Caracterización de integrones y casetes de resistencia a antimicrobianos y amino cuaternarios en cepas de Salmonella aisladas en el Estado de México

Salmonella spp, is a public and animal health problem, due to the emergence of multiresistant strains to antimicrobials, this multiresistance has been related to resistance genes that are found in the bacterial chromosome or related with plasmids, transposons and recently to integrons resistance; therefore, the first objective of the study was to determine the phenotypic and genotypic resistance to antibiotics of Salmonella spp. isolated from bovine animals carcasses sacrificed in slaughterhouses of the Center-North of Mexico State. The presence of PSE-1, tetG, qnrS, FloR, STR genes was determined. The isolates which identified these genes showed resistance to ampicillin, tetracycline, nalidixic acid, Florfenicol and streptomycin; however, some isolates that presented the resistance genes, did not express phenotypic resistance, this result was associated mainly to the fact that some genes do not contain a promoter in their coding region, which prevents its phenotypic expression; therefore, the second objective of this work was to characterize the class 1 integron of resistance in Salmonella spp. isolates of beef, sheep and poultry carcasses. The class 1 integron is composed of two conserved regions and a variable region where there are various resistance genes called genes cassette. The region 3'CS is composed of qacEΔ1 and sul1 genes, these genes confer resistance to quaternary amino compounds and sulfonamides respectively; however, variants have been identified for this region. We analyzed 77 isolates of Salmonella spp. obtained from pigs, poultry and cattle from slaughterhouses of the State of Mexico, Mexico. Forty percent of the isolates belonged to the class 1 integron, where the majority of these isolates showed “Caracterización de integrones y casetes de resistencia a antimicrobianos y amino cuaternario en cepas de Salmonella aisladas en el Estado de México” M en C. Jorge Antonio Varela Guerrero vi multidrug resistance to antibiotics such as streptomycin, ampicillin, tetracycline, gentamicin, chloramphenicol and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The cassette genes that were found, were dfrA17, dfrA12 of resistance to trimethoprim and genes aaA1, aaA2 and aaA5 of resistance to streptomycin. In the class 1 integron distal portion, we identified qacEΔ1/sul1; however, deletions in one or both of them was observed, the same as an unusual distal region composed of qacH and sul1 genes which confer the same resistance of qacEΔ1 and sul1 genes; but, with different origin that has not yet been explained. The different genotypic structures found in the present study indicate that the evolution of bacteria and their genetic and phenotypic adaptation to survive are factors that help the emergence of variants in the integrons, which could cause the antimicrobial therapy and disinfection does not have the expected results, by which increase the concern in global public health

Linfadenitis caseosa: factores de virulencia, patogénesis y vacunas. Revisión

Caseous lymphadenitis is a disease that affects sheep and goat production worldwide. The etiological agent is a Gram-positive, facultative intracellular bacterium called Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis biovar ovis. The disease can occur with a cutaneous or visceral development, causing deterioration in the physical condition of the animal, as well as losses in the production of milk and meat, carcass confiscation, skin rejection and consequently, great economic losses. The study of virulence factors and pathogenesis mechanisms have made it possible to understand this disease, as well as to establish the target molecules for the development of new vaccines. There are commercial vaccines available globally; however, the protection conferred by them has not been effective in controlling the disease. Currently, the use of new technologies has allowed the obtaining and characterization of proteins with immunogenic potential for the development of new vaccines, which could be an alternative to increase protection. In the present work, the main factors of virulence of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, their implications in the pathogenesis and the current trends in the vaccine formulations are presented.La linfadenitis caseosa es una enfermedad que afecta la producción ovina y caprina a nivel mundial. El agente etiológico es una bacteria Gram positiva, intracelular facultativa denominada Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis biovar ovis. La enfermedad puede cursar con un desarrollo cutáneo o visceral, provocando deterioro en la condición física del animal, así como pérdidas en la producción de leche y carne, decomiso de las canales, rechazo de las pieles y como consecuencia, grandes pérdidas económicas. El estudio de los factores de virulencia y los mecanismos de patogénesis han permitido comprender esta enfermedad, así como establecer las moléculas diana para el desarrollo de nuevas vacunas. Existen vacunas comerciales disponibles a nivel mundial; sin embargo, la protección conferida por éstas no ha sido eficaz en el control de la enfermedad. Actualmente el uso de nuevas tecnologías ha permitido la obtención y caracterización de proteínas con potencial inmunogénico para el desarrollado de nuevas vacunas, las cuales podrían ser una alternativa para incrementar la protección. En el presente trabajo se exponen los principales factores de virulencia de Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, sus implicaciones en la patogénesis y las tendencias actuales en las formulaciones vacunales

