815 research outputs found
Reduced Persistence Length and Fluctuation-Induced Interactions of Directed Semiflexible Polymers on Fluctuating surfaces
We consider directed semiflexible polymers embedded in a fluctuating surface
which is governed by either surface tension or bending rigidity. The attractive
interactions induced by the fluctuations of the surface reduce the rigidity of
the polymers. In particular, it is shown that for arbitrarily stiff parallel
polymers, there is a characteristic separation below which they prefer to bend
rather than stay linear. The out-of plane fluctuations of the polymer, screen
out the long-range fluctuation-induced forces, resulting in only a short-ranged
effective attraction.Comment: REVTEX, one postscript figur
Three-Sphere Low Reynolds Number Swimmer with a Cargo Container
A recently introduced model for an autonomous swimmer at low Reynolds number
that is comprised of three spheres connected by two arms is considered when one
of the spheres has a large radius. The Stokes hydrodynamic flow associated with
the swimming strokes and net motion of this system can be studied analytically
using the Stokes Green's function of a point force in front of a sphere of
arbitrary radius provided by Oseen. The swimming velocity is calculated,
and shown to scale as with the radius of the sphere.Comment: 4 pages, 1 figur
Enhanced Diffusion of Enzymes that Catalyze Exothermic Reactions
Enzymes have been recently found to exhibit enhanced diffusion due to their
catalytic activities. A recent experiment [C. Riedel et al., Nature 517, 227
(2015)] has found evidence that suggests this phenomenon might be controlled by
the degree of exothermicity of the catalytic reaction involved. Four mechanisms
that can lead to this effect, namely, self-thermophoresis, boost in kinetic
energy, stochastic swimming, and collective heating, are critically discussed,
and it is shown that only the last two could be strong enough to account for
the observations. The resulting quantitative description is used to examine the
biological significance of the effect.Comment: To appear in PR
Casimir-Lifshitz Interaction between Dielectrics of Arbitrary Geometry: A Dielectric Contrast Perturbation Theory
The general theory of electromagnetic--fluctuation--induced interactions in
dielectric bodies as formulated by Dzyaloshinskii, Lifshitz, and Pitaevskii is
rewritten as a perturbation theory in terms of the spatial contrast in
(imaginary) frequency dependent dielectric function. The formulation can be
used to calculate the Casimir-Lifshitz forces for dielectric objects of
arbitrary geometry, as a perturbative expansion in the dielectric contrast, and
could thus complement the existing theories that use perturbation in
geometrical features. We find that expansion in dielectric contrast recasts the
resulting Lifshitz energy into a sum of the different many-body contributions.
The limit of validity and convergence properties of the perturbation theory is
discussed using the example of parallel semi-infinite objects for which the
exact result is known.Comment: 9 pages, 5 (combined) figures; to appear in Phys. Rev.
Bose-Einstein Condensation in Scalar Active Matter with Diffusivity Edge
Due to their remarkable properties, systems that exhibit self-organization of
their components resulting from intrinsic microscopic activity have been
extensively studied in the last two decades. In a generic class of active
matter, the interactions between the active components are represented via an
effective density-dependent diffusivity in a mean-field single-particle
description. Here, a new class of scalar active matter is proposed by
incorporating a diffusivity edge into the dynamics: when the local density of
the system surpasses a critical threshold, the diffusivity vanishes. The effect
of the diffusivity edge is studied under the influence of an external
potential, which introduces the ability to control the behaviour of the system
by changing an effective temperature, which is defined in terms of the
single-particle diffusivity and mobility. At a critical effective temperature,
a system that is trapped by a harmonic potential is found to undergo a
condensation transition, which manifests formal similarities to Bose-Einstein
condensation
Distribution of Interacting Ionic Particles in Disordered Media
Equilibrium distribution of interacting ionic particles in a charged
disordered background is studied using the nonlinear Poisson-Boltzmann
equation. For an arbitrarily given realization of the disorder, an exact
solution of the equation is obtained in one dimension using a mapping of the
nonlinear Poisson-Boltzmann equation to a self-consistent Schrodinger equation.
