L’accès différencié des ménages marocains aux soins : quels facteurs dominent ?

La compréhension du recours aux soins passe par l’analyse parallèle des déterminants de l’offre et de la demande de soins. Cet article a pour objectif d’analyser les déterminants de la demande de soins au Maroc. Sur un échantillon composé de 7.062 ménages représentant 36.000 individus, les résultats montrent que le niveau du revenu du ménage, la durée de la maladie et l’âge du patient influencent le recours aux soins modernes. Par ailleurs, l’affiliation à un régime de couverture médicale influence la décision des ménages, permettant notamment aux plus pauvres d’entre eux de recourir à des soins privés auxquels ils n’auraient pas recouru autrement

Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions

Essais sur les systèmes bancaires en Afrique

This dissertation studies African financial systems with a focus on bank ownership. Chapter one studies cost efficiency. Foreign banks are more efficient than domestic banks, and Pan-African banks are the most efficient banks on the continent. Chapter two analyses lending procyclicality. Lending growth of African banks is sensitive to the GDP per capita growth. Pan-African banks have a less pro-cyclical lending behaviour. Lending growth of African foreign banks is sensitive to GDP per capita growth in their home country. Chapter three and four study financial inclusion. Being male, wealthier, more educated and older to a certain extent increases the likelihood to be financially included. Pan-African banks presence increases firms’ access to credit. Pan-African banks would also increase households’ financial inclusion, but such result is less robust.The general conclusion of this dissertation underlines the new, beneficial role Pan-African banks play on the continent. These young financial institutions increase cost efficiency, reduce cyclicality of lending and improve financial inclusion.Cette thèse étudie les systèmes bancaires africains et se concentre tout particulièrement sur la question de l’actionnariat bancaire et de ses impacts. Le premier chapitre étudie l’efficience de coût. Les banques étrangères sont plus efficientes que les banques domestiques et les banques panafricaines sont les banques les plus efficientes du continent. Le second chapitre étudie la cyclicité des portefeuilles de prêt. La croissance des prêts des banques africaines est sensible à l’évolution de la croissance du PIB par habitant. Les banques panafricaines ont une croissance des prêts moins cyclique. La croissance des prêts des banques étrangères est sensible à l’évolution de la croissance dans leur pays d’origine. Les chapitres trois et quatre étudient l’inclusion financière. La probabilité d’être inclus financièrement augmente lorsque l’individu est de sexe masculin, a un revenu plus élevé, une éducation plus importante, et est plus âgé jusqu’à un certain seuil. La présence des banques panafricaines augmente l’accès au crédit des entreprises. Les banques panafricaines augmenteraient aussi l’inclusion financière des ménages, mais ce résultat est moins robuste. La conclusion générale de cette thèse souligne le rôle nouveau et bénéfique que jouent les banques panafricaines sur le continent. Ces jeunes institutions financières augmentent l’efficience de coût, diminuent la cyclicité des portefeuilles de prêt, et améliorent l’inclusion financière

Regional foreign banks and financial inclusion: Evidence from Africa

Regional foreign banks expanded quickly over the past decade in developing and emerging countries and have a growing influence in banking systems. We question whether the development of African regional foreign banks, also called Pan-African banks, influences financial inclusion of firms and households. To this end, we combine the World Bank Global Findex database and the World Bank Enterprise Surveys with a hand-collected database on the presence of regional foreign banks. We find that Pan-African banks presence increases firms’ access to credit and limited evidence that they favor financial access of the middle class by restoring confidence in banks. We suggest that this impact is related to the adoption of an aggressive strategy aiming at gaining market shares rather than through the exploitation of informational and technological advantages

The determinants of financial inclusion in Africa

The objective of this paper is to examine the determinants of financial inclusion in Africa. We use the World Bank's Global Findex database on 37 African countries to perform probit estimations. We find that being a man, richer, more educated and older favor financial inclusion with a higher influence of education and income. Mobile banking is driven by the same determinants than traditional banking. We observe that the determinants of informal finance differ from those of formal finance. Our work therefore contains findings to design policies to foster financial inclusion in African countries

Regional foreign banks and financial inclusion: Evidence from Africa

Regional foreign banks expanded quickly over the past decade in developing and emerging countries and have a growing influence in banking systems. We question whether the development of African regional foreign banks, also called Pan-African banks, influences financial inclusion of firms and households. To this end, we combine the World Bank Global Findex database and the World Bank Enterprise Surveys with a hand-collected database on the presence of regional foreign banks. We find that Pan-African banks presence increases firms’ access to credit and limited evidence that they favor financial access of the middle class by restoring confidence in banks. We suggest that this impact is related to the adoption of an aggressive strategy aiming at gaining market shares rather than through the exploitation of informational and technological advantages

Left-handedness and Male-Male Competition: Insights from Fighting and Hormonal Data

International audienceMale-male competition can shape some behavioral or morphological traits of males. Here we investigate if this competition could play a role in the persistence of the polymorphism of handedness in human populations. A negative frequency-dependent selection mechanism has been hypothesized, based on the fact that left-handed men may benefit from a “surprise” advantage during fighting interactions because they are rare in human populations. This advantage may thereby enhance the probability of survival of left-handed men and/or their reproductive success through an increase in social status. In this study, we first explored the association between hand preference and lifetime fighting behavior in a population of 1,161 French men. No effect of hand preference on the probability of fighting was detected, suggesting that the innate propensity to fight does not differ between left- and right-handers. However, among men who had been involved in at least one fight during their lifetime, left-handers reported significantly more fights than right-handers. To explore the biological basis of this behavior, we also investigated the testosterone concentration in saliva samples from 64 French university students. Consistent with frequencies of fights, we found a significantly higher average testosterone concentration in left-handers than in right-handers. We suggest that these behavioral and hormonal differences may be acquired throughout life due to previous experiences in a social context and may favor the persistence of left-handers in human

Handedness and reproductive success in two large cohorts of French adults

International audienceLeft- and right-handers in humans coexist at least since the Paleolithic, and this variation in hand preference has a heritable basis. Because there is extensive evidence of an association between left-handedness and several fitness costs, the persistence of the polymorphism requires an explanation. It is not known whether the frequency of left-handedness in Western societies is stable or not. If the polymorphism is at equilibrium and maintained by frequency dependence, it implies that the fitness of left-handers equals that of right-handers. On the contrary, if left- and righthanders have a different fitness, the polymorphism will evolve. Using two large cohorts of French adults (men and women), we investigated the relations between handedness and several estimators of the reproductive value: marital status, number of sexual partners (of the opposite sex), number of children, and number of grandchildren. Left-handers seem to have disadvantages for some lifehistory traits, such as marital status (for women) and number of children. For other traits, we observed sex-dependent interactions with socioeconomic status: for high-income categories, lefthanded women report less sex partners and left-handed men have more grandchildren. These kinds of interactions are to be expected under the hypothesis that the polymorphism of handedness is stable