57 research outputs found
Indoor visible light communication localization system utilizing received signal strength indication technique and trilateration method
- Publication venue
- 'SPIE-Intl Soc Optical Eng'
- Publication date
- 09/01/2018
- Field of study
Visible light communication (VLC) based on light-emitting diodes (LEDs) technology not only provides higher data rate for indoor wireless communications and offering room illumination but also has the potential for indoor localization. VLC-based indoor positioning using the received optical power levels from emitting LEDs is investigated. We consider both scenarios of line-of-sight (LOS) and LOS with non-LOS (LOSNLOS) positioning. The performance of the proposed system is evaluated under both noisy and noiseless channel as is the impact of different location codes on positioning error. The analytical model of the system with noise and the corresponding numerical evaluation for a range of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) are presented. The results show that an accuracy of 12 dB
Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis
- Author
- Aahlin Eirik Kjus
- Aamer Ahmed
- Aaniana Kenneth
- Ababneh Ali
- Abaliksta Tomas
- Abantanga Francis
- Abbas Athar
- Abbasy Jibran
- Abbo Olivier
- Abbott Tom
- Abbouch Meryem
- Abd El-Latif Nadia Khalid
- Abd Elkhalek Esraa
- Abd-Elmawla Manar
- Abdallah Emad
- Abdel-Aty Abdulrahman
- Abdel-Hameed Noran
- Abdel-Kader Sara Mahmoud
- Abdelaal Abdelaziz
- Abdelaty Mohamed
- Abdelazeam Anan Rady
- Abdelazim Galaleldin
- Abdelaziz Mohamed A.
- Abdelbadeai Kholoud
- Abdelfatah Afnan
- Abdelhady Samar
- Abdelhamed Rasha
- Abdelhamid Amina
- Abdelhaq Aram
- Abdelkader Mostafa
- Abdelkader Omar
- Abdelkhalek Mohamed
- Abdelmageed Eman
- Abdelmotaleb Ibrahem
- Abdelraouf Ahmed Mahmoud
- Abdelrouf Doaa Maher
- Abdelshakour Mahmoud
- Abdrabou Abdulshafi Khaled
- Abdul-Latif Saiba
- Abdulaziz Hager
- Abdulaziz Mustafa
- Abdulbagi Omar
- Abdulhakeem Eman Mahmoud
- Abdullah Mohamed Abozed
- Abdullah Nik Azim Nik
- Abdullah Noha
- Abdullahi Lawal
- Abdurrazzaaq Abdussemiu
- Abem Owusu Emmanuel
- Abiola Olajide
- Aboelella Majed
- Aboelmagd Omnia
- Aboelsoud Moustafa R.
- Aboul-Naga Mariam Saad
- Abouzaid Arwa
- Abu Qumbos Amjad
- Abu-toyour Maram
- Abubakr Marwan
- Abuowda Yousef
- Abuqwaider Eman
- Abusalem Lana
- Abushamleh Soha
- Ackom Eric
- Acquah Emmanuel
- Adam Ali
- Adam Nourhan
- Adamu Ahmed
- Adawi Ihdaa
- Adawi Mohammad
- Adebanjo Ademola
- Adebola Oluwaseyi
- Adedeji Adesina
- Adel Badr Eldin
- Adel Israa
- Adella Fidelis Jacklyn
- Adelshone Abdelrahman
- Ademuyiwa Adesoji
- Ademuyiwa Adesoji O.
- Ademuyiwa Adesoji O.
- Adenekan Babajide
- Adeniran James
- Adeniyi Adewale
- Adesanya Opeoluwa
- Adesina Alaba
- Adeyeye Ademola
- Adeyeye Ademola
- Adhitama Novia
- Adil Muhammad
- Adisa Adewale O.
- Adiyaman Can
- Adu-Aryee Niiarmah
- Afana Samah
- Agalianos Christos
- Agarwal Arnav
- Agarwal Arnav
- Agbedinu Kwabena
- Aglan Amro
- Aguado Suarez Nuria
- Aguilera Maria Lorena
- Aguilera Maria Lorena
- Aguilera-Arevalo Maria-Lorena
- Ahlonsou Germain
- Ahlqvist Sandra
- Ahlqvist Sandra
- Ahmed Asdaq
- Ahmed Ataa
- Ahmed Hayam
- Ahmed Hussien
- Ahmed Lopna Ahmed Mohamed
- Ahmed Sara
- Ahmed Saraibrahim
- Ahounou Ernest Yemalin Stephane
- Ajah Jonathan
- Ajai Olalekan
- Ajao Akinlabi
- Ajiboye Anthony
- Akoto Elliot
- Akpenyi Onyinye
- Al Amin Shadid
- Al Attar Samaa Mahmoud
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- Al Bastawis Fatema
- Al Meligy Amgad
- Al Rafati Ahmad Abdel Razaq
- Al Raouf Eman Abd
- Al Saied Ghiath
- Al Subaie Norah
- Al-Bahrani Ahmed
- Al-Buhaisi Alaa
- Al-Dakka Emad
- Al-faqawi Maha
- Al-farram Hadeel
- Al-khatib Ahmed
- Al-Marakby Dina
- Al-saqqa Sara
- Al-Saqqa Sara W.
- Al-Slaibi Ibrahim
- Al-taher Taher
- AlaaelDein Shahinaz
- Alada Muslimat
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- Alaloul Enas
- Alamin Shadid
- Alamoudi Mohammed
- Albiety Adel
- Alcca Ticona Willy
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- Alexander Philip
- Alexander Philip
- Alexandre Challine
- Alghamdi Ahmed
- Alghamdi Mohammed Saleh A.
- Alhady Khaled
- Alhammali Tariq
- Alhassan Basmah
- Alhazmi Wedyan
- Alherz Mohammad
- Ali Ahmed
- Ali Citra Dewi Mohd
- Ali Elsayed
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- Ingabire J. C. Allen
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- Ismail Lawani
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- Jaich Robert
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- Kamarulzamil Siti Nur Alia
- Kamya Sylvia
- Kanani Arezo
- Kandil Ahmedali M.
- Kandil Hend
- Kanta Tasnia Hamid
- Karabelias Georgios
- Karabulut Kagan
- Karahan Servet Rustu
- Karandikar Sharad
- Kariem Nazmie
- Karim Rezaul
- Karim Sabbir
- Karismaningtyas Herlin
- Karjiker Parveen
- Karkeet Mohamed
- Karlo Robert
- Kaselis Nerijus
- Kasem Esraa Abdalmageed
- Kasputyte Simona
- Kaul Anil
- Kedar Asaf
- Keke Kpemahouton Rene
- Kelany Mohamed
- Keogh Kenneth
- Kershaw Suzanne
- Khafagy Toqa
- Khalifah Eyad
- Khallaf Salwa
- Khamajeet Arvin
- Khan Maryam Ali
- Khan Roaa
- Khan Zain Ali
- Khatri Chetan
- Khoja Ahmad
- Khokha Dzianis
- Khokha Vladimir
- Khosla Shivun
- Khreishi Reem
- Khreishi Rose
- Khulu Lawrence Bongani
- Kidd Thomas
- Kinandu Kamau
- King Sebastian
- Kiran Ravi P.
