AVALIAÇÃO DA SEROPREVALÊNCIA DE Toxoplasma gondii EM POPULAÇÕES DE RISCO: UMA REVISÃO NARRATIVA

Objective To elaborate a narrative review in order to evaluate the prevalence of toxoplasmosis in high-risk population groups with a global perspective to promote the development of strategies for the prevention and management of the infection among the referred groups. Introduction: Toxoplasmosis is an infection present in both humans and animals, considered a public health problem that is distributed globally. Among the population groups with a higher risk of developing alterations when acquiring this zoonosis are immunocompromised individuals, newborns born to mothers infected during pregnancy and women of childbearing age; the latter are considered to be at high risk due to the parasite's ability to cross the placental barrier. Many studies have been published regarding the seroprevalence of this infection, but there is insufficient information regarding the decrease or increase of the pathology in populations considered at risk.  Methodology: A searched was carried out for articles in Spanish, English and Portuguese in the databases Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Scopus, Springer, ProQuest, Epistemonikos and Scielo, with a range of years between 2005 and 2020, using the keywords: newborn, immunosuppression, pregnant women, toxoplasmosis and prevalence. Results: The observed prevalence of toxoplasmosis in newborns ranged from 0.06% to 93% for IgG and IgM antibodies. The reported prevalence of IgG anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in women of childbearing age ranged from 18% to 88.7%, and of IgM anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies ranged from 1.34% to 30.9% and finally in the group of people with Immunosuppression the prevalence of IgG anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies ranged from 8.8% to 94.3% for IgG and IgM antibodies. Conclusion: the routes of transmission of this infection are known and the population groups at risk are identified; however, it has not been possible to reduce the seroprevalence in the different countries, which indicates that it is necessary to create more adequate strategies to educate individuals and drastically reduce the presence of this zoonosis.Objetivo Elaborar una revisión narrativa con el fin de evaluar la prevalencia de toxoplasmosis en grupos poblacionales de alto riesgo con una perspectiva mundial para promover el desarrollo de estrategias de prevención y manejo de la infección en los grupos referidos. Introducción: La toxoplasmosis es una infección presente en humanos y animales, considerada un problema de salud pública que se distribuye a nivel global. Dentro de los grupos poblacionales con un mayor riesgo se encuentran los individuos inmunocomprometidos, los recién nacidos productos de madres infectadas durante el embarazo y las mujeres en edad fértil. Estas últimas consideradas de alto riesgo dada la capacidad del parásito de atravesar la barrera placentaria. Cientos de estudios se han publicado en relación con la seroprevalencia de esta infección, pero no hay información suficiente en relación con la disminución o el aumento de la patología en las poblaciones consideradas como de riesgo.   Metodología: Se realizó una búsqueda de artículos en español, inglés y portugués en las bases de datos Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Scopus, Springer, ProQuest, Epistemonikos y Scielo, con un rango de años entre 2005 y 2020, usando las palabras clave: recién nacido, inmunosupresión, mujeres embarazadas, toxoplasmosis y prevalencia. Resultados: La prevalencia de toxoplasmosis en recién nacidos observada varió entre 0,06% y 93% para anticuerpos de tipo IgG e IgM. Los reportes de prevalencia de anticuerpos IgG anti-Toxoplasma gondii en mujeres en edad fértil oscilaron entre 18% y 88,7%, y de anticuerpos IgM anti-Toxoplasma gondii entre 1,34% y 30,9% y finalmente en el grupo de personas con inmunosupresión el rango de prevalencia de anticuerpos IgG anti-Toxoplasma gondii fluctúo desde 8,8% hasta 94,3% para anticuerpos de tipo IgG e IgM. Conclusión: Las vías de transmisión de esta infección son conocidas y los grupos poblacionales de riesgo están identificados, pero aún no se ha logrado llegar a una disminución de la seroprevalencia en los diferentes países, lo que indica que es necesario crear estrategias más adecuadas que permitan educar a los individuos y reducir de manera drástica la presencia de esta zoonosis.Objetivo. Elaborar uma revisão de literatura para avaliar a prevalência da toxoplasmose em grupos populacionais de alto risco desde uma perspectiva global, para promover o desenvolvimento de estratégias de prevenção e manejo da infecção nos referidos grupos. Introdução. A toxoplasmose é uma infecção presente em humanos e animais, considerada um problema de saúde pública com distribuição global. Os grupos populacionais com maior risco de desenvolver alterações por esta zoonose são os imunocomprometidos, os recém-nascidos de mães infectadas durante a gravidez e as mulheres em idade reprodutiva; os últimos são considerados de alto risco, dada a capacidade do parasita de cruzar a barreira placentária. Centenas de estudos foram publicados a respeito da soroprevalência dessa infecção, mas não há informações suficientes sobre a diminuição ou aumento da doença em populações consideradas de risco. Metodologia. A busca da literatura cientifica em espanhol, inglês e português foi realizada nas bases de dados Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Scopus, Springer, ProQuest, Epistemonikos e Scielo, com intervalo de anos entre 2005 e 2020, utilizando as palavras-chave: newborn, imunossupressão, gestantes, toxoplasmose e prevalência. Resultados. A prevalência de toxoplasmose em recém-nascidos observada variou entre 0,06% e 93% para anticorpos IgG e IgM. Os relatos de prevalência de anticorpos IgG anti-Toxoplasma gondii em mulheres com idade fértil variaram entre 18% e 88,7%, e de anticorpos IgM anti-Toxoplasma gondii entre 1,34% e 30,9% e finalmente no grupo de pessoas imunossuprimidas a prevalência de anticorpos IgG anti-Toxoplasma gondii variou de 8,8% a 94,3% para anticorpos IgG e IgM. Conclusão. apesar de conhecer as vias de transmissão desta infecção e identificar os grupos populacionais de risco, ainda não foi possível atingir uma diminuição da soroprevalência nos diferentes países, o que indica que é necessário criar estratégias mais adequadas que permitam educar indivíduos e reduzir drasticamente a presença desta zoonose

