Composición química y acción antimicrobiana del extracto hidroalcohólico de las hojas de Sida rhombifolia L. y su aplicación en un gel dermatológico

Evalúa la composición química y la acción antimicrobiana del extracto hidroalcohólico de las hojas de Sida rhombifoIia L, y su aplicación en un gel dermatológico. Para lo cual se realizó la colecta de la especie, la clasificación taxonómica, la evaluación histológica de hojas, el análisis fitoquímico del extracto hidroalcohólico y la determinación de los componentes químicos mediante la técnica GCMS. Además, se aplicó el método de difusión en agar para el análisis antimicrobiano in vitro y se elaboró un gel dermatológico, el cual fue sometido a evaluación sensorial. Como resultado, en la hoja de Sida rhombifolia L se identificó la presencia de tricomas eglandulares en forma de estrella de ocho ángulos. El extracto hidroalcohólico presentó alcaloides, flavonoides, polifenoles, lactonas insaturadas y glicósidos como los principales metabolitos secundarios; hallándose dieciséis compuestos químicos, siendo el ácido (Z,Z,Z)-9,12,15-octadecatrienoico, el componente de mayor presencia (20,57 %). Asimismo, se observó inhibición microbiana a concentración de 50 mg/mL de extracto hidroalcohólico diluido en DMSO frente a cepas de Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 y Escherichia coli ATCC 25922. El gel dermatológico de Sida rhombifolia L presentó atributos sensoriales que definieron su aceptación como producto final. En conclusión, se tiene que los componentes químicos aislados y la acción antimicrobiana del extracto hidroalcohólico de las hojas de Sida rhombifolia L, podrían justificar el uso tradicional para el tratamiento de infecciones por microorganismos Gram positivos y negativos, teniendo buena aceptación su gel dermatológico. Es importante continuar con los estudios para definir su potencial científico en otros usos tradicionales, garantizando la salud y bienestar de la población.Tesi

EFECTO ANTIOXIDANTE Y ANTIFOTOENVEJECIMIENTO DE EXTRACTOS DE LA MACROALGA DEL LITORAL PERUANO DE Macrocystis integrifolia BORY Y ELABORACIÓN DE UNA FORMA DERMOCOSMÉTICA

The aim of the study was to evaluate the antioxidant and antiphotoaging effects of extracts of brown alga Macrocystis integrifolia Bory and develop a dermocosmetic form. From this extracts, was designed the dermocosmetic form in concentrations of 1, 3 and 5%, on a base made of lard with incorporation of beeswax and sesame oil to a pH of 6,5. The antioxidant activity was determined by in vitro methods as CDP and ABTS. The evaluation of antiphotoaging effect in vivo was performed using 25 albino female mice of Mus musculus specie, strain Bald / C53, who were divided into five groups of five mice each; except the group that served as blank, control and intervention groups were depilated hair back and subjected to UVB irradiation for 7 days, morning and night. The in vitro antioxidant activity assay showed that between extracts from stem, foliage and bulb of this alga, there are differences in antioxidant capacity against free radical ABTS, stating that the lower IC50 value (173,21 µg/mL) frond abstract presents higher total antioxidant capacity than the IC50 (3,23 µg/mL) value of Trolox, reference substance. In the trial CDP an IC50 value (669,7 µg/mL) was above the standard of ascorbic acid IC50 (33 µg/mL). Antiphotoaging analysis showed, at macro and microscopic levels, favorable notable differences in the intervention groups. Was conclude that brown seaweed extracts studied have antioxidant effect in vitro and antiphotoaging in vivo.El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto antioxidante y antifotoenvejecimiento de extractos de la alga parda Macrocystis integrifolia Bory y elaborar una forma dermocosmética. Obtenidos los extractos, se diseñó una forma dermocosmética en concentraciones de 1, 3 y 5%, elaboradas sobre una base de manteca de cerdo con incorporación de cera de abejas y aceite de sésamo a un pH de 6,5. La actividad antioxidante in vitro se determinó por lo métodos CDP y ABTS. La evaluación del efecto antifotoenvejecimiento in vivo se realizó empleando 25 ratones albinos hembra de la especie Mus musculus, cepa Bald/C53, que fueron distribuidos en cinco grupos de cinco ratones cada uno; a excepción del grupo que sirvió de blanco, el grupo control y los grupos de intervención fueron depilados en el lomo y se sometieron a la irradiación UVB durante 7 días, mañana y noche. El ensayo in vitro de la actividad antioxidante mostró que entre los extractos de estípite, fronda y bulbo de esta alga, existen diferencias en la capacidad antioxidante frente al radical libre ABTS, evidenciándose que el menor valor de IC50 (173,21 µg/mL) del extracto de fronda presenta mayor capacidad antioxidante total que el valor IC50 (3,23 µg/mL) de Trólox, sustancia de referencia. En el ensayo CDP se tuvo un valor de IC50 (669,7 µg/mL) por encima del estándar del ácido ascórbico IC50 (33 µg/mL). En el análisis antifotoenvejecimiento se observó, a niveles macro y microscópicos, notables diferencias favorables en los grupos de intervención. Se concluye que los extractos del alga parda estudiada tienen efecto antioxidante in vitro y antifotoenvejecimiento in vivo

Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions

Chemical evaluation and antibacterial activity in vitro of essential oil of Erythroxylum coca Lam. Var. “Coca Huánuco”: design of a pharmaceutical formulation.

Objetivo: Elucidar la composición química del aceite esencial de Erythroxylum coca Lam. var. “coca Huánuco” y determinar su actividad antioxidante y antibacteriana in vitro, frente a Streptoccocus mutans ATCC 35668 y el diseño de una formulación farmacéutica. Diseño: Estudio experimental, analítico, longitudinal y prospectivo. Lugar: tres institutos y un centro de investigación de la UNMSM. Material biológico: Hojas de coca y la bacteria cariogénica. Métodos: análisis preliminar y elucidación estructural por Cromatografía de Gases/Espectrometría de Masas (CG/EM). La actividad antioxidante in vitro se realizó por DPPH, CDP y captación del radical anión superóxido. La actividad antibacteriana in vitro se efectuó por el método de microdilusión colorimétrico y difusión en agar. Se elaboró pastas dentífricas que contienen los aceites esenciales de coca, menta y orégano al 1%. Resultados: El análisis de CG/EM identificó los siguientes componentes químicos: -pineno, β-mirceno, ácido esteárico, neroridol, fitol, ácido metil éster 7, 10, 13 hexadecatrienoico y nonacosano. Los fitocompuestos del aceite demostraron capacidad antioxidante. Conclusiones: El aceite esencial expresó capacidad antioxidante que participaría en los sistemas de redox biológicos y una Concentración Mínima Inhibitoria (CMI) de 0,625µL/mL contra Streptoccocus mutans ATCC 35668 y expresando halo de inhibición de 37 mm y 38 mm en las pastas dentífricas.Objective: To elucidate the composition chemistry of essential oil of Erythroxylum coca Lam.var. “Coca Huánuco” and determine their in vitro antioxidant and antibacterial activity against Streptoccocus mutans ATCC 35668 and the design of a pharmaceutical formulation. Design: Experimental, analytical, longitudinal and prospective study. Place: Three institutes and a research centre of San Marcos University. Biological material: coca leaves and cariogenic bacteria. Methods: preliminary analysis and structural elucidation by chromatography of Gases/spectrometry (GC/MS). In vitro antioxidant activity was carried out by DPPH, CDP and uptake of the superoxide anion radical. Antibacterial activity in vitro was made by the method of microdilusion colorimetric and diffusion in agar. Developed toothpastes containing essential oils of coca, mint and oregano to 1%. Results: The GC/MS analysis, identified the following chemicals: β-pinene, β-myrcene, stearic acid, neroridol, Phytol, acid methyl ester 7, 10, 13 hexadecatrienoico and nonacosano. The fitocompuestos of oil showed antioxidant capacity. Conclusions: The essential oil expressed antioxidant capacity that would participate in biological redox systems and a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0,625µL/mL against Streptoccocus mutans ATCC 35668 and expressing inhibition zone of 37mm and 38mm intoothpastes