- Kirby Andrew
- Kiudelis Mindaugas
- Klappenbach Roberto
- Knight Stephen
- Koay Kean Leong
- Kobal Berna Buse
- Koh Pei Ying
- Koh Sharon
- Kojo Anyomih Theophilus Teddy
- Kojo Anyomih Theophilus Teddy
- Kondrotas Paulius
- Kong Chia
- Kong Shu Ning
- Kong Victor
- Konstantina Kolonia
- Kordorwu Hope Edem Kofi
- Korkolis Dimitrios
- Kosai Nik Ritza
- Kose Emin
- Koskenvuo Laura
- Koto Modise Zacharia
- Kotobi Henri
- Kourdouli Amar
- Kourdouli Amar
- Kufeji Dorothy
- Kuliavas Justas
- Kumar Basant
- Kumar Basant
- Kumar Basant
- Kumar Sandip
- Kumar Sunil
- Kumar Sunil
- Kumwenda Dayson
- Kushwaha Sameer
- Kusi Kwasi
- Kutkevicius Juozas
- Kwakyeafriyie Prince
- Kwatiwani Chimwemwe
- Kwizera Sandrine
- Kwok Stephanie Hiu-wai
- Kyereh Martin
- Kyriazanos Ioannis
- Kyrou Georgios
- Kyziridis Dimitrios
- L'Heveder Ariadne
- La Brocca Antonella
- Ladukas Adomas
- Lagunavicius Karolis
- Lai Anthony Chuk-Him
- Lam Justin Chak Yiu
- Lam Wai Him
- Lanau Maria Isabel Villegas
- Lando Justus
- Landolfo Giovanni
- Lapitan Marie Carmela
- Larsen Johannes Wiik
- Lasek Anna
- Latif Aliang
- Laugzemys Erikas
- Laurie Kirsten
- Lauzikas Giedrius
- Law Jia Hao
- Lawal Abdulrazzaq
- Lawal Taiwo
- Lazzari Giovanni
- Lazzari Veronica
- Le Vu Thanh Hien
- Leanne Almanon Christel
- Lecompte Jean-Francois
- Lee Eu Xian
- Lee Felix
- Lee Kai Yin
- Lee Kathryn
- Lee Kuok Chung
- Lee Tien Seng Bryan
- Leone Nicoletta
- Leong Faith Qi Hui
- Leppaniemi Ari
- Leroux Julien
- Leung Ka Wai
- Leusink Astrid
- Li Ka Hin Gabriel
- Licari Leo
- Lieske Bettina
- Lieske Bettina
- Liew Ignatius
- Lilford Richard
- Lilford Richard
- Lim Hui
- Lim Jieqi
- Lim Shujing Jane
- Lim Shyang Yee
- Limoges Bernard
- Lipnickas Vytautas
- Litvin Andrey
- Liu Qinyang
- Liu Qinyang
- Ljuhar Damir
- lo Conte Annalisa
- loaloa Mohamed Reda
- Lokman Muhammad Amsyar Auni
- Longstaff Lydia
- Lopez Manuel
- Lopez Manuel
- Lorenzon Laura
- Low Xinwei
- Luc Alberto Realis
- Lucia Contreras-Vergara Ana
- Luck Joshua
- Luglio Gaetano
- Lund Jonathan
- Lytras Dimitrios
- Mabitsela Matlou Ernest
- Mabrouk Mohamed
- Macchitella Yuri
- Machain Vega Gustavo Miguel
- Maciejec Laura
- Madiba Thandinkosi
- Madkor Mona Hamdy
- Madrid Barrientos Linda Alvi
- Maffioli Anna
- Magdy Ahmed
- Magdy Eman
- Magdy Hesham
- Magdy Mohamed
- Magdy Salma
- Maghrabi Ashraf
- Magri Daniela
- Mahanty Silke
- Mahdi Shareef
- Maher Mahmoud Elkhadragy
- Mahmoud Basma
- Mahmoud Farah
- Mahmoud Hend
- Mahmoud Mohamed Ali
- Mahmoud Moustafa Ibrahim
- Mahmoud Sabry Mohy Eldeen
- Mahmoud Shady
- Maillot Betty
- Maimbo Mayaba
- Maimbo Mayaba
- Mairs Nora Grace
- Maison Kwame
- Maistry Niveshni
- Majauskyte Dovile
- Majbar Anass
- Majid Aminah Hanum Haji Abdul
- Majid Kiran
- Major Piotr
- Major Piotr
- Mak T. W. C.
- Makama Jerry
- Makupe Alex
- Malaga Barbara
- Malavenda Mariastella
- Mamdouh Rana
- Manatakis Dimitrios K.
- Manfreda Serena
- Mangiapane Mirko
- Mann Thomas
- Mano Maria Jesusa B.
- Manrique Sila George Christian
- Manriquez-Reyes Marisol
- Mansor Eman Yahya
- Mansour Salma
- Mansuri Anahita
- Mao Patrizio
- Maraie Noha
- Margaritis Michail
- Maria Garcia-Perez Jose
- Mariani Aurora
- Marret Jean-Baptiste
- Mas Robinson
- Mat Tuan Nur'Azmah Tuan
- Mata Lusi Padma Sulistianingsih
- Matheu Alejandro
- Mathew Susan Wndy
- Matos-Puig Roel
- Mattar Omar
- Matter Sara Mamdouh
- Mazelyte Ruta
- Mazrimas Povilas
- Mazzella Angela
- McGarvie Susan
- McIntosh Kirsten
- Mclean Kenneth
- Mehdi Aia
- Melo Cardozo Ramon Augusto
- Melo Renato
- Mendel Henry
- Mensah Ekow
- Meqbil Jehad
- Mericliler Meric
- Merlini David
- Mesbah Nourhan
- Migliore Marco
- Mihaljevic Andre L.
- Mihanovic Jakov
- Mikalauskas Saulius
- Mikuckyte Deimante
- Mingrone Pietro
- Minguez Garcia Javier
- Minocha Ashish
- Miranda Cesar
- Mircea Hogea
- Mironescu Aurel
- Mironescu Aurel
- Mironescu Aurel Sandu
- Mirza Shahrukh
- Mitroudi Magdalini
- Mitul Ashrarur Rahman
- Miyar de Leon Alberto
- Miyasato Hector Shibao
- Mizzi Christine
- Mizzi Sean
- Moaty Mohamed
- Mochet Sylvie
- Modolo Maria Marta
- Modolo Maria Marta
- Moe Thomas Tetens
- Moghazy Mahmoud Elsayed
- Mohamed Ahmed Rabie
- Mohamed Amna
- Mohamed Amna Mamdouh
- Mohamed Arwa
- Mohamed Bakeer
- Mohamed Fawzy
- Mohamed Mazed
- Mohamed Mohamed Abdelaty
- Mohamed Shaza Rabie
- Mohammad Aminu
- Mohammed Ahmed Rabeih
- Mohammed Amany Eldosouky
- Mohammed Hussein
- Mohammed Mustafa Mohammed
- Mohammed Sara
- Mohan Midhun
- Mok Yi Ting
- Monaghan Eimear
- Monrad-Hansen Peter Wiel
- Monteleone Michela
- Monterroso Cohen David
- Montes Irene
- Montrimaite Margarita
- Moodley Yoshan
- Moore Rachel
- Mora John Jemuel V.
- Morandi Eugenio
- Morgan Catrin
- Morshedy Eman Mohamed
- Morton Dion
- Mostafa Merna
- Mostafa Mohamed
- Moussa Omar
- Moustafa Ahmed
- Mowafy Bassant
- Mshelbwala Philip
- Msiska Nelson
- Msosa Vanessa
- Msosa Vanessa
- Muddebihal Uday
- Mueller Julia
- Mukin Annisa Dewi Fitriana
- Muktar Umar
- Mukuzunga Cornelius
- Muller Cecile
- Muntean Liviu
- Murray Alice
- Murutoglu Busra
- Musleh Aseel
- Musowoya Joseph
- Mussad Ali
- Mustafa Mousa
- Musyoka Caroluce K.
- Mutabazi Alphonse Zeta
- Mutabazi Alphonse Zeta
- Mutlu Deniz
- Mutlu Vahit
- Muzio Elena
- Myers Jonathan
- Mykoniatis Ioannis
- Nadeem Najwa
- Naess Pal Aksel
- Nagy Ghada Saied
- Nahar Sayeda Nazmum
- Najjar Mohammed
- Nanthakumaran Shayanthan
- Napolitano Lena
- Narayanan Ragavan
- Narayanan Ragavan
- Nashat Mohamed
- Nashidengo Puyearashid
- Nasir Abdulrasheed
- Nasir Wan Nurul Ain Wan Mohd
- Nasr Maha
- Nassif Dima
- Natalie Hani
- Nataraja Ram
- Natili Andrea
- Navarro Andre
- Nawawi Abrar
- Nazir Mohamed
- Ndajiwo Aliyu
- Ndajiwo Aliyu
- Ndegwa Wairimu
- Ndlovu Sibongile Ruth
- Ndwambi Phumudzo
- Negoi Ionut
- Neo Ya Theng
- Nepogodiev Dmitri
- Nepogodiev Dmitri
- Nepogodiev Dmitri
- Nessa Ashrafun
- Nestorovic Milica
- Nevieraite Viktorija
- Ng James Chean Khun
- Ng Yung Kok
- Ng Zhan Herr
- Niazi Ali Khan
- Nicholson Luke
- Nikberg Maziar
- Nikoloudis Nikolaos
- Niranjan Nithya
- Nirumal Milaksh Kumar
- Niska Karoliina
- Nita Gabriela Elisa
- Nita Gabriela Elisa
- Njokanma Iloba
- Nocito Antonio
- Noor Fazlin
- Notarnicola Margherita
- Notarnicola Margherita
- Nouh Thamer
- Noukpozounkou Bruno
- Nsengiyumva Carlos
- Ntirenganya Faustin
- Nurqistan Hazmi Dwinanda
- Nwabuoku Emeka
- Nwinee Victor
- O'Connor Donal B.
- O'Higgins Roche Marcelo
- O'Neill Stephen
- O'Shea Margaret
- Occhionorelli Savino
- Odeyemi Babatunde
- Odutola Oluwatomi
- Ogunsua Oluseyi
- Ohene-Yeboah Micheal
- Okenabirhie Ogheneochuko
- Olajide Thomas Olagboyega
- Olaolorun Akin
- Olivier James
- Olori Samson
- Oludara Mobolaji
- Olugbemi Mojolaoluwa
- Omar Mohammad Elsayed
- Omar Muhammad Fathi Waleed
- Omer Omer Abdelbagi
- Onuoha Clement
- Opoku-Agyeman Richard
- Oram Shaun
- Ortega Irene
- Ortega Irene
- Ortiz Nadia
- Orton Peter
- Osagie Olabisi
- Osei-Nketiah Samuel
- Oshati Oyindamola
- Osinowo Adedapo
- Osuoji Roland
- Oswald Dennis
- Otero-Diez Jorge L.
