La ceinture fléchée au carrefour des convoitises des communautés canadiennes-françaises, amérindiennes et métisses du Canada

The historical and current uses of the arrowhead sash and the debate surrounding its origins show that it has been prized by many different groups in Canada. Historically French Canadians, aboriginal peoples, and Métis have claimed the sash as theirs and used it to indicate social standing, particularly in the context of the fur trade. Today, it is part of the cultural legacy of each of these communities. Research into material culture has long maintained that we can understand the significance that groups attach to an object simply by tracing its history. This article takes a different approach by exploring the idea that we can understand the significance specific groups attach to certain objects by studying thet inherent physical characteristics, as indicated by the history of the arrowhead sash. Résumé Depuis le débat sur ses origines jusque dans son utilisation historique et actuelle, la ceinture fléchée a été valorisée par plusieurs communautés différentes. Historiquement, elle a été revendiquée par les Canadiens fiançais, les Autochtones etlesMétis du Canada, qui s'en sont d'abord servi comme marqueur de prestige social, notamment dans le cadre de la traite des fourrures. De nos jours, elle est devenue un objet emblématique du patrimoine respectif de ces communautés. Les recherches en culture matérielle ont longtemps considéré que le repérage du parcours historique d'un objet permettait à lui seul d'étudier le sens qui était donné à l'objet par les collectivités en contact avec lui. Cet article se démarque en explorant la thèse selon laquelle le sens attribué à certains objets par des collectivités peut aussi être appréhendé par l'analyse de leurs caractéristiques matérielles inhérentes, ainsi que l'indique le parcours de la ceinture fléchée

Ni tout l'un, ni tout l'autre : rencontres, métissages et ethnogenèse au Saguenay - Lac-Saint-Jean aux 16e et 17e siècles

La présente thèse s’inscrit dans le mouvement de recherche en ethnogenèse métisse qui se déploie ces dernières années dans les milieux universitaires en sciences humaines et sociales au Canada et – dans une moindre mesure - aux États-Unis. Ce mouvement a pour objectif d’expliquer le processus par lequel de nouvelles communautés de Métis ont émergé au fil de l’histoire alors que colons et autochtones sont entrés en contact en sol nord-américain. Le cheminement proposé par cette étude consiste à utiliser les différents outils conceptuels et méthodologiques propres à ce mouvement de recherche et à les adapter à un contexte historique nouveau, en l’occurrence l’histoire du Saguenay – Lac-Saint-Jean durant les 16e et 17e siècles. Le choix de ce cadre spatio-temporel trouve son intérêt dans le fait qu’il a constitué le théâtre de rencontres régulières et prolongées entre colons et autochtones, ces deux groupes s’étant engagés dans de profonds processus de métissage entre eux –autant au niveau culturel que généalogique- pendant plusieurs générations. L’étude explore ainsi ces processus depuis l’époque des premières visites des marins européens sur le littoral du fleuve Saint-Laurent jusqu’à celle où les habitants de la colonie instaurent un réseau de postes de traite qui s’enfonce dans le territoire forestier. Elle n’est ni une histoire de la population amérindienne, ni une histoire de la population coloniale présente dans la région : elle prend pour objet central le métissage s’étant opéré entre ces deux groupes ainsi que ses résultantes identitaires durant les deux premiers siècles de leurs rencontres. Plus qu’une simple étude de cas régionale, la présente thèse s’intéresse au fonctionnement même des processus d’ethnogenèse métisse et aux facteurs contextuels fondamentaux qui induisent ou inhibent ces phénomènes identitaires. Elle se conclut sur une série de constats qui permettent de comprendre et d’expliquer pourquoi, dans certaines conditions, il peut y avoir absence d’ethnogenèse d’une nouvelle communauté métisse dans un contexte où il y a pourtant de profonds mécanismes de métissages entre deux groupes sur une période historique prolongée. Comprendre pourquoi une ethnogenèse métisse ne s’enclenche pas apparait aussi important que de comprendre pourquoi elle s’enclenche.This thesis is linked to the actual research movement on Métis ethnogenesis, which is getting in vogue since few years in the faculties of Social Sciences and Humanities of many universities in Canada and – to a lesser scale – United States. The aim of this research movement is to identify the process by which Métis communities (resulting from the contacts between European settlers and Aboriginal peoples) came into being during the North American history. This thesis uses the conceptual and methodological tools of this research movement and adapts them to a new historical context, that is to say the Saguenay – Lac-Saint-Jean region during the 16th and the 17th centuries. The choice of this spatio-temporal frame is based on the fact that it has been the scene of regular and prolonged meetings between Europeans settlers and Aboriginal peoples. For generations in that historical context, these two populations have been engaged into a profound process of intermixing (or métissage) at both genealogical and cultural levels. This work exposes what this process was, from its beginning when the first European sailors came on the banks of the Saint-Lawrence up to the time where the inhabitants of the French colony started to establish a fur trade posts network in the forest of the region. It is neither a history of the aboriginal peoples of the Saguenay – Lac-Saint-Jean region, nor a history of its settlers: it takes as its main object the intermixing process of these two populations and its result within the two first centuries of their encounters. More than just a case study, this thesis analyses the very fundamental mechanisms by which ethnogenesis processes work, and identify some of the contextual factors that induce and inhibit these phenomena. Its ultimate achievement is to suggest researchers tools that are intended to help explaining why, in certain historical contexts, there can be no ethnogenesis process even though there is a lot of métissage between two cultural groups for a long period of time. At the end of this thesis, to understand why an ethnogenesis process doesn’t occur appears as important as to understand why it does

Globally invariant metabolism but density-diversity mismatch in springtails.