EFECTO FOTOPROTECTOR DE Macrocystis pyrifera FRENTE A BLOQUEADORES SOLARES EN LA PREVENCIÓN DE LESIONES DE PIEL

Objective of the study was to compare the sunscreen effect in vivo of a cream made with the hydroalcoholic extract of the brown seaweed Macrocystis pyrifera (Linnapus) Agardh, with comercial sunscreens in skin lesions prevention. The biological sample was collected in the continental socket from Yanyarina beach, San Juan de Marcona, Ica region. Hydroalcoholic extract (ethanol 1:1) was obtained for maceration process since 300 g seaweed. With the extract was formulated and design the blocker dermocosmetic using concentrations of 5, 10, and 15%, respectively, with a mixture of solids aliphatic alcohols, consisting mainly of Cetyl alcohol (C16H3O) and Stearyl alcohol (C18H39O) 50/70%. Were used albino mice, mus musculus specie, bald c53 strain, adult males, with average weight 30 g. Photoprotective potential in vivo was tested through topical application on mice skin, in the dorsal anterior third of loin. The animals were distributed into seven groups of five. Group 1 (white) was not applied cream or irradiation UV-B 320 ŋm; Group 2 (control) was not applied cream and was irradiated with UV-B light; groups 3 and 4 were treated with commercial sunscreens and irradiated with UV-B light; groups 5, 6 and 7 (intervention) were applied the processed product and were irradiated them with UV-B. The sunscreen effect was evident in macroscopic and microscopic analysis of skin. In the microscopic analysis, group 1 presented skin with preserved structure; groups 2, 3 and 4; had altered structure; while group 5 presented slight alteration, group 6, structure seemingly normal and group 7 structure normal. It was concluded that the hydroalcoholic extract exerts sunscreen effect in vivo against UV-B irradiation on worked concentrations; achieving more protection when is used a major extract concentration, this was evidenced because the skin structure looks less altered with dermis and epidermis, layer corneal lamellar and basal apparently normal.El estudio tuvo como objetivo comparar el efecto fotoprotector in vivo de una crema elaborada con el extracto hidroalcohólico de la macroalga parda Macrocystis pyrifera (Linnapus) Agardh frente a bloqueadores solares comerciales en la prevención de lesiones de piel. La muestra biológica fue colectada en el zócalo continental de la playa Yanyarina de San Juan de Marcona de la región Ica. El extracto hidroalcohólico (etanol-agua 1:1) se obtuvo por proceso de maceración a partir de 300 g de alga. Con el extracto se formuló y diseño el bloqueador dermocosmético empleando concentraciones 5, 10 y 15%, respectivamente, con una mezcla de alcoholes alifáticos sólidos, conformados principalmente por alcohol cetílico (C16H3O) y alcohol estearílico (C18H39O) 50/70%. Se emplearon 35 ratones albinos adultos machos de la especie Mus musculus cepa Bald C53 de peso promedio 30g. El potencial fotoprotector in vivo se evaluó a través de la aplicación tópica en la piel de los ratones, en el tercio anterior dorsal del lomo. Los animales fueron distribuidos en siete grupos de cinco. Al grupo 1 (blanco) no se le aplicó crema ni irradiación UV-B 320 ŋm; al grupo 2 (control) no se le aplicó crema y se le irradió con luz UV-B; los grupos 3 y 4 fueron tratados con bloqueadores solares comerciales y fueron irradiados con luz UV-B; a los grupos 5, 6 y 7 (intervención) se les aplicó el producto elaborado y se le irradió con luz UV-B. El efecto fotoprotector se evidenció en el análisis macroscópico y microscópico de la piel. En el análisis microscópico, el grupo 1 presento piel con estructura conservada; los grupos 2, 3 y 4 presentaron estructura alterada; mientras que el grupo 5 presentó alteración leve, el grupo 6, estructura aparentemente normal y el grupo 7 estructura normal. Se concluye que el extracto hidroalcohólico ejerce efecto fotoprotector in vivo ante la irradiación UV-B en las concentraciones trabajadas, lográndose que, a medida que se va aumentando la concentración del extracto, la estructura de la piel se ve menos alterada presentando la dermis y epidermis, la capa cornea laminar y basal aparentemente normales

Chemical compositium of essential oil from Caesalpinia spinosa “tara”, antioxidant evaluation and antibacterial effect against Streptococcus mutans