- Ots Riinu
- Otten Kars
- Owen Christopher
- Owusu Frank
- Ozben Volkan
- Ozkan Bahar Busra
- Ozmen Berk Baris
- Padmore Greg
- Paez Lopez Larissa Ines
- Pagano Gianluca
- Pagnozz Janet
- Palayan Kandasami
- Palliyil Madanmohan
- Palma Adrian
- Paludi Miguel Angel
- Panteli Christina
- Papageorgiou Dimitrios
- Papailia Aspasia
- Papandrea Matteo
- Papaskarlatos IasonAntonios
- Pape James
- Parakh Jehangirshaw
- Paramasivan Arjun
- Parasyris Stavros
- Pardo Gabriel
- Park Esther H. G.
- Park Jay
- Parker Robert
- Parmentier Benoit
- Parpoudi Styliani
- Parseliunas Audrius
- Pascale Giovanni
- Pascale Marco Maria
- Pasquali Sandro
- Pastora Javier
- Pata Domenica
- Pata Francesco
- Pata Francesco
- Pata Francesco
- Pata Francesco
- Pata Francesco
- Pata Giacomo
- Patel Khyati
- Patel Priya
- Patel Sanjay
- Paterson-Brown Simon
- Patoulias Ioannis
- Paul Marie
- Paulouski Dzmitry
- Paz Galvez Carlos
- Pazuskis Matas
- Pektas Ahmet Murat
- Pellino Gianluca
- Peltrini Roberto
- Pena Lenin
- Perenyei Miklos
- Perera James
- Perera James
- Perez Rojas Angel David
- Perino Martina
- Peros Georgios
- Perrotta Gerardo
- Pertersen Servin Gustavo Rodolfo
- Pesenti Giovanni
- Petrikenas Steponas
- Peycelon Matthieu
- Pezas Theodore
- Picardo Antonio
- Picardo Antonio
- Picciariello Arcangelo
- Pineno-Flores Cristina
- Pinkney Thomas
- Pinkney Thomas
- Pinnagoda Kalitha
- Ploski Jennifer
- Pluke Kent
- Podevin Guillaume
- Poh Keat-Seong
- Popa Mariuca
- Popoola Ademola
- Poskus Tomas
- Poskus Tomas
- Poskus Tomas
- Post Nathan
- Prins Marloes
- Pronin Savva
- Prudhomme Thomas
- Psarianos Kyriakos
- Pugliesi Thays Brunelli
- Pujol-Cano Natalia
- Purwaningsih Nurlaila Ayu
- Puyana Juan
- Qaissieh Ahmad
- Qawasmi Israa
- Qenawy Mostafa
- Quek Roy
- Qureshi Ahmad Uzair
- Qureshi Ahmad Uzair
- Qureshi Mobeen
- Qurie Khalid
- Rackauskas Rokas
- Radkowiak Dorota
- Radojkovic Milan
- Rahantasoa Finaritra Casimir Fleur Prudence
- Rahmah Dina Faizatur
- Rajan Reynu
- Rajmohan Shivanchan
- Rakha Ibrahim
- Ramadan Menna Tallah
- Ramos Perez Virginia
- Ramos-De la Medina Antonio
- Ramos-De la Medina Antonio
- Ramos-De la Medina Antonio
- Raptis Dimitri Aristotle
- Raptis Dmitri
- Rashad Eman
- Rashed Ahmed M.
- Rasoaherinomenjanahary Fanjandrainy
- Rath Max
- Ravishankar Ramanish
- Rayne Sarah
- Rayne Sarah
- Rayne Sarah
- Rayne Sarah
- Raza Ahmed
- Raza Awais
- Raza Ibrahim
- Razuri Cesar
- Razzaque Joyeta
- Reali Claudia
- Recinos Gustavo
- Recinos Gustavo
- Reda Amira
- Reda Aya
- Redgrave Natalie
- Redota Menold Archee P.
- Reece-Smith Alex
- Reinisch Katharina
- Reinsoo Arvo
- Rekhis Syrine
- Renaux-Petel Mariette
- Restrepo Ivan Mendoza
- Reunis Elke
- Rezq Asmaa
- Riauka Romualdas
- Riaz Muhammed Masood
- Ribaldi Sergio
- Rickard Jennifer
- Rida Ahmed Hossam Eldin Fouad
- Riente Francesco
- Rinaldi Anna
- Ringressi Maria Novella
- Ripa Matteo
- Riswan Nur Zulaika
- Rob Zakaria
- Robert Elsa
- Robledo-Rabanal Alina
- Rocke Alistair
- Rod Julien
- Rod Julien
- Rodicio Joseluis
- Rodriguez Xianelle
- Roman Velasquez Armando Jose
- Romani Diego
- Romani Diego
- Rommaneh Muna
- Roodt Liana
- Rosales Javier
- Rosello Olivier
- Roslani April Camilla
- Rossi Davide
- Roszkowski Rafal
- Rotunno Giuseppe
- Rouse Tyler
- Roy Chloe
- Roy Swapnil
- Rubinkiewicz Mateusz
- Ruiz Panez Walter
- Ruiz-Tova Jaime
- Rulie Anthonius Santoso
- Runigamugabo Emmy
- Russo Alfio Alessandro
- Rutkowski Wiktor
- Ruzzenente Andrea
- Saad Abdalla Gamal
- Saad Hala
- Saad Hanan Adel
- Saad Mahmoud M.
- Saad Reham
- Saadeh Rana
- Saami Mahmoud
- Saar Sten
- Sabe Ahmad
- Sabe Ahmad Khaled
- Sabour Fahd Abdel
- Sacco Michele
- Sacco Rosario
- Saeed Manar
- Sahbaz Nuri Alper
- Sahel Sarah
- Saidbadr Ahmed
- Sakr Ahmad
- Salah Asmaa
- Salah Maram
- Salah Mohamed
- Salah Osama Mohamed
- Salama Mahmoud
- Salama Yahya
- Salamone Giuseppe
- Salcedo Jannin
- Sale Danjuma
- Saleh Amr Ahmed
- Salem Hosni Khairy
- Salem Hosni Khairy
- Salem Hosni Khairy
- Salem Menatalla
- Salem Mohammed Mousa
- Sallam Abd Elkhalek
- Salleh Afizah
- Sallinen Ville
- Salma Mahmoud
- Salma Umme
- Salman Ayman
- Salusso Paola
- Sam Zi Hao
- Samalavicius Narimantas E.
- Samison Luc Herve
- Sammarco Giuseppe
- Sammut Keith
- Samson Garba
- Samuel Sani Ali
- Samy Mostada
- Samy Mostafa
- Sanad Aly
- Sanchez Rosenberg Guillermo
- Sanchez Samaniego Camila
- Sanchez Belen
- Sanchez Diana
- Sander Anthony
- Sandler Simone
- Sandoval Barrantes Ana Maria
- Sanni Hakeem Ayomi
- Sanz Sandra
- Sapci Ipek
- Saqlain Muhammad
- Sarafilovic Hannah
- Saraste Deborah
- Saravia Fridiz
- Sasia Diego
- Saw Jian Er
- Sayed Farrag
- Sayed Marwa
- Scalabre Aurelien
- Scalabre Aurelien
- Schadde Erik
- Schiavone Roberto
- Schmid Roger
- Schmitt Francoise
- Schuetz Tobias
- Schultz Johannes Kurt
- Scicluna Ruth
- Segovia Lohse Helmut Alfredo
- Seisay Sam
- Selvaggi Francesco
- Selvaggi Lucio
- Semeda Nourhan
- Semiz Anil
- Sena-Ruiz Fatima
- Senanayake Kithsiri J.
- Setiawan Jonny
- Seto Djifid Morel
- Seyoum Nebyou
- Sfougaris Dimitrios
- Shachykava Tatsiana
- Shaharuddin Shahadatul
- Shahbaz Aized Raza
- Shaheen Alaa
- Shahine Ahmed
- Shahzad Noman
- Shaikh Nihaal
- Shakshouk Hend Adel Gawad
- Shalabi Ahmad
- Shalaby Mahmoud
- Shalaby Mostafa
- Shamasneh Ala
- Shamsedine Ahmed W.
- Sharma Abhishek
- Sharpin Claire
- Shatkar Veeranna
- Shaw Catherine A.
- Shaw Catherine A.
- Shawky Martina Yusuf
- Shawqi Muhammad
- Sheshe Abdurrahaman
- Sheta Ahmed
- Shillito Sam
- Shiwani Haaris A.
- Sholadoye Tunde
- Shrimanker Nikhita
- Shu Sebastian
- Shu Sebastian
- Shu Sebestian
- Shubianok Maryna
- Shwky Ayman
- Siaw Jia Yng
- Sierra Sebastian
- Sigurdadottir Johanna
- Sii Samuel S. Y.
