Introducción: las relaciones interregionales en el orden mundial

Este artículo reflexiona sobre los factores que han hecho que, desde finales del siglo pasado, el análisis de las relaciones interregionales sea fundamental para entender el orden geopolítico y geoeconómico mundial. Entendiendo las relaciones interregionales como aquellas que se establecen entre dos grupos regionales, entre un Estado y una región o incluso en el seno de una megarregión, este texto asocia la creciente importancia de este tipo de relaciones a diversas causas: el crecimiento de la demanda en las economías emergentes y las interacciones entre ellas; un nuevo marco de relaciones económicas interregionales, y la aparición de nuevas vías comerciales. Asimismo, el artículo introduce los trabajos que se incluyen en este monográfico

Las negociaciones del Acuerdo de Asociación Interregional entre la Unión Europea y el MERCOSUR

Resumen El presente artículo analiza el proceso de negociación del Acuerdo de Asociación Interregional entre la Unión Europea (UE) y el MERCOSUR y las diferentes rondas que tuvieron lugar desde el año 1999 y hasta mediados de 2010. El texto analiza las etapas de la negociación y en cada una de ellas identifica los temas conflictivos y aquellos en los cuales se logró un consenso. A lo largo de estas etapas han ocurrido una serie de cuestiones intrarregionales, interregionales y a nivel multilateral que frenaron, en el mejor de los casos, o impidieron dicho acuerdo. El artículo concluye aseverando que a mediados de 2010 la negociación había logrado salir de una situación de impasse, sin embargo aún existían intereses contrarios que continuaban bloqueándola. Abstract This article analyzes the negotiation process for an Association Agreement between the European Union and the Common Market of the South (MERCOSUR), focusing on the rounds that have been taking place from 1999 to mid 2010. This text identifies the stages of the negotiation process and in each one it studies the aspects that were difficult to negotiate and the ones that were easily agreeable. Through these stages, there have been a series of issues that took place at the interregional level as well as in the internal level -inside each regional-and in the multilateral aspect, which have enabled or slowed down the negotiation process. The article comes to the conclusion that by mid 2010 the negotiation could break the gridlock, leading to the relaunch of the talks. Nevertheless, there were still some interests lobbying against its signature

La cooperación entre la Unión Europea y los socios estratégicos de América del Norte: perspectivas en materia energética

Como se ha visto a lo largo de este capítulo la cooperación de la UE con Canadá y Estados Unidos ha sido eminentemente Norte-Norte. La cooperación de la UE entre 2000 y 2013 fue prioritariamente Norte-Sur, enfocada hacia los temas del desarrollo y dividida en varios niveles: a nivel multilateral, como parte de la cooperación hacia los ODMS, a nivel regional dentro de la cooperación UE-CELAC y a nivel bilateral, en el periodo 2007-2013, por medio de tres áreas específicas donde destaca la cooperación en materia de cohesión social. A partir de 2008, cuando México obtuvo su asociación estratégica, y sobre todo a partir del presupuesto europeo 2014-2020, el país pasó a ser un socio de la cooperación, con vistas a incrementar la cooperación triangular

Nivel de alexitimia en los estudiantes de Enfermería: primera aproximación al objeto de conocimiento.

Enfermería debe brindar un cuidado integral e integrado, contextualizado a la realidad y culturalmente aceptable. Un eje de intervención favorecedor de lo planteado es la comunicación afectuosa y eficaz, lo que permite empatizar. A pesar de lo expuesto, en general se observa mayor focalización en las necesidades físicas y en menor grado en las psico–emocionales y espirituales, dificultades en el establecimiento de comunicación efectiva con pacientes y equipo profesional, como así también, déficit en la expresión de emociones –sentimientos. Por lo tanto, el objetivo del presente estudio fue conocer el grado de alexitimia que presentan los estudiantes; la alexitimia es un trastorno que impide expresar los sentimientos, esto puede favorecer la aparición del estrés y la ansiedad, también confusiones en las relaciones sociales, ya que las personas que la padecen son incapaces de demostrar su apoyo.Fil: Piovano, Mirta. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Escuela de Enfermería; Argentina.Fil: Giacone, Marta. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Escuela de Enfermería; Argentina.Fil: Soria, Valeria Cecilia. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Escuela de Enfermería; Argentina.Fill: Linell, Axel. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Escuela de Enfermería; Argentina.Fil: Tejerina, Rosana Mariela. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Escuela de Enfermería; Argentina.Fil: Díaz, Estela del Valle. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Escuela de Enfermería; Argentina.Fil: Fernandez Diez, Marina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Escuela de Enfermería; Argentina.Enfermerí

