Produção do girassol e teor de óleo nos aquênios em função da temperatura do ar, precipitação pluvial e radiação solar Yield of sunflower and oil seed content as a function of air temperature, rainfall and solar radiation

O presente estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da temperatura do ar, precipitação pluvial e radiação solar, ocorridos em cada fase fenológica da cultura do girassol, na produção de aquênios, no teor de óleo dos aquênios e na produção de óleo do girassol. Foram conduzidos dez experimentos em intervalos de 20 dias, com início em 30/07/2007 e término em 28/01/2008. Cada experimento constituiu uma época de semeadura. Para verificar a normalidade dos erros e homogeneidade das variâncias, inicialmente, realizou-se uma análise individual por experimento para, em seguida, realizar análise conjunta. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso com quatro tratamentos (cultivares) e quatro repetições, em cada época de semeadura. Houve interação entre épocas de semeadura e cultivares para todas as variáveis estudadas. Foram feitas análises de correlação entre as variáveis meteorológicas e as de produção do girassol. A produção de aquênios, teor de óleo e produção de óleo nas cultivares de girassol foram mais elevados quando ocorreram temperaturas mais baixas na fase vegetativa, maiores precipitações pluviais na floração e maiores índices de radiação solar na fase vegetativa e de enchimento de aquênios.<br>The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of air temperature, rainfall and solar radiation occurring during each phonological phase of the sunflower crop, on yield of achenes, on oil content of achenes and on oil yield in sunflower. Ten experiments were carried out at Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil, with intervals of 20 days, beginning on July 30, 2007 and finishing on January 28, 2008. Each sowing time constituted an experiment. The experiments were arranged in a randomized complete block design, with four treatments (cultivars) and four replicates. It was performed the analysis of variance of each experiment separately and, after that, the joint analysis of all experiments. There was interaction between sowing date and cultivars for all the studied variables. Correlation analysis between meteorological and yield variables of sunflower were performed. The achene yield, oil content and oil yield in sunflower cultivars were higher when there were lower temperatures in the vegetative phase, higher rainfall at flowering and higher levels of radiation in the vegetative and filling of achenes phase

Produção do girassol e teor de óleo nas sementes em diferentes épocas de semeadura no Centro-Sul do Paran�� Sunflower yield and oil seed content at different sowing dates in the southern central region of Paraná state

O presente estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de dez épocas de semeadura na produção de aquênios, no teor de óleo dos aquênios e, como consequência, na produção de óleo em quatro cultivares de girassol em Ponta Grossa, PR. Dessa forma, foram conduzidos dez experimentos em intervalos de 20 dias, com início em 30/07/2007 e término em 28/01/2008. Cada experimento constituía uma época de semeadura e, para verificar a normalidade dos erros e homogeneidade das variâncias, inicialmente, realizou-se uma análise individual por experimento para, em seguida, realizar análise conjunta. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso com quatro tratamentos e quatro repetições, em cada época de semeadura. Entre épocas de semeadura e cultivares, houve interação para todas as variáveis estudadas, sendo que as maiores produções de aquênios e de óleo ocorreram nas semeaduras do final de julho, mês de agosto e de setembro. O teor de óleo dos aquênios foi maior nas primeiras épocas de semeadura, diminuindo nas épocas mais tardias, enquanto as maiores produções de aquênios foram obtidas com as cultivares 'M734' e 'Aguará 4'.The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of ten sowing date on achenes yield, on achenes oil content s and, as a consequence, on oil yield in four cultivars of sunflower. Ten experiments were carried out at Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil, with intervals of 20 days, beginning on July 30, 2007 and finishing on January 28, 2008. Each sowing time constituted an experiment. The experiments were arranged in a randomized complete block design, with four treatments (cultivars) and four replicates. It was performed the analysis of variance of each experiment separately and, after that, the joint analysis of all experiments. There was interaction between sowing date and cultivars for all the studied variables. The highest achenes yield s and oil occurred at the end of July, in August and in September. The achenes oil content was higher in the earlier sowing dates, decreasing in the later sowing dates. The cultivars 'M734' and 'Aguará 4' had the highest achenes yield

Candida bloodstream infections in intensive care units: analysis of the extended prevalence of infection in intensive care unit study