- Sileri Pierpaolo
- Silvestri Vania
- Simioni Andrea
- Simutis Gintaras
- Skerritt Clare
- Slapelyte Evelina
- Sleem Ahmad Saber
- Sleem Mohamed
- Smart Neil
- Smart Neil
- Smedley Alexander
- Smith Christopher
- Sobnach Sanju
- Sokratous Arestis
- Solaini Leonardo
- Solar Garcia Lorena
- Soldevila-Verdeguer Carla
- Soledad Merlo Maria
- Soley Rafael
- Soliman Abdelrahman
- Soliman Ahmed
- Soliman Noha Abdullah
- Soliman Nourhan
- Soliman Samar
- Soliman Yasmin
- Sollazzo Viviana
- Soon Wai Cheong
- Soreide Jon Arne
- Soreide Kjetil
- Soreide Kjetil
- Souaibou Yacoubou Imorou
- Soulou Vasiliki
- Spence Richard
- Spence Richard
- Spence Richard
- Spence Richard
- Sproule Lorraine
- Srinivasan Ravi
- Sroor Fathy
- Sruogiene Elena Zdanyte
- Steccanella Francesca
- Stefanopoulos Anastasios
- Stock Simon
- Stoddart Michael
- Stoddart Michael
- Stourton Frederick
- Strupas Kestutis
- Stuva Jessica
- Styles Kristian
- Suarez Aida
- Subocius Andrejus
- Sund Malin
- Suresh Sukrit
- Sutandi Nathania
- Suyadi Arlindawati
- Swaroop Mamta
- Syibrah Khuzaimah Zahid
- Tabiri Stephen
- Tabiri Stephen
- Tabiri Stephen
- Tabiri Stephen
- Tackie Enoch
- Taddei Antonio
- Tahboub Haya
- Taher Ayman
- Taher Mustafa Mohammed
- Taieb Chouikh
- Taiwo Agboola
- Taiwo Ogechukwu
- Talaat Muhammed
- Tale Luis
- Talving Peep
- Talving Peep
- Tan Charlene
- Tan Choy Ling
- Tan Joel Kin
- Tan Keith Say Kwang
- Tan Ryan Choon Kiat
- Tan Yee Wen
- Tan Yi Koon
- Tang Lingshan
- Tani Sobhana Iftekhar
- Tansoker Ilkan
- Tarek Adham
- Tarek Dina
- Targa Simone
- Tariq Sherif
- Tata Mahadevan Deva
- Tawfik Badreldin Adel
- Tawfik Gehad
- Teasdale Ella
- Teasdale Ella
- Teasdale Ella
- Tedeschi Umberto
- Tembo Thelma
- Tennakoon Athula
- Teo Shuang Yi
- Ter Eunice Zuling
- Tew Yong Yong
- Tew Yong Yong
- Thabet Waleed
- Thalgaspitiya S. P. B.
- Theodosopoulos Theodosios
- Thollot Aurore
- Thorarinsdottir Hildur
- Thorell Anders
- Timothy Oyediran Kehinde
- Ting Jesse Ron Swire
- To Kathleen
- Tolonen Matti
- Tolotra Todisoa Emmanuella Christina
- Tomas Kadir
- Tori Sayeeda Aktar
- Toribio Orbegozo Pedro Angel
- Torrance Hew D.
- Torres Cardozo Jorge
- Torres Rodriguez Servio Tulio
- Toto Omer Faruk
- Townsend Dominic
- Trompetto Mario
- Tselos Angelos
- Tshisola Serge Kapenda
- Tugnoli Gregorio
- Tun Myint
- Turati Luca
- Turkustani Sondos
- Turpo Espinoza Kenny
- Turpo Espinoza Kevin
- Tutino Roberta
- Tverskis Zygimantas
- Tyler Robert
- Tze R. Goh Ern
- Tzikos Georgios
- Ubiali Paolo
- Ukwenya Yahaya
- ul Razi Syed Asaat
- Ulusahin Mehmet
- Upadhyaya Vijaid
- Urbonas Tomas
- Urniezius Zigmantas
- Uscinas Laimonas
- Uzabumwana Norbert
- Vaicius Arturas
- Valcarcel-Saldana Maria
- Valioulis Ioannis
- Van Der Naald Niels
- Van Niekerk Michael
- Van Straten Stephanie
- Vargas Marvin
- Vartanoglu Talar
- Vartic Mihaela
- Vasquez Giorgio
- Vasquez Idelso
- Veen Torhild
- Velasquez Ricardo
- Venclauskas Linas
- Vendramin Elena
- Venskutonis Donatas
- Venskutonis Donatas
- Verbeek Anna
- Vergara Mejia Angelica Genoveva
- Verjee Azmina
- Vermaas Maarten
- Vicario Erika
- Vicenta Collado Maria
- Vida Lucian Corneliu
- Vilcinskas Mantas
- Villalobos Santiago
- Violi Paola
- Visinskas Petras
- Voulgaris Evangelos
- Wael Noha
- Wakefield Rebecca
- Waledziak Maciej
- Walker Michael
- Walker Nathan
- Walls Luke
- Walsh Michael
- Waqar Muhammad
- Warren Oliver
- Waterman Ade
- Werder Gabriela
- Whitaker John
- White Rebecca
- Whitehurst Katharine
- Wiborg Joachim
- Widiastini T. Ariani
- Widmer Lukas Werner
- Wijayarathna L. S.
- Williams Omolara
- Wilson Ling
- Wilson Michael
- Wilson Michael
- Wimalge P. M. S. N.
- Wogensen Fredrik
- Wolf Bernhard
- Wondoh Paul
- Wondoh Paul
- Wong Chui Yee
- Wong Francisca
- Wong Hong Yee
- Wood Greta
- Worku Mengistu
- Worku Tewodros
- Wright Naomi
- Yahaya Muhammad Taqiyuddin
- Yakubu Musah
- Yam Sir Young
- Yang James
- Yap Suhhuey
- Yau Jih Dar
- Ye Joselyn
- Yeang Li Jing
- Yeung Man Hon Andrew
- Yifieyeh Abiboye
- Yildirim Reyyan
- Yip Chingwan
- Ymeri Shpetim
- Yoganathan Pigeneswaren
- Yolcu Sinem
- Yong Guo Liang
- Younis Abobaker
- Youssef Mohamed
- Yuksek Mahmut Arif
- Yusufali Taha
- Zaa'treh Rula
- Zadoroznas Antanas
- Zahran Diaaaldin
- Zakaria Esraay
- Zakaria Mahmoud
- Zakaria Yehia
- Zaki Ahmed
- Zammit Stefan
- Zampitis Nikolaos
- Zani Augusto
- Zani Augusto
- Zanini Nicola
- Zapata Felipe
- Zarb Ciskje
- Zeta Solis Ludwing Alexander
- Zielinski Martin
- Zilinskas Justas
- Zilinskas Justas
- Zilinskas Justas
- Zilinskiene Reda
- Ziubryte Greta
- Zohair Ahmed
- Zuber Markus
- Zuk Grzegorz
- Zulkifli Athirah
- Zumbuhl Lucius
- Publication venue
- Elsevier
- Publication date
- 01/06/2003
- Field of study
BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London
Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study
- Author
- Aahlin Eirik Kjus
- Aamer Ahmed
- Aaniana Kenneth
- Ababneh Ali
- Abaliksta Tomas
- Abantanga Francis
- Abbas Athar
- Abbasy Jibran
- Abbo Olivier
- Abbott Tom
- Abbouch Meryem
- Abd El-Latif Nadia Khalid
- Abd Elkhalek Esraa
- Abd-Elmawla Manar
- Abdallah Emad
- Abdel-Aty Abdulrahman
- Abdel-Hameed Noran
- Abdel-Kader Sara Mahmoud
- Abdelaal Abdelaziz
- Abdelaty Mohamed
- Abdelazeam Anan Rady
- Abdelazim Galaleldin
- Abdelaziz Mohamed A
- Abdelbadeai Kholoud
- Abdelfatah Afnan
- Abdelhady Samar
- Abdelhamed Rasha
- Abdelhamid Amina
- Abdelhaq Aram
- Abdelkader Mostafa
- Abdelkader Omar
- Abdelkhalek Mohamed
- Abdelmageed Eman
- Abdelmotaleb Ibrahem
- Abdelraouf Ahmed Mahmoud
- Abdelrouf Doaa Maher
- Abdelshakour Mahmoud
- Abdrabou Abdulshafi Khaled
- Abdul-Latif Saiba
- Abdulaziz Hager
- Abdulaziz Mustafa
- Abdulbagi Omar
- Abdulhakeem Eman Mahmoud
- Abdullah Mohamed Abozed
- Abdullah Nik Azim Nik
- Abdullah Noha
- Abdullahi Lawal
- Abdurrazzaaq Abdussemiu
- Abem Owusu Emmanuel
- Abiola Olajide
- Aboelella Majed
- Aboelmagd Omnia
- Aboelsoud Moustafa R
- Aboul-Naga Mariam Saad
- Abouzaid Arwa
- Abu Qumbos Amjad
- Abu-toyour Maram
- Abubakr Marwan
- Abuowda Yousef
- Abuqwaider Eman
- Abusalem Lana
- Abushamleh Soha
- Ackom Eric
- Acquah Emmanuel
- Adam Ali
- Adam Nourhan
- Adamu Ahmed
- Adawi Ihdaa
- Adawi Mohammad
- Adebanjo Ademola
- Adebola Oluwaseyi
- Adedeji Adesina
- Adel Badr Eldin
- Adel Israa
- Adella Fidelis Jacklyn
- Adelshone Abdelrahman
- Ademuyiwa Adesoji
- Ademuyiwa Adesoji O
- Ademuyiwa Adesoji O
- Adenekan Babajide
- Adeniran James
- Adeniyi Adewale
- Adesanya Opeoluwa
- Adesina Alaba
- Adeyeye Ademola
- Adeyeye Ademola
- Adhitama Novia
- Adil Muhammad
- Adisa Adewale O
- Adiyaman Can
- Adu-Aryee Niiarmah
- Afana Samah
- Agalianos Christos
- Agarwal Arnav
- Agarwal Arnav
- Agbedinu Kwabena
- Aglan Amro
- Aguado Suarez Nuria
- Aguilera Maria Lorena
- Aguilera Maria Lorena
- Aguilera-Arevalo Maria-Lorena
- Ahlonsou Germain
- Ahlqvist Sandra
- Ahlqvist Sandra
- Ahmed Asdaq
- Ahmed Ataa
- Ahmed Hayam
- Ahmed Hussien
- Ahmed Lopna Ahmed Mohamed
- Ahmed Sara
- Ahmed Saraibrahim
- Ahounou Ernest Yemalin Stephane
- Ajah Jonathan
- Ajai Olalekan
- Ajao Akinlabi
- Ajiboye Anthony
- Akoto Elliot
- Akpenyi Onyinye
- Al Amin Shadid
- Al Attar Samaa Mahmoud
- Al Barraw Fayez Elian
- Al Bastawis Fatema
- Al Meligy Amgad
- Al Rafati Ahmad Abdel Razaq
- Al Raouf Eman Abd
- Al Saied Ghiath
- Al Subaie Norah
- Al-Bahrani Ahmed
- Al-Buhaisi Alaa
- Al-Dakka Emad
- Al-faqawi Maha
- Al-farram Hadeel
- Al-khatib Ahmed
- Al-Marakby Dina
- Al-saqqa Sara
- Al-Saqqa Sara W
- Al-Slaibi Ibrahim
- Al-taher Taher
- AlaaelDein Shahinaz
- Alada Muslimat
- Alakaloko Felix
- Alaloul Enas
- Alamin Shadid
- Alamoudi Mohammed
- Albiety Adel
- Alcca Ticona Willy
- Alejos Bermudez Ysabel Esthefany
- Alexander Philip
- Alexander Philip
- Alexandre Challine
- Alghamdi Ahmed
- Alghamdi Mohammed Saleh A
- Alhady Khaled
- Alhammali Tariq
- Alhassan Basmah
- Alhazmi Wedyan
- Alherz Mohammad
- Ali Ahmed
- Ali Citra Dewi Mohd
- Ali Elsayed
- Ali Safia
- Ali Syed Abdul Wahhab Eusoffee Wan
- Ali Tebian Hassanein Ahmed
- Ali Wadah
- Alihonou Thierry
- Alis Halil
- Aliyu Halima
- Aliyu Mohammad
- Aliyu Shamsudeen
- Aljboor Khaled
- Aljiffry Murad
- Alkaaki Aroub
- Alkelani Muhammad
- Allam Meran
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- Alqahtani Saleh
- Alsaggaf Mohammed Ubaid
- Alser Osaid H
- Alshareef Reham
- Altaf Abdulmalik
- Altamimi Abdullah
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- Altamini Afnan
- Altarayra Marwa
- Altibi Ahmed
- Altinel Yuksel
- Altinel Yuksel
- Altwijri Abdulaziz
- Alvi Abdul Rehman
- Aly Mohammed Yahia Mohamed
- Alyacoubi Said
- Alyahya Reem
- Alzahrani Ahmed
- Aman Nowrin F
- Amandito Radhian
- Amandito Radhian
- Ambrona-Zafra David
- Amin Hager Abdul Aziz
- Amjad Mohammadasim
- Amoah Michael
- Amoako Joachim
- Amoako Philip Taah
- Amoako-Boateng Mabel
- Amole Isaac
- Amreia Mahmoud
- Anderson Frank
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- Andreotti Dario
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- Ang Yun Lin
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- Anthoulakis Christos
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- Anwar Nourhan
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- Azizeldine Mohammed G
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- du Plooy Flip
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- Yau Jih Dar
- Ye Joselyn
- Yeang Li Jing
- Yeung Man Hon Andrew
- Yifieyeh Abiboye
- Yildirim Reyyan
- Yip Chingwan
- Ymeri Shpetim
- Yoganathan Pigeneswaren
- Yolcu Sinem
- Yong Guo Liang
- Younis Abobaker
- Youssef Mohamed
- Yuksek Mahmut Arif
- Yusufali Taha
- Zaa'treh Rula
- Zadoroznas Antanas
- Zahran Diaaaldin
- Zakaria Esraay
- Zakaria Mahmoud
- Zakaria Yehia
- Zaki Ahmed
- Zammit Stefan
- Zampitis Nikolaos
- Zani Augusto
- Zani Augusto
- Zanini Nicola
- Zapata Felipe
- Zarb Ciskje
- Zeta Solis Ludwing Alexander
- Zielinski Martin
- Zilinskas Justas
- Zilinskas Justas
- Zilinskas Justas
- Zilinskiene Reda
- Ziubryte Greta
- Zohair Ahmed
- Zuber Markus
- Zuk Grzegorz
- Zulkifli Athirah
- Zumbuhl Lucius
- Publication venue
- 'Elsevier BV'
- Publication date
- 01/01/2018
- Field of study
Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world.
Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231.
Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001).
Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication
Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
- Author
- Abbafati Cristiana
- Abbas Kaja M.
- Abbasi Mohammad
- Abbasi-Kangevari Mohsen
- Abbasifard Mitra
- Abbastabar Hedayat
- Abd El Razek Hassan Magdy
- Abd El Razek Muhammed Magdy
- Abd-Allah Foad
- Abdelalim Ahmed
- Abdollahi Mohammad
- Abdollahpour Ibrahim
- Abdulkader Rizwan Suliankatchi
- Abdullah Kanaan Hamagharib
- Abedi Aidin
- Abedi Parisa
- Abegaz Kedir Hussein
- Abolhassani Hassan
- Abosetugn Akine Eshete
- Aboyans Victor
- Abrams Elissa M.
- Abreu Lucas Guimaraes
- Abrigo Michael R. M.
- Abu Haimed Abdulaziz Khalid
- Abu-Gharbieh Eman
- Abu-Raddad Laith Jamal
- Abualhasan Ahmed
- Abushouk Abdelrahman I.
- Acebedo Alyssa
- Ackerman Ilana N.
- Adabi Maryam
- Adair Tim
- Adamu Abdu A.
- Adebayo Oladimeji M.
- Adedeji Isaac Akinkunmi
- Adekanmbi Victor
- Adelson Jaimie D.
- Adeoye Abiodun Moshood
- Adetokunboh Olatunji O.
- Adham Davoud
- Advani Shailesh M.
- Afarideh Mohsen
- Afshari Mahdi
- Afshin Ashkan
- Agardh Emilie E.
- Agarwal Gina
- Agasthi Pradyumna
- Agesa Kareha M.
- Aghaali Mohammad
- Aghamir Seyed Mohammad Kazem
- Agrawal Anurag
- Ahmad Tauseef
- Ahmadi Alireza
- Ahmadi Keivan
- Ahmadi Mehdi
- Ahmadieh Hamid
- Ahmadpour Ehsan
- Ahmed Muktar Beshir
- Aji Budi
- Akalu Temesgen Yihunie
- Akinyemi Rufus Olusola
- Akinyemiju Tomi
- Akombi Blessing
- Akunna Chisom Joyqueenet
- Al-Aly Ziyad
- Al-Mekhlafi Hesham M.
- Al-Raddadi Rajaa M.
- Alahdab Fares
- Alam Khurshid
- Alam Noore
- Alam Samiah
- Alam Tahiya
- Alanezi Fahad Mashhour
- Alanzi Turki M.
- Albertson Samuel B.
- Alcalde-Rabanal Jacqueline Elizabeth
- Alema Niguse Meles
- Alemu Biresaw Wassihun
- Alemu Yihun Mulugeta
- Alhabib Khalid F.
- Alhassan Robert Kaba
- Ali Muhammad
- Ali Saqib
- Alicandro Gianfranco
- Alijanzadeh Mehran
- Alinia Cyrus
- Alipour Vahid
- Alizade Hesam
- Aljunid Syed Mohamed
- Alla Francois
- Allebeck Peter
- Almadi Majid Abdulrahman Hamad
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- Ancuceanu Robert
- Anderlini Deanna
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- Khayamzadeh Maryam
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- Khazaie Habibolah
- Khodayari Mohammad Taghi
- Khoja Abdullah T.
- Khubchandani Jagdish
- Khundkar Roba
- Kianipour Neda
- Kieling Christian
- Kim Cho-Il
- Kim Daniel
- Kim Young-Eun
- Kim Yun Jin
- Kimokoti Ruth W.
- Kinfu Yohannes
- Kisa Adnan
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- Kissimova-Skarbek Katarzyna
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- Moghadam Telma Zahirian
- Moghadaszadeh Masoud
- Moghaddam Sahar Saeedi
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- Mohamad Osama
- Mohamadi Efat
- Mohammad Dara K.
- Mohammad Yousef
- Mohammadbeigi Abolfazl
- Mohammadian-Hafshejani Abdollah
- Mohammadifard Noushin
- Mohammadpourhodki Reza
- Mohammed Ammas Siraj
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- Mohammed Shafiu
- Mohebi Farnam
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- Moradi Ghobad
- Moradi Masoud
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- Moradi-Lakeh Maziar
- Moradzadeh Rahmatollah
- Moraga Paula
- Morales Linda
- Morawska Lidia
- Morgado-da-Costa Joana
- Morrison Shane Douglas
- Mosapour Abbas
- Mosser Jonathan F.
- Motlagh Soraya Nouraei
- Mouodi Simin
- Mousavi Seyyed Meysam
- Mueller Ulrich Otto
- Mukhopadhyay Satinath
- Mullany Erin C.
- Mumford John Everett
- Munro Sandra B.
- Muriithi Moses K.
- Murray Christopher J. L.
- Musa Kamarul Imran
- Mustafa Ghulam
- Muthupandian Saravanan
- Nabavizadeh Behnam
- Nabhan Ashraf F.
- Naderi Mehdi
- Nagaraja Sharath Burugina
- Nagarajan Ahamarshan Jayaraman
- Nagel Gabriele
- Naghavi Mohsen
- Naghshtabrizi Behshad
- Naik Gurudatta
- Naimzada Mukhammad David
- Nair Sanjeev
- Najafi Farid
- Naldi Luigi
- Nandakumar Vishnu
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- Nangia Vinay
- Nansseu Jobert Richie
- Nasab Entezar Mehrabi
- Naserbakht Morteza
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- Nazari Javad
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- Ndwandwe Duduzile Edith
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- Negoi Ruxandra Irina
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- Ngari Kiirithio N.
- Nguefack-Tsague Georges
- Ngunjiri Josephine W.
- Nguyen Cuong Tat
- Nguyen Diep Ngoc
- Nguyen Huong Lan Thi
- Nguyen Jason
- Nguyen Michele
- Nguyen Ming
- Nguyen Trang Huyen
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- Nigatu Dabere
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- Nikbakhsh Rajan
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- Nnaji Chukwudi A.
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- Norheim Ole F.
- Norrving Bo
- Noubiap Jean Jacques
- Nowak Christoph
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- Ogbo Felix Akpojene
- Oghenetega Onome Bright
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- Okunga Emmanuel Wandera
- Oladnabi Morteza
- Olagunju Andrew T.
- Olusanya Bolajoko Olubukunola
- Olusanya Jacob Olusegun
- Oluwasanu Mojisola Morenike
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- Otstavnov Nikita
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- Overland Simon
- Owolabi Mayowa O.
- Padubidri Jagadish Rao
- Pakhale Smita
- Pakhare Abhijit P.
- Pakshir Keyvan
- Palladino Raffaele
- Pana Adrian
- Panda-Jonas Songhomitra
- Pandey Anamika
- Pangaribuan Helena Ullyartha
- Park Eun-Kee
- Park James
- Parmar Priya G. Kumari
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- Pasovic Maja
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- Patel Jenil R.
- Patel Sangram Kishor
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- Pathak Ashish
- Pathak Mona
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- Patton George C.
- Paudel Deepak
- Paudel Sagun
- Paulson Katherine R.
- Pease Spencer A.
- Peden Amy E.
- Pennini Alyssa
- Pepito Veincent Christian Filipino
- Peprah Emmanuel K.
- Pereira Alexandre
- Pereira David M.
- Pereira Jeevan
- Perico Norberto
- Pescarini Julia Moreira
- Pesudovs Konrad
- Pham Hai Quang
- Phillips Michael R.
- Piccinelli Cristiano
- Pierce Maxwell
- Pigott David M.
- Pilgrim Thomas
- Pilz Tessa M.
- Pinheiro Marina
- Piradov Michael A.
- Pirsaheb Meghdad
- Pishgar Farhad
- Plana-Ripoll Oleguer
- Plass Dietrich
- Pletcher Martin
- Pokhrel Khem Narayan
- Polibin Roman V.
- Polinder Suzanne
- Polkinghorne Kevan R.
- Pond Constance Dimity
- Postma Maarten J.
- Pottoo Faheem Hyder
- Pourjafar Hadi
- Pourmalek Farshad
- Pourshams Akram
- Poznanska Anna
- Prada Sergio I.
- Prakash Sanjay
- Prakash V.
- Prasad Narayan
- Preotescu Liliana
- Pribadi Dimas Ria Angga
- Pupillo Elisabetta
- Quazi Syed Zahiruddin
- Quintanilla Beatriz Paulina Ayala
- Rabiee Mohammad
- Rabiee Navid
- Radfar Amir
- Rafiee Ata
- Rafiei Alireza
- Raggi Alberto
- Rahim Fakher
- Rahimi-Movaghar Afarin
- Rahman Mohammad Hifz Ur
- Rahman Muhammad Aziz
- Rajabpour-Sanati Ali
- Rajati Fatemeh
- Rakovac Ivo
- Ram Pradhum
- Ramezanzadeh Kiana
- Rana Saleem Muhammad
- Ranabhat Chhabi Lal
- Ranta Annemarei
- Rao Puja C.
- Rao Sowmya J.
- Rasella Davide
- Rashedi Vahid
- Rastogi Prateek
- Rath Goura Kishor
- Rathi Priya
- Rawaf David Laith
- Rawaf Salman
- Rawal Lal
- Rawassizadeh Reza
- Rawat Ramu
- Razo Christian
- Regassa Lemma Demissie
- Reiner Robert C., Jr.
- Reinig Nickolas
- Reitsma Marissa Bettay
- Remuzzi Giuseppe
- Renjith Vishnu
- Renzaho Andre M. N.
- Resnikoff Serge
- Rezaei Negar
- Rezaei Nima
- Rezai Mohammad Sadegh
- Rezapour Aziz
- Rhinehart Phoebe-Anne
- Riahi Seyed Mohammad
- Ribeiro Antonio Luiz P.
- Ribeiro Daniel Cury
- Ribeiro Daniela
- Rickard Jennifer
- Rincon Julio Cesar Campuzano
- Rivera Juan A.
- Robalik Toshana
- Roberts Nicholas L. S.
- Roberts Shaun
- Robinson Stephen R.
- Rodriguez-Ramirez Sonia
- Roever Leonardo
- Rolfe Sam
- Romoli Michele
- Ronfani Luca
- Room Robin
- Roshandel Gholamreza
- Rostamian Morteza
- Roth Gregory A.
- Rothenbacher Dietrich
- Rubagotti Enrico
- Rumisha Susan Fred
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- Saadatagah Seyedmohammad
- Sabour Siamak
- Sachdev Perminder S.
- Saddik Basema
- Sadeghi Ehsan
- Sadeghi Masoumeh
- Saeedi Reza
- Saeidi Shahram
- Safari Yahya
- Safi Sare
- Safiri Saeid
- Sagar Rajesh
- Sahebkar Amirhossein
- Sahraian Mohammad Ali
- Sajadi S. Mohammad
- Salahshoor Mohammad Reza
- Salam Nasir
- Salama Joseph S.
- Salamati Payman
- Salem Hosni
- Salem Marwa R.
- Salimi Yahya
- Salimzadeh Hamideh
- Salman Omar Mukhtar
- Salomon Joshua A.
- Salz Inbal
- Samad Zainab
- Sambala Evanson Zondani
- Samy Abdallah M.
- Sanabria Juan
- Sanchez-Pimienta Tania G.
- Santomauro Damian Francesco
- Santos Itamar S.
- Santos Joao Vasco
- Santric-Milicevic Milena M.
- Saraswathy Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer
- Sarmiento-Suarez Rodrigo
- Sarrafzadegan Nizal
- Sartorius Benn
- Sarveazad Arash
- Sathian Brijesh
- Sathish Thirunavukkarasu
- Sattin Davide
- Savic Miloje
- Sawyer Susan M.
- Saxena Deepak
- Saxena Sonia
- Saylan Mete
- Sbarra Alyssa N.
- Schaeffer Lauren E.
- Schiavolin Silvia
- Schlaich Markus P.
- Schmidt Maria Ines
- Schutte Aletta Elisabeth
- Schwebel David C.
- Schwendicke Falk
- Section Mahesh P. A.
- Seedat Soraya
- Sekerija Mario
- Senbeta Anbissa Muleta
- Senthilkumaran Subramanian
- Sepanlou Sadaf G.
- Serdar Berrin
- Serre Marc L.
- Servan-Mori Edson
- Sha Feng
- Shabani Mahsima
- Shackelford Katya Anne
- Shadid Jamileh
- Shafaat Omid
- Shahabi Saeed
- Shahbaz Mohammad
- Shaheen Amira A.
- Shaikh Masood Ali
- Shaji K. S.
- Shalash Ali S.
- Shams-Beyranvand Mehran
- Shamsi MohammadBagher
- Shamsizadeh Morteza
- Shannawaz Mohammed
- Sharafi Kiomars
- Sharafi Zeinab
- Sharan Subodh
- Sharara Fablina
- Sharifi Hamid
- Sharma Rajesh
- Shaw David H.
- Sheena Brittney S.
- Sheikh Aziz
- Sheikhtaheri Abbas
- Shetty B. Suresh Kumar
- Shetty Ranjitha S.
- Shibuya Kenji
- Shield Kevin David
- Shiferaw Wondimeneh Shibabaw
- Shigematsu Mika
- Shin Min-Jeong
- Shiri Rahman
- Shirkoohi Reza
- Shivakumar K. M.
- Shrime Mark G.
- Shuval Kerem
- Siabani Soraya
- Sierpinski Radoslaw
- Sigfusdottir Inga Dora
- Sigurvinsdottir Rannveig
- Silva Diego Augusto Santos
- Silva Joao Pedro
- Simonetti Biagio
- Simpson Kyle E.
- Singh Ambrish
- Singh Jasvinder A.
- Singh Pushpendra
- Sinha Dhirendra Narain
- Skiadaresi Eirini
- Skou Soren T.
- Skryabin Valentin Yurievich
- Sliwa Karen
- Smith Amanda
- Smith Emma U. R.
- Sobngwi Eugene
- Soheili Amin
- Sokhan Anton
- Soltani Shahin
- Somefun Oluwaseyi Dolapo
- Soofi Moslem
- Sorensen Reed J. D.
- Soriano Joan B.
- Sorrie Muluken Bekele
- Soshnikov Sergey
- Soyiri Ireneous N.
- Spencer Cory N.
- Spotin Adel
- Spurlock Emma Elizabeth
- Sreeramareddy Chandrashekhar T.
- Srinivasan Vinay
- Sripada Kam
- Stanaway Jeffrey D.
- Stark Benjamin A.
- Steel Nicholas
- Stefan Simona Catalina
- Stein Caroline
- Stein Dan J.
- Steiner Caitlyn
- Steiner Timothy J.
- Steuben Krista M.
- Stockfelt Leo
- Stokes Mark A.
- Stovner Lars Jacob
- Straif Kurt
- Stranges Saverio
- Stubbs Jacob L.
- Suchdev Parminder S.
- Sudaryanto Agus
- Sufiyan Mu'awiyyah Babale
- Suleria Hafiz Ansar Rasul
- Sulo Gerhard
- Sultan Iyad
- Swope Carolyn B.
- Sykes Bryan L.
- Sylte Dillon O.
- Szocska Miklos
- Szumowski Lukasz
- Tabares-Seisdedos Rafael
- Tabb Karen M.
- Tabuchi Takahiro
- Tadakamadla Santosh Kumar
- Taddele Biruk Wogayehu
- Tadesse Degena Bahrey
- Taherkhani Amir
- Tahir Zarfishan
- Tajdini Masih
- Takahashi Ken
- Takala Jukka S.
- Tamiru Animut Tagele
- Tang Muming
- Tanser Frank C.
- Tareque Md Ismail
- Tarigan Ingan Ukur
- Taveira Nuno
- Taylor Heather Jean
- Teagle Whitney L.
- Teame Hirut
- Tediosi Fabrizio
- Tefera Yonas Getaye
- Tehrani-Banihashemi Arash
- Teklehaimanot Berhane Fseha
- Tela Freweini Gebrearegay
- Temsah Mohamad-Hani
- Terrason Sonyah
- Tesema Getayeneh Antehunegn
- Tessema Zemenu Tadesse
- Thakur Bhaskar
- Thankappan Kavumpurathu Raman
- Thapar Rekha
- Thomas Nihal
- Thomson Azalea M.
- Thrift Amanda G.
- Thurston George D.
- Titova Mariya Vladimirovna
- Tlou Boikhutso
- Tohidinik Hamid Reza
- Tonelli Marcello
- Topor-Madry Roman
- Topouzis Fotis
- Toroudi Hamidreza Pazoki
- Torre Anna E.
- Touvier Mathilde
- Tovani-Palone Marcos Roberto
- Traini Eugenio
- Tran Bach Xuan
- Travillian Ravensara
- Trias-Llimos Sergi
- Troeger Christopher E.
- Truelsen Thomas Clement
- Tsai Alexander C.
- Tsatsakis Aristidis
- Tyrovolas Stefanos
- Uddin Riaz
- Ullah Irfan
- Ullah Saif
- Umeokonkwo Chukwuma David
- Undurraga Eduardo A.
- Unnikrishnan Bhaskaran
- Upadhyay Era
- Uthman Olalekan A.
- Vacante Marco
- Vaicekonyte Regina
- Vakilian Alireza
- Valdez Pascual R.
- Valli Alessandro
- Van Donkelaar Aaron
- Vardavas Constantine
- Varughese Santosh
- Vasankari Tommi Juhani
- Vasconcelos Ana Maria Nogales
- Vasseghian Yasser
- Veisani Yousef
- Velasquez Ilais Moreno
- Venketasubramanian Narayanaswamy
- Vidale Simone
- Violante Francesco S.
- Vlassov Vasily
- Vollset Stein Emil
- Vongpradith Avina
- Vos Theo
- Vu Giang Thu
- Vujcic Isidora S.
- Vukovic Ana
- Vukovic Rade
- Waheed Yasir
- Wallin Mitchell Taylor
- Walters Magdalene K.
- Wamai Richard G.
- Wang Fang
- Wang Haidong
- Wang Hongbo
- Wang Jiayu
- Wang Yafeng
- Wang Yanzhong
- Wang Yuan-Pang
- Ward Joseph L.
- Watson Alexandrea
- Watson Stefanie
- Wei Jingkai
- Wei Melissa Y. Wei
- Weintraub Robert G.
- Weiss Daniel J.
- Weiss Jordan
- Welay Fissaha Tekulu
- Weldesamuel Girmay Teklay
- Werdecker Andrea
- West J. Jason
- Westerman Ronny
- Whisnant Joanna L.
- Whiteford Harvey A.
- Wiangkham Taweewat
- Wickramasinghe Nuwan Darshana
- Wiens Kirsten E.
- Wijeratne Tissa
- Wilner Lauren B.
- Wilson Shadrach
- Wiysonge Charles Shey
- Wojtyniak Bogdan
- Woldu Gebremariam
- Wolfe Charles D. A.
- Wondmeneh Temesgen Gebeyehu
- Wondmieneh Adam Belay
- Wool Eve E.
- Wozniak Sarah S.
- Wu Ai-Min
- Wu Chenkai
- Wu Junjie
- Wunrow Han Yong
- Xie Yang
- Xu Gelin
- Xu Rixing
- Yadgir Simon
- Yamada Tomohide
- Yamagishi Kazumasa
- Yaminfirooz Mousa
- Yano Yuichiro
- Yaya Sanni
- Yazdi-Feyzabadi Vahid
- Yearwood Jamal A.
- Yeheyis Tomas Y.
- Yeshitila Yordanos Gizachew
- Yilgwan Christopher Sabo
- Yilma Mekdes Tigistu
- Yip Paul
- Yonemoto Naohiro
- Yoon Seok-Jun
- York Hunter W.
- Younis Mustafa Z.
- Younker Theodore Patrick
- Yousefi Bahman
- Yousefi Zabihollah
- Yousefifard Mahmoud
- Yousefinezhadi Taraneh
- Yousuf Abdilahi Yousuf
- Yu Chuanhua
- Yu Yong
- Yuan Chun-Wei
- Yuce Deniz
- Yusefzadeh Hasan
- Zadey Siddhesh
- Zahabi Saleh Salehi
- Zaidi Syed Saoud
- Zaki Leila
- Zaki Maysaa El Sayed
- Zakzuk Josefina
- Zamani Mohammad
- Zamanian Maryam
- Zandian Hamed
- Zangeneh Alireza
- Zarafshan Hadi
- Zastrozhin Mikhail Sergeevich
- Zewdie Kaleab Alemayehu
- Zhang Jianrong
- Zhang Yunquan
- Zhang Zhi-Jiang
- Zhao Jeff T.