Revisión: Factores asociados a cáncer colorrectal

Introduction: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the most frequent neoplasm in the digestive tract; it constitutes 9 of 10% of all cancer cases in the world. This type of cancer is considered multicausal since it is associated with intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Among the internal factors, there are genetic, hormonal mutations, and immunological conditions. On the other hand, the external factors are composed of unhealthy diets, alcohol consumption, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, smoking habits, and environmental exposure to carcinogens. The clinical symptoms are not very specific; that is why the diagnosis is focused on risk groups related to age and proven family medical history. Objective: To identify genetic factors and lifestyle factors related to the development of Colorectal cancer (CRC). Methodology: A literature search was carried out in databases such as ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, Redalyc, Scielo, Proquest, in a range of time between 2004 and 2019. The keywords: colorectal cancer, risk factors, epidemiology, mortality, mutation, and incidence were used as helpers for the search. Results: Predisposing genetic factors were observed in about 20% to 25% of people with CRC associated primarily with the APC gene mutation. In terms of sporadic cancer, the results showed that 80% of the cases were related to the uncontrolled consumption of red meat, sausages, and coffee. Additionally, smoking and alcoholic behaviors, stress, and comorbidities, such as obesity and diabetes, were also the cause of the development of this issue. Conclusion: CRC could be caused by internal and external factors. Based on this, the people with a genetic predisposition to this issue should monitor themselves frequently and implement a healthy lifestyle that reduces the probability of suffering from this type of cancerIntroducción: El cáncer colorrectal (CCR) es la neoplasia de mayor frecuencia en vías digestivas, constituyendo del 9 al 10% de todos los cánceres en el mundo. Se considera que es multicausal, pues abarca factores intrínsecos del huésped como mutaciones genéticas, hormonales y condiciones inmunológicas; además de factores externos como dietas poco saludables, consumo de alcohol, obesidad, sedentarismo, tabaquismo y la exposición ambiental a carcinógenos. Las manifestaciones clínicas son poco específicas, razón por la cual el diagnóstico está enfocado en grupos de riesgo relacionados con la edad e historia familiar demostrada. Objetivo: Identificar los factores genéticos y de estilos de vida predisponentes al desarrollo de CCR. Metodología: Se realizó una búsqueda de la bibliografía respectiva en las bases de datos ScienceDirect, Google académico, Redalyc, Scielo, Proquest publicada durante el período 2004- 2019, mediante las palabras clave: Colorrectal cancer, risk factors, epidemiology, mortality, mutation, incidence. Resultados: Se observaron factores genéticos predisponentes entre un 20% a 25% de las personas con CCR asociados principalmente con la mutación de gen APC. En relación al cáncer esporádico, se identifica hasta en un 80% de los casos, relacionado con el consumo no controlado de alimentos como carnes rojas, embutidos, café, además de hábitos como el consumo de cigarrillo y alcohol conjuntamente con el estrés y comorbilidades como la obesidad y la diabetes. Conclusión: La multicausalidad del CCR está centrada en factores tanto internos como externos siendo de relevancia el seguimiento para personas genéticamente predispuestas y la implementación de estilos de vida saludables que reduzcan la mortalidad por esta causa