Diagnóstico, prevención y control de enfermedades causadas por Chlamydia en pequeños rumiantes. Revisión

Las especies que conforman el género Chlamydia afectan una amplia gama de hospederos animales, causando diversas patologías. Chlamydia abortus (C. abortus), Chlamydia psittaci (C. psittaci) y Chlamydia pecorum (C. pecorum) son las de mayor relevancia clínica en pequeños rumiantes a nivel mundial, ya que han sido relacionadas con problemas reproductivos, oculares y del tracto digestivo respectivamente; dos de estas (C. abortus y C. psittaci), representan un riesgo potencial zoonótico al ser humano. El diagnóstico de infecciones por organismos de este género resulta complicado; ya que, en la mayoría de los casos no hay signología clínica que indique la presencia del agente en animales afectados. Actualmente en países europeos la prevención y control principalmente de C. abortus se realiza mediante la administración de inmunógenos atenuados comerciales; sin embargo, su uso no ha mostrado resultados satisfactorios en la protección de animales susceptibles. Por lo tanto, la implementación de nuevas opciones de inmunización basadas en la utilización de proteínas recombinantes es la línea de investigación que más realce está tomando actualmente. Adicionalmente, el uso de proteínas con potencial inmunogénico podrían ser herramientas importantes para el diagnóstico, prevención y control de estos patógenos. Debido a esto, la presente revisión se centró en recapitular los estudios más actuales enfocados al uso experimental de diferentes proteínas inmunogénicas de Chlamydia spp. empleadas a nivel mundial, destacando su innovación y resultados obtenidos en los modelos experimentales

Prevalencia y resistencia a antibióticos de Escherichia coli O157:H7 aislada de canales de bovinos sacrificados en rastros del altiplano central Mexicano

La carne es el principal vehículo de toxiinfecciones alimentarias como consecuencia de una higiene deficiente en el sacrificio de los animales o durante el manejo de las canales. En este estudio se analizaron tres rastros municipales del Altiplano Central Mexicano, de los cuales se obtuvieron 228 muestras pareadas de canal (n=114) y contenido de colon (n=114) de bovinos que fueron sacrificados en estos rastros; se obtuvieron 2 (0.8 %) cepas de E. coli O157:NM a partir de contenido de colon y 6 (2.6 %) cepas de E. coli O157:H7 (5 de canales y 1 de contenido de colon). El porcentaje de aislamiento de cada rastro fue variable, encontrando diferencias significativas (P<0.05). En las cepas de E. coli O157:NM y O157:H7 se observa que la resistencia más alta fue para cefalotina con un 75 %, carbencilina con 62.5 %, amikacina con 50 % y gentamicina con 50 %, el 16.7 % de las cepas de E. coli O157:H7 presentaron los genes eae, stx1 y stx2 y el 66.7 % los gen eae y stx2. En conclusión los resultados obtenidos muestra la presencia E. coli O157:H7 con factores de virulencia y resistencia a antibióticos, en canales de bovinos de rastrosdel altiplano central Mexicano, considerándose una fuente de contaminación importante y un riesgo para la salud pública

Evaluation of Equine Infectious Anemia Virus by the Indirect Enzyme linked Immunosorbent Assay EIA-LAB as Screening Tools in Mexico