The resulting density profile shows that the ions are delocalized, despite what
the equivalent Schrodinger formulation in one dimension would suggest. It is
shown that the ions are not distributed so as to locally neutralize the
background, presumably due to their mutual interactions
Exact axisymmetric interaction of phoretically active Janus particles
We study the axisymmetric interaction of two chemically active Janus
particles. By relying on the linearity of the field equations and symmetry
arguments, we derive a generic solution for the relative velocity of the
particles. We show that regardless of the chemical properties of the system,
the relative velocity can be written as a linear summation of geometrical
functions which only depend on the gap size between the particles. We evaluate
these functions via an exact approach which accounts for the full chemical and
hydrodynamic interactions. Using the obtained solution, we expose the role of
each compartment in the relative motion, and also discuss the contribution of
different interactions. We then show that the dynamical system describing the
relative motion of two Janus particles can have up to three fixed points. These
fixed points can be stable or unstable, indicating that a system of two Janus
particles can exhibit a variety of nontrivial behaviour depending on their
initial gap size, and their chemical properties. We also look at the specific
case of Janus particles in which one compartment is inert, and present regime
diagrams for their relative behaviour in the activity-mobility parameter space
Run-and-tumble in a crowded environment: persistent exclusion process for swimmers
The effect of crowding on the run-and-tumble dynamics of swimmers such as
bacteria is studied using a discrete lattice model of mutually excluding
particles that move with constant velocity along a direction that is randomized
at a rate . In stationary state, the system is found to break into
dense clusters in which particles are trapped or stopped from moving. The
characteristic size of these clusters predominantly scales as
both in 1D and 2D. For a range of densities, due to cooperative effects, the
stopping time scales as and as ,
where is the diffusive time associated with the motion of cluster
boundaries. Our findings might be helpful in understanding the early stages of
biofilm formation.Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures, accepted in PR
Length scale dependence of DNA mechanical properties
Although mechanical properties of DNA are well characterized at the kilo
base-pair range, a number of recent experiments have suggested that DNA is more
flexible at shorter length scales, which correspond to the regime that is
crucial for cellular processes such as DNA packaging and gene regulation. Here,
we perform a systematic study of the effective elastic properties of DNA at
different length scales by probing the conformation and fluctuations of DNA
from single base-pair level up to four helical turns, using trajectories from
atomistic simulation. We find evidence that supports cooperative softening of
the stretch modulus and identify the essential modes that give rise to this
effect. The bend correlation exhibits modulations that reflect the helical
periodicity, while it yields a reasonable value for the effective persistence
length, and the twist modulus undergoes a smooth crossover---from a relatively
smaller value at the single base-pair level to the bulk value---over half a
DNA-turn.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures, accepted for publication in Phys. Rev. Let
Self-assembly of Active Colloidal Molecules with Dynamic Function
Catalytically active colloids maintain non-equilibrium conditions in which
they produce and deplete chemicals and hence effectively act as sources and
sinks of molecules. While individual colloids that are symmetrically coated do
not exhibit any form of dynamical activity, the concentration fields resulting
from their chemical activity decay as and produce gradients that attract
or repel other colloids depending on their surface chemistry and ambient
variables. This results in a non-equilibrium analogue of ionic systems, but
with the remarkable novel feature of action-reaction symmetry breaking. We
study solutions of such chemically active colloids in dilute conditions when
they join up to form molecules via generalized ionic bonds, and discuss how we
can achieve structures with time dependent functionality. In particular, we
study a molecule that adopts a spontaneous oscillatory pattern of
conformations, and another that exhibits a run-and-tumble dynamics similar to
bacteria. Our study shows that catalytically active colloids could be used for
designing self-assembled structures that posses dynamical functionalities that
are determined by their prescribed 3D structures, a strategy that follows the
design principle of proteins
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