Revisión: Factores asociados a cáncer colorrectal

Introduction: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the most frequent neoplasm in the digestive tract; it constitutes 9 of 10% of all cancer cases in the world. This type of cancer is considered multicausal since it is associated with intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Among the internal factors, there are genetic, hormonal mutations, and immunological conditions. On the other hand, the external factors are composed of unhealthy diets, alcohol consumption, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, smoking habits, and environmental exposure to carcinogens. The clinical symptoms are not very specific; that is why the diagnosis is focused on risk groups related to age and proven family medical history. Objective: To identify genetic factors and lifestyle factors related to the development of Colorectal cancer (CRC). Methodology: A literature search was carried out in databases such as ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, Redalyc, Scielo, Proquest, in a range of time between 2004 and 2019. The keywords: colorectal cancer, risk factors, epidemiology, mortality, mutation, and incidence were used as helpers for the search. Results: Predisposing genetic factors were observed in about 20% to 25% of people with CRC associated primarily with the APC gene mutation. In terms of sporadic cancer, the results showed that 80% of the cases were related to the uncontrolled consumption of red meat, sausages, and coffee. Additionally, smoking and alcoholic behaviors, stress, and comorbidities, such as obesity and diabetes, were also the cause of the development of this issue. Conclusion: CRC could be caused by internal and external factors. Based on this, the people with a genetic predisposition to this issue should monitor themselves frequently and implement a healthy lifestyle that reduces the probability of suffering from this type of cancerIntroducción: El cáncer colorrectal (CCR) es la neoplasia de mayor frecuencia en vías digestivas, constituyendo del 9 al 10% de todos los cánceres en el mundo. Se considera que es multicausal, pues abarca factores intrínsecos del huésped como mutaciones genéticas, hormonales y condiciones inmunológicas; además de factores externos como dietas poco saludables, consumo de alcohol, obesidad, sedentarismo, tabaquismo y la exposición ambiental a carcinógenos. Las manifestaciones clínicas son poco específicas, razón por la cual el diagnóstico está enfocado en grupos de riesgo relacionados con la edad e historia familiar demostrada. Objetivo: Identificar los factores genéticos y de estilos de vida predisponentes al desarrollo de CCR. Metodología: Se realizó una búsqueda de la bibliografía respectiva en las bases de datos ScienceDirect, Google académico, Redalyc, Scielo, Proquest publicada durante el período 2004- 2019, mediante las palabras clave: Colorrectal cancer, risk factors, epidemiology, mortality, mutation, incidence. Resultados: Se observaron factores genéticos predisponentes entre un 20% a 25% de las personas con CCR asociados principalmente con la mutación de gen APC. En relación al cáncer esporádico, se identifica hasta en un 80% de los casos, relacionado con el consumo no controlado de alimentos como carnes rojas, embutidos, café, además de hábitos como el consumo de cigarrillo y alcohol conjuntamente con el estrés y comorbilidades como la obesidad y la diabetes. Conclusión: La multicausalidad del CCR está centrada en factores tanto internos como externos siendo de relevancia el seguimiento para personas genéticamente predispuestas y la implementación de estilos de vida saludables que reduzcan la mortalidad por esta causa