Contribución para mejorar la salud en la comunidad adulta mayor de Malvinas Argentinas

Fil: Martinez, Héctor Antonio Javier. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Odontología. Cátedra de Prostodoncia I B; Argentina.Fil: Gigena, Carlos Daniel. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Odontología. Cátedra de Prostodoncia I B; Argentina.Fil: D'Angelo, Adriana Del Valle. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Odontología. Cátedra de Prostodoncia I B; Argentina.Fil: Carp, Roberto Jorge. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Odontología. Cátedra de Prostodoncia I B; Argentina.Fil: Jais, Marina Soledad. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Odontología. Cátedra de Prostodoncia I B; Argentina.Fil: Lobos, Valeria Karina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Odontología. Cátedra de Prostodoncia I B; Argentina.Fil: Julían, Sonia Rosa. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Odontología. Cátedra de Prostodoncia I B; Argentina.En la población periférica de Malvinas Argentinas, situada aproximadamente a 20 km de la ciudad de Córdoba, detectamos la existencia de un grupo etario de adultos mayores carenciados quienes aún no están incluidos en un plan social que les pueda satisfacer necesidades básicas de salud y en especial de salud bucal.En la zona, la municipalidad está desarrollando actividades de concientización de salud bucal a nivel de las escuelas, pero, otros grupos sociales de adultos mayores que viven en situación de extrema precariedad, no tienen ningún tipo de asistencia en sus necesidades sanitarias, tanto de promoción de la salud como de atención de los mismos. Se trata de personas cuyas edades están entre los 60 y 80 años que concurren a una sala situada al lado de una capilla Santa Rita, donde les brindan el almuerzo de lunes a viernes (es un aporte de la Municipalidad). Estas personas viven solas, pertenecen a este ejido municipal y llegan desde un radio aproximado de 4 km (generalmente caminando). No tienen familiares o sus familiares no se ocupan de ellos por lo que carecen de contención afectiva y asistencial, sumado a la falta de recursos. Aproximadamente el 30% son indigentes y el 70% viven en condiciones precarias. Pudimos realizar una primera visualización de la situación y los responsables del comedor están realizando un seguimiento por medio de fichas con los datos de quienes concurren. Comenzaron hace una semana y ya están admitidas 22 personas, el lugar puede recibir hasta 30 asistentes, cifra que suponen será superada en los próximos días. La Secretaría General de la Municipalidad en conjunto con la Secretaría de Salud, coordinaron para que una médica vaya al comedor y haga una evaluación del estado de salud inicial de los asistentes. Estas personas no concurren al Centro de Salud porque se les complica el traslado por la misma condición de abandono y socioeconómica. Entre el 20 y 30% de los asistentes nunca fueron al médico. También se pudo visualizar que aproximadamente el 85% de los asistente son de sexo masculino.http://www.odo.unc.edu.ar/extension/libro-de-resumenes-i-jornadas-nacionales-de-extension-en-odontologiaFil: Martinez, Héctor Antonio Javier. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Odontología. Cátedra de Prostodoncia I B; Argentina.Fil: Gigena, Carlos Daniel. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Odontología. Cátedra de Prostodoncia I B; Argentina.Fil: D'Angelo, Adriana Del Valle. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Odontología. Cátedra de Prostodoncia I B; Argentina.Fil: Carp, Roberto Jorge. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Odontología. Cátedra de Prostodoncia I B; Argentina.Fil: Jais, Marina Soledad. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Odontología. Cátedra de Prostodoncia I B; Argentina.Fil: Lobos, Valeria Karina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Odontología. Cátedra de Prostodoncia I B; Argentina.Fil: Julían, Sonia Rosa. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Odontología. Cátedra de Prostodoncia I B; Argentina.Otras Ciencias de la Salu

Prospective Follow-up of Adolescents with and at Risk for Depression::Protocol and Methods of the Identifying Depression Early in Adolescence Risk Stratified Cohort (IDEA-RiSCo) Longitudinal Assessments

Objective: To present the protocol and methods for the prospective longitudinal assessments — including clinical and digital phenotyping approaches — of the Identifying Depression Early in Adolescence Risk Stratified Cohort (IDEA-RiSCo) study, which comprises Brazilian adolescents stratified at baseline by risk of developing depression or presence of depression. Method: Of 7,720 screened adolescents aged 14-16, we recruited 150 participants (75 boys, 75 girls) based on a composite risk score: 50 with low risk for developing depression (LR), 50 with high risk for developing depression (HR), and 50 with an active untreated major depressive episode (MDD). Three annual follow-up assessments were conducted, involving clinical measures (parent and adolescent-reported questionnaires and psychiatrist assessments), active and passive data sensing via smartphones, and neurobiological measures (neuroimaging and biological material samples). Retention rates were 96% (Wave 1), 94% (Wave 2), and 88% (Wave 3), with no significant differences by sex or group (p &gt; 0.05). Participants highlighted their familiarity with the research team and assessment process as a motivator for sustained engagement.Discussion: This protocol relied on novel aspects, such as the use of a WhatsApp bot, which is particularly pertinent for low-to-middle-income countries, and the collection of information from diverse sources in a longitudinal design, encompassing clinical data, self-reports, parental reports, GPS data, and ecological momentary assessments. The study engaged adolescents over an extensive period and demonstrated the feasibility of conducting a prospective follow-up study with a risk-enriched cohort of adolescents in a middle-income country, integrating mobile technology with traditional methodologies to enhance longitudinal data collection. <br/

An original phylogenetic approach identified mitochondrial haplogroup T1a1 as inversely associated with breast cancer risk in BRCA2 mutation carriers

Introduction: Individuals carrying pathogenic mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes have a high lifetime risk of breast cancer. BRCA1 and BRCA2 are involved in DNA double-strand break repair, DNA alterations that can be caused by exposure to reactive oxygen species, a main source of which are mitochondria. Mitochondrial genome variations affect electron transport chain efficiency and reactive oxygen species production. Individuals with different mitochondrial haplogroups differ in their metabolism and sensitivity to oxidative stress. Variability in mitochondrial genetic background can alter reactive oxygen species production, leading to cancer risk. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that mitochondrial haplogroups modify breast cancer risk in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers. Methods: We genotyped 22,214 (11,421 affected, 10,793 unaffected) mutation carriers belonging to the Consortium of Investigators of Modifiers of BRCA1/2 for 129 mitochondrial polymorphisms using the iCOGS array. Haplogroup inference and association detection were performed using a phylogenetic approach. ALTree was applied to explore the reference mitochondrial evolutionary tree and detect subclades enriched in affected or unaffected individuals. Results: We discovered that subclade T1a1 was depleted in affected BRCA2 mutation carriers compared with the rest of clade T (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.55; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.34 to 0.88; P = 0.01). Compared with the most frequent haplogroup in the general population (that is, H and T clades), the T1a1 haplogroup has a HR of 0.62 (95% CI, 0.40 to 0.95; P = 0.03). We also identified three potential susceptibility loci, including G13708A/rs28359178, which has demonstrated an inverse association with familial breast cancer risk. Conclusions: This study illustrates how original approaches such as the phylogeny-based method we used can empower classical molecular epidemiological studies aimed at identifying association or risk modification effects.Peer reviewe

Global disparities in surgeons’ workloads, academic engagement and rest periods: the on-calL shIft fOr geNEral SurgeonS (LIONESS) study

: The workload of general surgeons is multifaceted, encompassing not only surgical procedures but also a myriad of other responsibilities. From April to May 2023, we conducted a CHERRIES-compliant internet-based survey analyzing clinical practice, academic engagement, and post-on-call rest. The questionnaire featured six sections with 35 questions. Statistical analysis used Chi-square tests, ANOVA, and logistic regression (SPSS® v. 28). The survey received a total of 1.046 responses (65.4%). Over 78.0% of responders came from Europe, 65.1% came from a general surgery unit; 92.8% of European and 87.5% of North American respondents were involved in research, compared to 71.7% in Africa. Europe led in publishing research studies (6.6 ± 8.6 yearly). Teaching involvement was high in North America (100%) and Africa (91.7%). Surgeons reported an average of 6.7 ± 4.9 on-call shifts per month, with European and North American surgeons experiencing 6.5 ± 4.9 and 7.8 ± 4.1 on-calls monthly, respectively. African surgeons had the highest on-call frequency (8.7 ± 6.1). Post-on-call, only 35.1% of respondents received a day off. Europeans were most likely (40%) to have a day off, while African surgeons were least likely (6.7%). On the adjusted multivariable analysis HDI (Human Development Index) (aOR 1.993) hospital capacity &gt; 400 beds (aOR 2.423), working in a specialty surgery unit (aOR 2.087), and making the on-call in-house (aOR 5.446), significantly predicted the likelihood of having a day off after an on-call shift. Our study revealed critical insights into the disparities in workload, access to research, and professional opportunities for surgeons across different continents, underscored by the HDI

Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles (MISEV2023): From basic to advanced approaches

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), through their complex cargo, can reflect the state of their cell of origin and change the functions and phenotypes of other cells. These features indicate strong biomarker and therapeutic potential and have generated broad interest, as evidenced by the steady year-on-year increase in the numbers of scientific publications about EVs. Important advances have been made in EV metrology and in understanding and applying EV biology. However, hurdles remain to realising the potential of EVs in domains ranging from basic biology to clinical applications due to challenges in EV nomenclature, separation from non-vesicular extracellular particles, characterisation and functional studies. To address the challenges and opportunities in this rapidly evolving field, the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) updates its 'Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles', which was first published in 2014 and then in 2018 as MISEV2014 and MISEV2018, respectively. The goal of the current document, MISEV2023, is to provide researchers with an updated snapshot of available approaches and their advantages and limitations for production, separation and characterisation of EVs from multiple sources, including cell culture, body fluids and solid tissues. In addition to presenting the latest state of the art in basic principles of EV research, this document also covers advanced techniques and approaches that are currently expanding the boundaries of the field. MISEV2023 also includes new sections on EV release and uptake and a brief discussion of in vivo approaches to study EVs. Compiling feedback from ISEV expert task forces and more than 1000 researchers, this document conveys the current state of EV research to facilitate robust scientific discoveries and move the field forward even more rapidly

Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants

Summary Background Comparable global data on health and nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents are scarce. We aimed to estimate age trajectories and time trends in mean height and mean body-mass index (BMI), which measures weight gain beyond what is expected from height gain, for school-aged children and adolescents. Methods For this pooled analysis, we used a database of cardiometabolic risk factors collated by the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1985 to 2019 in mean height and mean BMI in 1-year age groups for ages 5–19 years. The model allowed for non-linear changes over time in mean height and mean BMI and for non-linear changes with age of children and adolescents, including periods of rapid growth during adolescence. Findings We pooled data from 2181 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in 65 million participants in 200 countries and territories. In 2019, we estimated a difference of 20 cm or higher in mean height of 19-year-old adolescents between countries with the tallest populations (the Netherlands, Montenegro, Estonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina for boys; and the Netherlands, Montenegro, Denmark, and Iceland for girls) and those with the shortest populations (Timor-Leste, Laos, Solomon Islands, and Papua New Guinea for boys; and Guatemala, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Timor-Leste for girls). In the same year, the difference between the highest mean BMI (in Pacific island countries, Kuwait, Bahrain, The Bahamas, Chile, the USA, and New Zealand for both boys and girls and in South Africa for girls) and lowest mean BMI (in India, Bangladesh, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia, and Chad for boys and girls; and in Japan and Romania for girls) was approximately 9–10 kg/m2. In some countries, children aged 5 years started with healthier height or BMI than the global median and, in some cases, as healthy as the best performing countries, but they became progressively less healthy compared with their comparators as they grew older by not growing as tall (eg, boys in Austria and Barbados, and girls in Belgium and Puerto Rico) or gaining too much weight for their height (eg, girls and boys in Kuwait, Bahrain, Fiji, Jamaica, and Mexico; and girls in South Africa and New Zealand). In other countries, growing children overtook the height of their comparators (eg, Latvia, Czech Republic, Morocco, and Iran) or curbed their weight gain (eg, Italy, France, and Croatia) in late childhood and adolescence. When changes in both height and BMI were considered, girls in South Korea, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and some central Asian countries (eg, Armenia and Azerbaijan), and boys in central and western Europe (eg, Portugal, Denmark, Poland, and Montenegro) had the healthiest changes in anthropometric status over the past 3·5 decades because, compared with children and adolescents in other countries, they had a much larger gain in height than they did in BMI. The unhealthiest changes—gaining too little height, too much weight for their height compared with children in other countries, or both—occurred in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, New Zealand, and the USA for boys and girls; in Malaysia and some Pacific island nations for boys; and in Mexico for girls. Interpretation The height and BMI trajectories over age and time of school-aged children and adolescents are highly variable across countries, which indicates heterogeneous nutritional quality and lifelong health advantages and risks