Soil life supports the functioning and biodiversity of terrestrial ecosystems. Springtails (Collembola) are among the most abundant soil arthropods regulating soil fertility and flow of energy through above- and belowground food webs. However, the global distribution of springtail diversity and density, and how these relate to energy fluxes remains unknown. Here, using a global dataset representing 2470 sites, we estimate the total soil springtail biomass at 27.5 megatons carbon, which is threefold higher than wild terrestrial vertebrates, and record peak densities up to 2 million individuals per square meter in the tundra. Despite a 20-fold biomass difference between the tundra and the tropics, springtail energy use (community metabolism) remains similar across the latitudinal gradient, owing to the changes in temperature with latitude. Neither springtail density nor community metabolism is predicted by local species richness, which is high in the tropics, but comparably high in some temperate forests and even tundra. Changes in springtail activity may emerge from latitudinal gradients in temperature, predation and resource limitation in soil communities. Contrasting relationships of biomass, diversity and activity of springtail communities with temperature suggest that climate warming will alter fundamental soil biodiversity metrics in different directions, potentially restructuring terrestrial food webs and affecting soil functioning

Global fine-resolution data on springtail abundance and community structure

Springtails (Collembola) inhabit soils from the Arctic to the Antarctic and comprise an estimated ~32% of all terrestrial arthropods on Earth. Here, we present a global, spatially-explicit database on springtail communities that includes 249,912 occurrences from 44,999 samples and 2,990 sites. These data are mainly raw sample-level records at the species level collected predominantly from private archives of the authors that were quality-controlled and taxonomically-standardised. Despite covering all continents, most of the sample-level data come from the European continent (82.5% of all samples) and represent four habitats: woodlands (57.4%), grasslands (14.0%), agrosystems (13.7%) and scrublands (9.0%). We included sampling by soil layers, and across seasons and years, representing temporal and spatial within-site variation in springtail communities. We also provided data use and sharing guidelines and R code to facilitate the use of the database by other researchers. This data paper describes a static version of the database at the publication date, but the database will be further expanded to include underrepresented regions and linked with trait data.</p

Search for dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks in √s = 13 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

A search for weakly interacting massive particle dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks is presented. Final states containing third-generation quarks and miss- ing transverse momentum are considered. The analysis uses 36.1 fb−1 of proton–proton collision data recorded by the ATLAS experiment at √s = 13 TeV in 2015 and 2016. No significant excess of events above the estimated backgrounds is observed. The results are in- terpreted in the framework of simplified models of spin-0 dark-matter mediators. For colour- neutral spin-0 mediators produced in association with top quarks and decaying into a pair of dark-matter particles, mediator masses below 50 GeV are excluded assuming a dark-matter candidate mass of 1 GeV and unitary couplings. For scalar and pseudoscalar mediators produced in association with bottom quarks, the search sets limits on the production cross- section of 300 times the predicted rate for mediators with masses between 10 and 50 GeV and assuming a dark-matter mass of 1 GeV and unitary coupling. Constraints on colour- charged scalar simplified models are also presented. Assuming a dark-matter particle mass of 35 GeV, mediator particles with mass below 1.1 TeV are excluded for couplings yielding a dark-matter relic density consistent with measurements

New genetic loci link adipose and insulin biology to body fat distribution.

Body fat distribution is a heritable trait and a well-established predictor of adverse metabolic outcomes, independent of overall adiposity. To increase our understanding of the genetic basis of body fat distribution and its molecular links to cardiometabolic traits, here we conduct genome-wide association meta-analyses of traits related to waist and hip circumferences in up to 224,459 individuals. We identify 49 loci (33 new) associated with waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for body mass index (BMI), and an additional 19 loci newly associated with related waist and hip circumference measures (P < 5 × 10(-8)). In total, 20 of the 49 waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for BMI loci show significant sexual dimorphism, 19 of which display a stronger effect in women. The identified loci were enriched for genes expressed in adipose tissue and for putative regulatory elements in adipocytes. Pathway analyses implicated adipogenesis, angiogenesis, transcriptional regulation and insulin resistance as processes affecting fat distribution, providing insight into potential pathophysiological mechanisms

Global fine-resolution data on springtail abundance and community structure

CODE AVAILABILITY : Programming R code is openly available together with the database from Figshare.SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL 1 : Template for data collectionSUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL 2 : Data Descriptor WorksheetSpringtails (Collembola) inhabit soils from the Arctic to the Antarctic and comprise an estimated ~32% of all terrestrial arthropods on Earth. Here, we present a global, spatially-explicit database on springtail communities that includes 249,912 occurrences from 44,999 samples and 2,990 sites. These data are mainly raw sample-level records at the species level collected predominantly from private archives of the authors that were quality-controlled and taxonomically-standardised. Despite covering all continents, most of the sample-level data come from the European continent (82.5% of all samples) and represent four habitats: woodlands (57.4%), grasslands (14.0%), agrosystems (13.7%) and scrublands (9.0%). We included sampling by soil layers, and across seasons and years, representing temporal and spatial within-site variation in springtail communities. We also provided data use and sharing guidelines and R code to facilitate the use of the database by other researchers. This data paper describes a static version of the database at the publication date, but the database will be further expanded to include underrepresented regions and linked with trait data.Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.http://www.nature.com/sdatahj2024Plant Production and Soil ScienceSDG-15:Life on lan