Capitulo 3. Ciencias Sociales, Artes y Humanidades

La investigación busca describir los significados psicológicos en relación con la felicidad, partiendo del sujeto común no experto en la materia. Para ello se utilizará la técnica de Redes Semánticas Naturales Modificadas (RSNM). Esto en el contexto de la UNAD Zona Sur, específicamente con el cuerpo docente de las diferentes escuelas académicas, excepto los que pertenecen al programa de psicología. Esta última decisión en razón a prevenir alguna influencia en los significados derivada de la formación disciplinar de tales docentes, téngase en cuenta que el tema de la felicidad ha sido objeto de estudio desde la psicología. Este es un estudio sobre los significados psicológicos acerca de la felicidad en docentes de la UNAD Zona Sur. Esto a través de la técnica de RSNM, la cual se orienta justamente a dicho propósito. Esto en articulación con el proyecto “Felicidad: un estudio mixto desde la perspectiva de docentes y estudiantes de psicología de dos universidades de Latinoamérica”, en el que vienen trabajando docentes de la UNAD en convenio con la UNAM (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México)

Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions

Relevancia de los factores de riesgo laborales en personal de recolección de residuos, una revisión

Introduction: In the provision of the public cleaning service worldwide, workers are continuously exposed to multiple risk factors that can affect their personal integrity, through the appearance of accidents or occupational diseases, within the activities that the provision groups together. This service includes the disposal, collection, storage, transportation and final disposal of waste, as well as sweeping, cleaning roads, cutting grass, pruning trees. Objective: to carry out a descriptive bibliographic review of the occupational risk factors associated with the collection of urban solid waste within the provision of the public cleaning service both internationally and nationally. Methodology: A descriptive bibliographic review was carried out with a narrative approach using keywords validated in thesauri, in English and Spanish, including risk factors, ergonomics, solid waste, solid waste segregators, articles were selected in a time interval of 15 years, extracting the information from 50 selected references. Results: It was found that the most studied risk factors are related to environmental, psychosocial, biological, mechanical and ergonomic risks, where in the latter the musculoskeletal disorder is the most predominant factor detected in the articles consulted. Conclusions: among the most prevalent risk factors are ergonomic risks and biological risk, taking into account the postures they perform for the execution of activities and direct contact with wasteIntroducción: En la prestación del servicio público de aseo a nivel mundial, los trabajadores, se encuentran continuamente expuestos a múltiples factores de riesgo que pueden afectar su integridad personal, mediante la ocurrencia de accidentes o enfermedades laborales, dentro de las actividades que agrupa la prestación de este servicio se encuentran la disposición, recolección, almacenamiento, transporte y disposición final de residuos así como el barrido, limpieza de vías, corte de césped, poda de árboles. Objetivo: realizar una revisión bibliográfica descriptiva de los factores de riesgo laborales asociados a la recolección de residuos sólidos urbanos dentro de la prestación del servicio público de aseo tanto a nivel internacional como nacional. Metodología: Se llevó a cabo una revisión bibliográfica descriptiva con un enfoque narrativo usando palabras clave validadas en tesauros, en idioma inglés y español entre ellas factores de riesgo, ergonomía, residuos sólidos, segregadores de residuos sólidos y se seleccionaron artículos en un intervalo de tiempo de 15 años, extrayendo la información de 50 referencias seleccionadas. Resultados: Se encontró que los factores de riesgo más estudiados están relacionados con los riesgos ambientales, psicosociales, biológicos, mecánicos y ergonómico, en donde en este último el trastorno musculoesquelético (TME) es el factor más predominante detectado en los artículos consultados. Conclusiones: Dentro de los factores de riesgo más prevalentes son riesgos ergonómicos y riesgo biológico, teniendo en cuenta las posturas que realizan para la ejecución de las actividades y el contacto directo con los desecho