Item does not contain fulltextOBJECTIVES: To provide a global, up-to-date picture of the prevalence, treatment, and outcomes of Candida bloodstream infections in intensive care unit patients and compare Candida with bacterial bloodstream infection. DESIGN: A retrospective analysis of the Extended Prevalence of Infection in the ICU Study (EPIC II). Demographic, physiological, infection-related and therapeutic data were collected. Patients were grouped as having Candida, Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and combined Candida/bacterial bloodstream infection. Outcome data were assessed at intensive care unit and hospital discharge. SETTING: EPIC II included 1265 intensive care units in 76 countries. PATIENTS: Patients in participating intensive care units on study day. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENT AND MAIN RESULTS: Of the 14,414 patients in EPIC II, 99 patients had Candida bloodstream infections for a prevalence of 6.9 per 1000 patients. Sixty-one patients had candidemia alone and 38 patients had combined bloodstream infections. Candida albicans (n = 70) was the predominant species. Primary therapy included monotherapy with fluconazole (n = 39), caspofungin (n = 16), and a polyene-based product (n = 12). Combination therapy was infrequently used (n = 10). Compared with patients with Gram-positive (n = 420) and Gram-negative (n = 264) bloodstream infections, patients with candidemia were more likely to have solid tumors (p < .05) and appeared to have been in an intensive care unit longer (14 days [range, 5-25 days], 8 days [range, 3-20 days], and 10 days [range, 2-23 days], respectively), but this difference was not statistically significant. Severity of illness and organ dysfunction scores were similar between groups. Patients with Candida bloodstream infections, compared with patients with Gram-positive and Gram-negative bloodstream infections, had the greatest crude intensive care unit mortality rates (42.6%, 25.3%, and 29.1%, respectively) and longer intensive care unit lengths of stay (median [interquartile range]) (33 days [18-44], 20 days [9-43], and 21 days [8-46], respectively); however, these differences were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Candidemia remains a significant problem in intensive care units patients. In the EPIC II population, Candida albicans was the most common organism and fluconazole remained the predominant antifungal agent used. Candida bloodstream infections are associated with high intensive care unit and hospital mortality rates and resource use

Candida bloodstream infections in intensive care units: analysis of the extended prevalence of infection in intensive care unit study

To provide a global, up-to-date picture of the prevalence, treatment, and outcomes of Candida bloodstream infections in intensive care unit patients and compare Candida with bacterial bloodstream infection. DESIGN: A retrospective analysis of the Extended Prevalence of Infection in the ICU Study (EPIC II). Demographic, physiological, infection-related and therapeutic data were collected. Patients were grouped as having Candida, Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and combined Candida/bacterial bloodstream infection. Outcome data were assessed at intensive care unit and hospital discharge. SETTING: EPIC II included 1265 intensive care units in 76 countries. PATIENTS: Patients in participating intensive care units on study day. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENT AND MAIN RESULTS: Of the 14,414 patients in EPIC II, 99 patients had Candida bloodstream infections for a prevalence of 6.9 per 1000 patients. Sixty-one patients had candidemia alone and 38 patients had combined bloodstream infections. Candida albicans (n = 70) was the predominant species. Primary therapy included monotherapy with fluconazole (n = 39), caspofungin (n = 16), and a polyene-based product (n = 12). Combination therapy was infrequently used (n = 10). Compared with patients with Gram-positive (n = 420) and Gram-negative (n = 264) bloodstream infections, patients with candidemia were more likely to have solid tumors (p < .05) and appeared to have been in an intensive care unit longer (14 days [range, 5-25 days], 8 days [range, 3-20 days], and 10 days [range, 2-23 days], respectively), but this difference was not statistically significant. Severity of illness and organ dysfunction scores were similar between groups. Patients with Candida bloodstream infections, compared with patients with Gram-positive and Gram-negative bloodstream infections, had the greatest crude intensive care unit mortality rates (42.6%, 25.3%, and 29.1%, respectively) and longer intensive care unit lengths of stay (median [interquartile range]) (33 days [18-44], 20 days [9-43], and 21 days [8-46], respectively); however, these differences were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Candidemia remains a significant problem in intensive care units patients. In the EPIC II population, Candida albicans was the most common organism and fluconazole remained the predominant antifungal agent used. Candida bloodstream infections are associated with high intensive care unit and hospital mortality rates and resource use

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)

International audienceIn 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field