Se determinó la composición química del aceite esencial de Caesalpinia spinosa, obtenido por el método de destilación por arrastre con vapor de agua con un rendimiento de 0,125% v/p, así como su capacidad antioxidante y actividad antibacteriana frente a Streptococcus mutans ATCC 35668. Para la identificación de los constituyentes químicos se emplearon Cromatografía de Gas y Espectrometría de Masas (CG/EM), encontrándose 23 compuestos, de los cuales destacan en mayor porcentaje: pelargonaldehído (11,21%); dihydro-neoclovene-(i) (5,51%); naphthalene,1,2,3,5,6,8a-hexahydro-4,7-dimethyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-,(15-CIS)- (4,87%) y dihydro-cis-alfa-copaene-8-ol (4,13%). La evaluación de la actividad antioxidante se realizó aplicando los métodos de 2,2–difenil-1-picrilhidracilo (DPPH) y del radical ácido 2,2’-azino-bis-(3-etilbenzotiazolin-6-sulfónico) (ABTS—⁺), determinándose que el IC50 para los dos métodos fue > 200 µL/mL, utilizando como referente de captación para ambos trolox®, que presentó IC50 3,8 µg/mL). La determinación de la actividad antibacteriana se efectuó por el método de difusión en agar, donde el aceite de tara en concentraciones de 100, 50 y 25%, formó halos de inhibición de 21, 18 y 16 mm, respectivamente, frente a Streptococcus mutans, siendo el control negativo etanol 96° y el control positivo ciprofloxacino, que presentó un halo de 25 mm. Se concluyó que la composición química del aceite esencial obtenido de Caesalpinia spinosa presenta actividad antioxidante, aunque no es significativa en comparación con el compuesto de referencia trolox®, mientras que su actividad antibacteriana en las concentraciones utilizadas tuvo resultados significativos.Was determinated chemical composition of essential oil from Caesalpinia spinosa, obtained by stripping with steam method, with a yield of 0,125% v/w, as well as its antioxidant capacity and antibacterial effect against Streptococcus mutans ATCC 35668. To identify chemical constituents were employed Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS), finding 23 compounds, being in greater quantity: pelargonaldehído (11,21%); dihydro-neoclovene-(i) (5,51%); naphthalene,1,2,3,5,6,8a-hexahydro-4,7-dimethyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-,(15-CIS)- (4,87%) y dihydro-cis-alfa-copaene-8-ol (4,13%). Evaluation of antioxidant activity was performed using the methods of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and acid radical 2,2'-azino-bis- (3-etilbenzotiazolin-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS—⁺), determining that IC50 to both methods was > 200 µL/mL, using as captation reference trolox®, which had IC50 3,8 µg/mL. The determination of antibacterial effect was made by agar diffusion method, where 100, 50 and 25% tara oil concentrations, produced inhibition halos of 21, 18 and 16 mm, respectively, against Streptococcus mutans, being negative control ethanol 96º and positive control ciprofloxacin, which presented a halo of 25 mm. Were concluded that the chemical composition of the essential oil obtained from Caesalpinia spinosa has antioxidant activity, although is not significant compared to the reference compound Trolox®, while its antibacterial activity at used concentrations had significant results

Age, successive waves, immunization, and mortality in elderly COVID-19 hematological patients: EPICOVIDEHA findings

Objectives: Elderly patients with hematologic malignancies face the highest risk of severe COVID-19 outcomes. The infection's impact on different age groups remains unstudied in detail. Methods: We analyzed elderly patients (age groups: 65-70, 71-75, 76-80, and >80 years old) with hematologic malignancies included in the EPICOVIDEHA registry between January 2020 and July 2022. Univariable and multivariable Cox regression models were conducted to identify factors influencing death in COVID-19 patients with hematological malignancy. Results: The study included data from 3,603 elderly patients (aged 65 or older) with hematological malignancy, with a majority being male (58.1%) and a significant proportion having comorbidities. The patients were divided into four age groups, and the analysis assessed COVID-19 outcomes, vaccination status, and other variables in relation to age and pandemic waves. The 90-day survival rate for patients with COVID-19 was 71.2%, with significant differences between groups. The pandemic waves had varying impacts, with the first wave affecting patients over 80 years old, the second being more severe in 65-70, and the third being the least severe in all age groups. Factors contributing to 90-day mortality included age, comorbidities, lymphopenia, active malignancy, acute leukemia, less than three vaccine doses, severe COVID-19, and using only corticosteroids as treatment. Conclusion: These data underscore the heterogeneity of elderly hematological patients, highlight the different impacts of COVID-19 waves and the pivotal importance of vaccination, and may help in planning future healthcare efforts

Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents’ growth and development

Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified