Museo itinerante de ciencia y tecnología

74 páginas. Especialización en Diseño.El CONACYT, como parte de sus actividades de difusión y promoción de la ciencia y la tecnología en México, requiere de un “camión de ciencia y tecnología”, el cual llegue a las diversas poblaciones de la república mexicana con un grupo de experimentos y demostraciones acerca de lo que es la ciencia y la tecnología. Bajo esta premisa se realizaron una serie de actividades de precisión del tema para concluir en que el proyecto se denominaría “Museo itinerante de Ciencia y Tecnología”. El documento que aquí presentamos expone en tres capítulos el desarrollo a partir de la recopilación y análisis de la información, pasando por la síntesis y generación de conceptos del museo itinerante, y llegando a generar el concepto del embalaje FLEX, un embalaje especializado para el transporte de los experimentos a exhibir. En el cuarto capítulo se presenta la memoria descriptiva y los planos técnicos tanto del museo itinerante como del embalaje FLEX. Y finalizamos con la presentación de las conclusiones.Consejo Mexiquense de Ciencia y Tecnología (México)

Distribución espacial y hábitos de nidificación de nannotrigona mellaria (APIDAE: MELIPONINI) en una localidad de Cali (Colombia)

ABSTRACT. Meliponini bees are important pollinators in naturalhabitats and their distribution may be affected differently by humans, the buildings causing changes in micro-climate and vegetation structure and composition, which may affects stingless bee communities. However, there is much to know about their behavior in these conditions. The aim of this study was to describe nesting habits of Nannotrigona mellaria at an urban environment. Sampling was conducted at the Universidad del Valle, Melendez campus, the nest location and number of colonies per site, were recorded and mapped using the program DIVA-GIS. The nest distribution was analyzed with a non-spatial analysis performed by adjusting the data to the negative binomial distribution with a Chi2 test. Additionally, Spatial Analysis by Distance Indices (SADIE) was performed. We found 242 nest, of which 130 were on Pithecellobium dulce (Fabaceae: Faboideae), and 91 where found in buildings. Analyses suggested that Nannotrigona mellaria nests have an aggregated distribution at the Universidad del Valle, this probably due to factors such as the location and abundance of resources, usable spaces for nesting and limitations as to the maximum flight because the size of the bees. In addition, P. dulce was mainly used to establish colonies, however, it is clear that buildings are an important space resource for this species and provide the necessary conditions for the establishment of colonies in an  urban habitat.RESUMEN. Las abejas Meliponini, son importantes polinizadoresy su distribución puede verse afectada de diferentes maneras ante la presencia humana; las urbanizaciones causan cambios al microclima y la estructura y composición de la vegetación, lo que influye sobre sus comunidades. Sin embargo, es mucho lo que se desconoce de su comportamiento en ambientes urbanos. El objetivo del presente estudio fue conocer los hábitos de nidificación de Nannotrigona mellaria en un ambiente urbano. Se realizó un muestreo en el campus Meléndez de la Universidad del Valle, registrando los nidos y el número de colonias por sitio, con lo que se construyó un mapa de distribución usando el programa DIVA-GIS. Para evaluar la distribución de los nidos se realizó un análisis no espacial de bondad de ajuste a la distribución binomial negativa con una prueba de Chi2. Adicionalmente, se realizó un Análisis Espacial por Índices de Distancia SADIE. Se localizaron un total de 242 nidos, de los cuales 130 se encontraron en Pithecellobium dulce (Fabaceae: Faboideae), seguido por los nidos en edificaciones con 91. Los análisis indicaron que los nidos presentan una distrbuciónespacial agregada en el campus de la Universidad del Valle, lo anterior se debe probablemente a diversos factores como la localización y abundancia de recursos, los espacios aprovechables para la nidificación (troncos huecos o grietas en edificaciones) y las limitaciones en cuanto a la capacidad máxima de vuelo debido a su tamaño. A pesar de la preferencia por nidificar en P. dulce, las edificaciones son importantes para esta especie y brindan condiciones necesarias para el establecimiento de las colonias en ambientes urbanos.

Planeamiento estratégico del sector minero metálico

En el presente documento, se elabora el Planeamiento Estratégico del Sector Minero Metálico. Para ello, se ha analizado varios aspectos: (a) la situación actual, (b) los factores externos e internos, (c) las oportunidades, amenazas, fortalezas y debilidades del sector en conjunto con los indicadores macroeconómicos, y (d) la calificación riesgo país. Adicionalmente, se ha considerado la demanda mundial de minerales. Asimismo, mediante el proceso secuencial del planeamiento estratégico, se elaboraron diferentes matrices. Estas permitieron establecer las estrategias principales que se deben implementar para alcanzar los objetivos de largo plazo y sus correspondientes objetivos de corto plazo. La finalidad consiste en concretar la visión propuesta para el 2030: convertir al sector en el segundo exportador de minerales de las Américas; generar la admiración de todos los peruanos, por ser socialmente responsable y amigable con el medioambiente, y por su contribución al desarrollo socioeconómico del país. En lo que concierne al análisis externo, se identificó que el Perú dispone de un alto potencial para la inversión en este sector, debido a cuatro factores: (a) gran cantidad de reservas minerales, (b) medidas de protección al inversionista, (c) estabilidad macroeconómica y (d) bajos costos de la energía. Sin embargo, el análisis interno reveló que el sector necesita fortalecerse más, mediante las siguientes acciones: (a) la búsqueda de posicionamiento en las exportaciones, (b) la mejora de sus relaciones con las comunidades aledañas y (c) la implementación de estrategias para la solución de conflictos. Por otro lado, la presencia de la minería informal e ilegal impacta negativamente en la buena imagen y en el desarrollo del sector, para lo cual se propone estrategias que se debe ejecutar.The Strategic Planning of the Mining Metal Sector is elaborated herein. For that purpose, several aspects have been analyzed: (a) the current situation, (b) the external and internal factors, (c) the opportunities, the threats, the strengths and the weaknesses of the sector together with the macroeconomic indicators, and (d) the country risk level. Additionally, the global demand of minerals has been taken into account. Likewise, by means of the sequential process of the strategic planning, different matrixes were elaborated. They allowed establishing the main strategies in order to reach long-term objectives and their corresponding short-term objectives. The purpose is to materialize the vision proposed for 2030: to make of this sector, the second exporter of minerals of the Americas; to promote the appreciation of all Peruvians by being socially responsible and friendly with the environment, and for its contribution to the social and economic development of the country. In regards to the external analysis, it provided evidence of its identity that Peru has a high potential for the investment in this sector, due to four factors: (a) a great amount of mineral supplies, (b) the protection measures for the investor, (c) the macroeconomic stability and (d) low energy costs. However, the internal analysis shows that the sector needs to get even stronger by means of the following actions: (a) to position the exports better, (b) to improve its relations with the bordering communities and (c) to implement strategies for conflict resolution. In addition, the presence of informal and illegal mining cause negative impacts to the good image and the development of the sector; therefore, the strategies to be executed are suggested.Tesi

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Las redes como dispositivos para la gestión educativa en Iberoamérica

La presente aportación se focaliza en cómo el trabajo en red puede ayudar a mejorar la organización y gestión de los centros educativos. Presenta referentes normativos pero también identifica redes centradas en la gestión y pone ejemplos de alguna de ellas. Recoge las aportaciones de 36 especialistas, que han elaborado los informes de 11 países iberoamericanos

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

Production of He-4 and (4) in Pb-Pb collisions at root(NN)-N-S=2.76 TeV at the LHC

Results on the production of He-4 and (4) nuclei in Pb-Pb collisions at root(NN)-N-S = 2.76 TeV in the rapidity range vertical bar y vertical bar <1, using the ALICE detector, are presented in this paper. The rapidity densities corresponding to 0-10% central events are found to be dN/dy4(He) = (0.8 +/- 0.4 (stat) +/- 0.3 (syst)) x 10(-6) and dN/dy4 = (1.1 +/- 0.4 (stat) +/- 0.2 (syst)) x 10(-6), respectively. This is in agreement with the statistical thermal model expectation assuming the same chemical freeze-out temperature (T-chem = 156 MeV) as for light hadrons. The measured ratio of (4)/He-4 is 1.4 +/- 0.8 (stat) +/- 0.5 (syst). (C) 2018 Published by Elsevier B.V.Peer reviewe

Impact of COVID-19 on cardiovascular testing in the United States versus the rest of the world

Objectives: This study sought to quantify and compare the decline in volumes of cardiovascular procedures between the United States and non-US institutions during the early phase of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the care of many non-COVID-19 illnesses. Reductions in diagnostic cardiovascular testing around the world have led to concerns over the implications of reduced testing for cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Methods: Data were submitted to the INCAPS-COVID (International Atomic Energy Agency Non-Invasive Cardiology Protocols Study of COVID-19), a multinational registry comprising 909 institutions in 108 countries (including 155 facilities in 40 U.S. states), assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on volumes of diagnostic cardiovascular procedures. Data were obtained for April 2020 and compared with volumes of baseline procedures from March 2019. We compared laboratory characteristics, practices, and procedure volumes between U.S. and non-U.S. facilities and between U.S. geographic regions and identified factors associated with volume reduction in the United States. Results: Reductions in the volumes of procedures in the United States were similar to those in non-U.S. facilities (68% vs. 63%, respectively; p = 0.237), although U.S. facilities reported greater reductions in invasive coronary angiography (69% vs. 53%, respectively; p < 0.001). Significantly more U.S. facilities reported increased use of telehealth and patient screening measures than non-U.S. facilities, such as temperature checks, symptom screenings, and COVID-19 testing. Reductions in volumes of procedures differed between U.S. regions, with larger declines observed in the Northeast (76%) and Midwest (74%) than in the South (62%) and West (44%). Prevalence of COVID-19, staff redeployments, outpatient centers, and urban centers were associated with greater reductions in volume in U.S. facilities in a multivariable analysis. Conclusions: We observed marked reductions in U.S. cardiovascular testing in the early phase of the pandemic and significant variability between U.S. regions. The association between reductions of volumes and COVID-19 prevalence in the United States highlighted the need for proactive efforts to maintain access to cardiovascular testing in areas most affected by outbreaks of COVID-19 infection

La convivencia en los centros educativos de educación básica en Iberoamérica

La presente aportación recoge la visión de 46 especialistas de quince países iberoamericanos sobre las formas de entender y promover la convivencia escolar en los centros educativos de los distintos países. Sus aportaciones son un conjunto de descripciones, experiencias y valoraciones significativas y en relación al contexto considerado. Las aportaciones no buscan tanto radiografiar la temática a nivel teórico como presentar lo más significativo de cada realidad y las propuestas que, al respecto, se realizan. La orientación es claramente organizativa, si consideramos que una parte común de todas las aportaciones tiene que ver con las políticas de convivencia escolar, programas aplicados, aspectos organizativos a nivel de institución, experiencias significativas y retos para la mejora. Se cubre así y de nuevo un propósito fundamental de la Red AGE, como es el de fomentar el intercambio de experiencias, la promoción del conocimiento sobre administración y gestión educativa y la reflexión sobre la práctica de la gestión. La finalidad última es la de mejorar el funcionamiento de los centros educativos (y, a través de ellos, de los sistemas educativos), procurando sean de calidad y un instrumento para el cambio profesional y social