Revisión: Factores asociados a cáncer colorrectal

Introduction: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the most frequent neoplasm in the digestive tract; it constitutes 9 of 10% of all cancer cases in the world. This type of cancer is considered multicausal since it is associated with intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Among the internal factors, there are genetic, hormonal mutations, and immunological conditions. On the other hand, the external factors are composed of unhealthy diets, alcohol consumption, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, smoking habits, and environmental exposure to carcinogens. The clinical symptoms are not very specific; that is why the diagnosis is focused on risk groups related to age and proven family medical history. Objective: To identify genetic factors and lifestyle factors related to the development of Colorectal cancer (CRC). Methodology: A literature search was carried out in databases such as ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, Redalyc, Scielo, Proquest, in a range of time between 2004 and 2019. The keywords: colorectal cancer, risk factors, epidemiology, mortality, mutation, and incidence were used as helpers for the search. Results: Predisposing genetic factors were observed in about 20% to 25% of people with CRC associated primarily with the APC gene mutation. In terms of sporadic cancer, the results showed that 80% of the cases were related to the uncontrolled consumption of red meat, sausages, and coffee. Additionally, smoking and alcoholic behaviors, stress, and comorbidities, such as obesity and diabetes, were also the cause of the development of this issue. Conclusion: CRC could be caused by internal and external factors. Based on this, the people with a genetic predisposition to this issue should monitor themselves frequently and implement a healthy lifestyle that reduces the probability of suffering from this type of cancerIntroducción: El cáncer colorrectal (CCR) es la neoplasia de mayor frecuencia en vías digestivas, constituyendo del 9 al 10% de todos los cánceres en el mundo. Se considera que es multicausal, pues abarca factores intrínsecos del huésped como mutaciones genéticas, hormonales y condiciones inmunológicas; además de factores externos como dietas poco saludables, consumo de alcohol, obesidad, sedentarismo, tabaquismo y la exposición ambiental a carcinógenos. Las manifestaciones clínicas son poco específicas, razón por la cual el diagnóstico está enfocado en grupos de riesgo relacionados con la edad e historia familiar demostrada. Objetivo: Identificar los factores genéticos y de estilos de vida predisponentes al desarrollo de CCR. Metodología: Se realizó una búsqueda de la bibliografía respectiva en las bases de datos ScienceDirect, Google académico, Redalyc, Scielo, Proquest publicada durante el período 2004- 2019, mediante las palabras clave: Colorrectal cancer, risk factors, epidemiology, mortality, mutation, incidence. Resultados: Se observaron factores genéticos predisponentes entre un 20% a 25% de las personas con CCR asociados principalmente con la mutación de gen APC. En relación al cáncer esporádico, se identifica hasta en un 80% de los casos, relacionado con el consumo no controlado de alimentos como carnes rojas, embutidos, café, además de hábitos como el consumo de cigarrillo y alcohol conjuntamente con el estrés y comorbilidades como la obesidad y la diabetes. Conclusión: La multicausalidad del CCR está centrada en factores tanto internos como externos siendo de relevancia el seguimiento para personas genéticamente predispuestas y la implementación de estilos de vida saludables que reduzcan la mortalidad por esta causa

Prostate-specific antigen in men from the municipality of Paipa, Boyacá 2016

Objetivo: Determinar los valores de PSA y los factores sociodemográficos asociados a su elevación.Materiales y métodos: La investigación se desarrolló como un estudio descriptivo de corte trasversal donde se cuantificaron niveles de PSA total en sangre a 97 hombres mayores de 40 años mediante técnica de ELISA en micropocillo Accu-Bind PSA®, se indagaron características sociodemográficas y se generó un análisis bivariado, con un nivel de significancia estadística de p<0,05 y asociación mediante Odds ratio (OR).Resultados: La mediana de los valores de PSA en la población estudiada fue 0,80 ng/ml (RIQ 0,0- 2,1), el 12,4% de los participantes presentó resultados superiores a 4 ng/ml con una media de edad en la población de 59 años, siendo el 49,5% de estrato socioeconómico uno, el 46,4% con un nivel de escolaridad en básica primaria y el 14,4% manifestó tener antecedentes familiares de patologías prostáticas. Se encontró que la edad (OR=5,8; IC 95% 1.3; 41; p=0,03) está asociada a la elevación de PSA y que la procedencia rural está relacionada a menor frecuencia de elevación (OR=0.2; IC 95% 0,03; 0,8; p=0,04).Conclusiones: La realización de este tipo de estudios aporta en el conocimiento de prevalencias de índole regional que puedan impactar en la prevención de patologías prostáticas

Weight Loss after 12 Weeks of Exercise and/or Nutritional Guidance Is Not Obligatory for Induced Changes in Local Fat/Lean Mass Indexes in Adults with Excess of Adiposity

The objectives of this secondary analysis are (1) to investigate the differential effects of exercise training modalities–high-intensity interval training (HIIT), resistance training (RT), combined training (CT = HIIT + RT), and/or nutritional guidance (NG) alone–on local fat/lean mass indexes in adults with excess of adiposity; (2) to identify the individual patterns of response based on either a clinical criterion of weight loss (≥5%) and/or technical error (TE) of measurement of local fat/lean mass indexes; and (3) to assess the individual change for body composition parameters assigned either to HIIT, RT, CT, and/or NG groups utilizing a TE. A 12-week trial was conducted in 55 participants randomized to one of the four interventions. The primary outcome was clinical change in body weight (i.e., weight loss of ≥5%). Secondary outcomes included change in ratio of android and gynoid fat mass, as well as local fat and lean mass indexes (arms, trunk, and legs), before and after intervention. The main findings from the current analysis revealed that (i) after 12 weeks of follow-up, significant decreases in several body composition indexes were found including body weight, arm, trunk, and legs fat mass, and android and gynecoid fat mass were observed in HIIT, RT, and CT groups (p < 0.05); (ii) a significant proportion of individuals showed a positive response following 12 weeks of training, led by the HIIT group with 44% and followed by RT with 39% in 9 indexes; (iii) the HIIT group showed lowest rates of adverse responders with (6%); and (iv) the individual patterns of response utilizing clinically meaningful weight loss were not necessarily associated with the corresponding individual training-induced changes in body composition indexes in adults with excess of adiposity. Overall, the study suggests that HIIT has an important ability to reduce the prevalence of non-response to improve body composition indexes

Weight Loss after 12 Weeks of Exercise and/or Nutritional Guidance Is Not Obligatory for Induced Changes in Local Fat/Lean Mass Indexes in Adults with Excess of Adiposity.

The objectives of this secondary analysis are (1) to investigate the differential effects of exercise training modalities-high-intensity interval training (HIIT), resistance training (RT), combined training (CT = HIIT + RT), and/or nutritional guidance (NG) alone-on local fat/lean mass indexes in adults with excess of adiposity; (2) to identify the individual patterns of response based on either a clinical criterion of weight loss (≥5%) and/or technical error (TE) of measurement of local fat/lean mass indexes; and (3) to assess the individual change for body composition parameters assigned either to HIIT, RT, CT, and/or NG groups utilizing a TE. A 12-week trial was conducted in 55 participants randomized to one of the four interventions. The primary outcome was clinical change in body weight (i.e., weight loss of ≥5%). Secondary outcomes included change in ratio of android and gynoid fat mass, as well as local fat and lean mass indexes (arms, trunk, and legs), before and after intervention. The main findings from the current analysis revealed that (i) after 12 weeks of follow-up, significant decreases in several body composition indexes were found including body weight, arm, trunk, and legs fat mass, and android and gynecoid fat mass were observed in HIIT, RT, and CT groups (