contribution discusses the results of these tests and the preparations for the next GF R&D step: the proof-of-principle experiment at the SPS to study interaction of PSI beams with the laser ligh