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo la evaluación del desempeño del kit ELISA AIE-LAB, para el diagnóstico de la Anemia infecciosa equina, en el contexto mexicano, comparado con la prueba estándar de oro de inmunodifusión en gel de agar, AGID AIE-LABIOFAM.La anemia infecciosa equina es una enfermedad de distribución mundial que afecta a la familia Equide. Actualmente no se dispone de una vacuna eficaz, por lo que el control de la enfermedad depende de las herramientas de diagnóstico. Para mejorar la eficiencia del programa de diagnóstico en Cuba, el Grupo Empresarial LABIOFAM, desarrolló un ensayo inmuno-enzimático, kit ELISA, para complementar el sistema de diagnóstico que actualmente utiliza el kit de inmunodifusión en gel de agar (AGID). El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo la evaluación del desempeño del kit ELISA AIE-LAB, en el contexto mexicano, comparado con la prueba estándar de oro de inmunodifusión en gel de agar, AGID AIE-LABIOFAM, y kit comercial AGID. La sensibilidad analítica se determinó utilizando diluciones dobles seriadas del suero de control positivo para establecer el rango de anticuerpos detectados en relación con el valor de corte de la placa (OD 0,300). Se realizó un estudio de precisión para evaluar repetibilidad, precisión intermedia y reproducibilidad, estimando la desviación estándar y el coeficiente de variación. Los resultados de precisión fueron satisfactorios y los valores del coeficiente de variación se consideraron adecuados para garantizar una excelente consistencia del ELISA AIE-LAB. El rendimiento diagnóstico del ELISA AIE-LAB se evaluó en relación a la especificidad, sensibilidad y concordancia en comparación con ambas pruebas AGID. La sensibilidad diagnóstica fue del 100% y la especificidad del 97,6%, con muy buen grado de concordancia (Kappa = 0,9). Los resultados sugieren que la prueba ELISA AIE-LAB podría utilizarse en México como sistema de diagnóstico para la detección de anticuerpos específicos contra el virus de la anemia infecciosa equina.Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia. Financiamiento propio del grupo de investigadores

Trypanosoma cruzi co-infections with other vector borne diseases are frequent in dogs from the pacific coast of Ecuador

Este articulo describe la presentación de infecciones múltiples con Trypnosoma cruzi, Anaplasma spp., Dirofilaria immitis y Ehrlichia spp. (transmitidas por vector) en perros de una región de la costa del Pacífico de EcuadorDogs are a reservoir for Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi), and other companion vectorborne diseases, including ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichia canis and Ehrlichia ewingii), anaplasmosis (Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Anaplasma platys), dirofilariasis (Dirofilaria immitis) and Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi). This study has two key objectives: 1) to determine seroreactivity against T. cruzi in dogs from the town of Col´on, in Portoviejo city, in the central coast of Ecuador; and 2) to establish the coinfection frequency of other companion vector-borne diseases in dogs positive for T. cruzi. Antibodies against T. cruzi were detected using two enzymelinked immunosorbent assays. Diagnostic consensus between ELISA tests was established using the Cohen’s Kappa coefficient. Other haemoparasitic diseases were detected using the IDEXX SNAP® 4Dx® kit in dogs previously diagnosed as T. cruzi-seropositive. From 84 dogs sampled, 57.14% (48/84) tested positive for T. cruzi. Co-infection analysis of 25 dogs positive for T. cruzi revealed antibodies also against Ehrlichia spp. (48%), Anaplasma spp. (28%), and Dirofilaria immitis (12%). These results provide a novel perspective regarding the status of these pathogens which co-infect dogs in Col´on. Since all these pathogens are zoonotic, our findings should warn regional health authorities to implement sanitary programs, to better prevent and control vectors associated to these pathogens. On the other hand, human and veterinarian doctors, should consider that patients with a cardiac infection condition could be suffering co-infections with two or more vector transmitted pathogens.RMJ The research was funded by the Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México (UAEM) Project (4351/2017/CI). NJG National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI136031) of the National Institutes of Health

Programa de desarrollo de sistemas integrales de infraestructura y movilidad colectiva. Nuevas formas de movilidad para la vida

Las poblaciones urbanas padecen diversos problemas ambientales, de salud, segregación y pérdida de espacios públicos, derroche energético, ruido, así como altas inversiones de tiempo y dinero. Estas situaciones poseen un denominador común: una tecnología inadecuada llamada automóvil unipersonal. Buscamos intervenir tecnológicamente el contexto de las ciudades mediante un sistema de movilidad público, eficiente, no invasivo, silencioso, de bajo costo, saludable y ecológico. En este trabajo presentamos diferentes soluciones, con la intención de ir llevando esta tecnología hacia su transferencia tecnológica.ITESO, A.C.CoecytjalIngenieros Sin Frontera

Clustering COVID-19 ARDS patients through the first days of ICU admission. An analysis of the CIBERESUCICOVID Cohort

Background Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) can be classified into sub-phenotypes according to different inflammatory/clinical status. Prognostic enrichment was achieved by grouping patients into hypoinflammatory or hyperinflammatory sub-phenotypes, even though the time of analysis may change the classification according to treatment response or disease evolution. We aimed to evaluate when patients can be clustered in more than 1 group, and how they may change the clustering of patients using data of baseline or day 3, and the prognosis of patients according to their evolution by changing or not the cluster.Methods Multicenter, observational prospective, and retrospective study of patients admitted due to ARDS related to COVID-19 infection in Spain. Patients were grouped according to a clustering mixed-type data algorithm (k-prototypes) using continuous and categorical readily available variables at baseline and day 3.Results Of 6205 patients, 3743 (60%) were included in the study. According to silhouette analysis, patients were grouped in two clusters. At baseline, 1402 (37%) patients were included in cluster 1 and 2341(63%) in cluster 2. On day 3, 1557(42%) patients were included in cluster 1 and 2086 (57%) in cluster 2. The patients included in cluster 2 were older and more frequently hypertensive and had a higher prevalence of shock, organ dysfunction, inflammatory biomarkers, and worst respiratory indexes at both time points. The 90-day mortality was higher in cluster 2 at both clustering processes (43.8% [n = 1025] versus 27.3% [n = 383] at baseline, and 49% [n = 1023] versus 20.6% [n = 321] on day 3). Four hundred and fifty-eight (33%) patients clustered in the first group were clustered in the second group on day 3. In contrast, 638 (27%) patients clustered in the second group were clustered in the first group on day 3.Conclusions During the first days, patients can be clustered into two groups and the process of clustering patients may change as they continue to evolve. This means that despite a vast majority of patients remaining in the same cluster, a minority reaching 33% of patients analyzed may be re-categorized into different clusters based on their progress. Such changes can significantly impact their prognosis

Global disparities in surgeons’ workloads, academic engagement and rest periods: the on-calL shIft fOr geNEral SurgeonS (LIONESS) study

: The workload of general surgeons is multifaceted, encompassing not only surgical procedures but also a myriad of other responsibilities. From April to May 2023, we conducted a CHERRIES-compliant internet-based survey analyzing clinical practice, academic engagement, and post-on-call rest. The questionnaire featured six sections with 35 questions. Statistical analysis used Chi-square tests, ANOVA, and logistic regression (SPSS® v. 28). The survey received a total of 1.046 responses (65.4%). Over 78.0% of responders came from Europe, 65.1% came from a general surgery unit; 92.8% of European and 87.5% of North American respondents were involved in research, compared to 71.7% in Africa. Europe led in publishing research studies (6.6 ± 8.6 yearly). Teaching involvement was high in North America (100%) and Africa (91.7%). Surgeons reported an average of 6.7 ± 4.9 on-call shifts per month, with European and North American surgeons experiencing 6.5 ± 4.9 and 7.8 ± 4.1 on-calls monthly, respectively. African surgeons had the highest on-call frequency (8.7 ± 6.1). Post-on-call, only 35.1% of respondents received a day off. Europeans were most likely (40%) to have a day off, while African surgeons were least likely (6.7%). On the adjusted multivariable analysis HDI (Human Development Index) (aOR 1.993) hospital capacity &gt; 400 beds (aOR 2.423), working in a specialty surgery unit (aOR 2.087), and making the on-call in-house (aOR 5.446), significantly predicted the likelihood of having a day off after an on-call shift. Our study revealed critical insights into the disparities in workload, access to research, and professional opportunities for surgeons across different continents, underscored by the HDI

Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults

Body-mass index (BMI) has increased steadily in most countries in parallel with a rise in the proportion of the population who live in cities(.)(1,2) This has led to a widely reported view that urbanization is one of the most important drivers of the global rise in obesity(3-6). Here we use 2,009 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in more than 112 million adults, to report national, regional and global trends in mean BMI segregated by place of residence (a rural or urban area) from 1985 to 2017. We show that, contrary to the dominant paradigm, more than 55% of the global rise in mean BMI from 1985 to 2017-and more than 80% in some low- and middle-income regions-was due to increases in BMI in rural areas. This large contribution stems from the fact that, with the exception of women in sub-Saharan Africa, BMI is increasing at the same rate or faster in rural areas than in cities in low- and middle-income regions. These trends have in turn resulted in a closing-and in some countries reversal-of the gap in BMI between urban and rural areas in low- and middle-income countries, especially for women. In high-income and industrialized countries, we noted a persistently higher rural BMI, especially for women. There is an urgent need for an integrated approach to rural nutrition that enhances financial and physical access to healthy foods, to avoid replacing the rural undernutrition disadvantage in poor countries with a more general malnutrition disadvantage that entails excessive consumption of low-quality calories.Peer reviewe