- Zhao Xiu-Ju George
- Zhao Yingxi
- Zheleva Bistra
- Zheng Peng
- Zhou Maigeng
- Zhu Cong
- Ziapour Arash
- Zimsen Stephanie R. M.
- Zlavog Bianca S.
- Zodpey Sanjay
- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 01/01/2020
- Field of study
Background: In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods: GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Findings: Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990–2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0–9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10–24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10–24 years were also in the top ten in the 25–49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50–74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. Interpretation: As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and developm nt investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licens
Global economic burden of unmet surgical need for appendicitis
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- Publication venue
- Oxford University Press
- Publication date
- 01/01/2022
- Field of study
Background: There is a substantial gap in provision of adequate surgical care in many low-and middle-income countries. This study aimed to identify the economic burden of unmet surgical need for the common condition of appendicitis. Methods: Data on the incidence of appendicitis from 170 countries and two different approaches were used to estimate numbers of patients who do not receive surgery: as a fixed proportion of the total unmet surgical need per country (approach 1); and based on country income status (approach 2). Indirect costs with current levels of access and local quality, and those if quality were at the standards of high-income countries, were estimated. A human capital approach was applied, focusing on the economic burden resulting from premature death and absenteeism. Results: Excess mortality was 4185 per 100 000 cases of appendicitis using approach 1 and 3448 per 100 000 using approach 2. The economic burden of continuing current levels of access and local quality was US 92492millionusingapproach1and73 141 million using approach 2. The economic burden of not providing surgical care to the standards of high-income countries was 95004millionusingapproach1and75 666 million using approach 2. The largest share of these costs resulted from premature death (97.7 per cent) and lack of access (97.0 per cent) in contrast to lack of quality. Conclusion: For a comparatively non-complex emergency condition such as appendicitis, increasing access to care should be prioritized. Although improving quality of care should not be neglected, increasing provision of care at current standards could reduce societal costs substantially
Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study
- Author
- A Yacoub M.
- A. Adam M.
- A. Nassar M.
- A. Nemer A.
- Aahlin E. K.
- Ab Rahim M. F.
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- Abad-Motos A.
- Abang Jamari D. Z. H.
- Abantanga F.
- Abarca S.
- Abazid E.
- Abbas A.
- Abbas K.
- Abbas M. M.
- Abbasy J.
- Abbosh A.
- Abd B.
- Abd Karim M. F. S.
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- Abdalei A.
- Abdalla Ahmed Elkamel A.
- Abdallah A.
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- Abdelhady Mousa H.
- Abdelhady S.
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- Publication venue
- 'Elsevier BV'
- Publication date
- 01/01/2022
- Field of study
Background Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide.Methods A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study-a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital.Findings Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3.85 [95% CI 2.58-5.75]; p<0.0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63.0% vs 82.7%; OR 0.35 [0.23-0.53]; p<0.0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer.Interpretation Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised
Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
- Author
- Abate Degu
- Abate Lkidan Hassen
- Abay Solomon M
- Abbafati Cristiana
- Abbasi Nooshin
- Abbastabar Hcdayat
- Abd El Razek Hassan Magdy
- Abd El Razek Muhammed Magdy
- Abd-Allah Foad
- Abdel-Rahman Omar
- Abdela Jeinal
- Abdelalim Ahmed
- Abdi Alireza
- Abdollahpour Ibrahim
- Abdulkader Rizwan Suliankatchi
- Abdurahman Ahmed Abdulahi
- Abebe Haftom Temesgen
- Abebe Molla
- Abebe Zegeye
- Abebo Teshome Abuka
- Aboyans Victor
- Abraha Haftom Niguse
- Abrham Aklilu Roba
- Abu-Raddad Laith Jamal
- Abu-Rmeileh Niveen Ml
- Acharya Pawan
- Adebayo Oladimeji M
- Adedeji Isaac Akinkimmi
- Adedoyin Rufus Adesoji
- Adekanmbi Victor
- Adetokunboh Olatunji O
- Adhena Beyene Meressa
- Adhikari Tara Banal
- Adib Mina G
- Adou Arsene Kouablan
- Adsuar Jose C
- Afaridern Mohsen
- Afshin Ashkan
- Agarwal Gina
- Aggarwal Rakesh
- Aghayan Sargis Agbasi
- Agrawal Anurag
- Agrawal Sutapa
- Ahmadi Alireza
- Ahmadi Mehdi
- Ahmadieh Hamid
- Ahmed Mohamed Lemine Cheikh Brahim
- Ahmed Muktar Beshir
- Ahmed Sayem
- Aichour Amani Nidhal
- Aichour Ibtihel
- Aichour Miloud Taki Eddine
- Akanda Ali S
- Akbari Mohammad Esmaeil
- Akibu Mohammed
- Akinyemi Rufus Olusola
- Akinyemiju Tomi
- Akseer Nadia
- Al-Aly Ziyad
- Al-Eyadhy Ayman
- Al-Raddadi Rajaa M
- Alam Khurshid
- Alandab Fares
- Alebel Animut
- Aleman Alicia V
- Alene Kefyalew Addis
- Ali Raghib
- Alijanzadely Mehran
- Alizadeh-Navaei Reza
- Aljunid Syed Mohamed
- Alkerwi Ala'a
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- Allebeck Peter
- Allen Christine A
- Alonso Jordi
- Alsharif Ubai
- Altirkawi Khalid
- Alvis-Cituman Nelson
- Amare Azmeraw T
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- Andrei Catalina Liliana
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- Ansari Hossein
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- Collado-Mateo Daniel
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- Conti Sara
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- Cortesi Paolo Angelo
- Cortinovis Monica
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- Dasa Tamirat Tesfaye
- Dash Aditya Prasad
- Davitoiu Dragos Virgil
- Davletov Kairat
- Dayama Anand
- de Courten Barbora
- De la Hoz Fernando Pio
- De Leo Diego
- De Neve Jan-Walter
- Defo Barthelemy Kuate
- Degefa Meaza Ginna
- Degenhardt Louisa
- Degfie Tizta T
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- Dellavalle Robert P
- Demoz Gebre Teklemariam
- Demtsu Balem Betsu
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- Deribe Kebede
- Dervenis Nikolaos
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- Dessie Getenet Ayalew
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- Dharmaratne Samath Dhamminda
- Dhimal Meghnath
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- Djalalinia Shirin
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- Donnelly Christi A
- Dorsey E Ray
- Douwes-Schultz Dirk
- Doyle Kerrie E
- Drake Thomas M
- Driscoll Tim Robert
- Dubey Manisha
- Dubljanin Eleonora
- Duken Eyasu Ejeta
- Duncan Bruce B
- Duraes Andre R
- Ebrahimi Hedyeh
- Ebrahimpour Soheil
- Edessa Dumessa
- Edvardsson David
- Eggen Anne Elise
- El Bcheraoui Charbel
- El-Khatib Ziad
- Elfaramawi Mohammed
- Ellingsen Christian Lycke
- Elyazar Iqbal RF
- Enayati Ahmadali
- Endries Aman Yesuf Yesuf
- Er Benjamin
- Ermakov Sergey Petrovich
- Eshrati Babak
- Eskandarieff Sharareh
- Esmaeili Reza
- Esteghamati Alireza
- Esteghamati Sadaf
- Fakhar Matadi
- Fakhim Named
- Falavarjani Khalil Ghasemi
- Farag Tamer
- Faramarzi Mahbobelh
- Fareed Mohammad
- Farhadi Farzaneh
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- Farinha Carla Sofia E Sa
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- Farzadfar Farshad
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- Fentahum Netsanet
- Fereshtehnejad Seyed-Mohammad
- Fernandes Eduarda
- Fernandes Joao C
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- Fijabi Daniel Obadare
- Filip Irina
- Finegold Samuel
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- Foigt Nataliya A
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- Getachew Sefonias
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- Gezae Kebede Embaye
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- Vujcic Isidora S
- Wagner Gregory R
- Wagnew Fasil Shiferaw Wagnew
- Waheed Yasir
- Wang Yanping
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- Wassie Molla Mesele
- Weaver Nicole Davis
- Weiderpass Elisabete
- Weintraub Robert G
- Weiss Daniel J
- Weiss Jordan
- Weldegebreal Fitsum
- Weldegwergs Kidu Gidey
- Werdecker Andrea
- Westerman Ronny
- Whiteford Harvey A
- Widecka Justyna
- Widecka Katarzyna
- Wijeratne Tissa
- Winkler Andrea Sylvia
- Wiysonge Charles Shey
- Wolfe Charles DA
- Wondemagegn Sintayehu Ambachew
- Wu Shouling
- Wyper Grant MA
- Xu Gelin
- Yadav Rajaram
- Yakob Bereket
- Yamada Tomohide
- Yan Lijing L
- Yano Yuichiro
- Yaseri Mehdi
- Yasin Jemal Yasin
- Ye Pengpeng
- Yearwood Jamal A
- Yentur Gokalp Kadri
- Yeshaneh Alex
- Yimer Ebrahim M
- Yip Paul
- Yisma Engida
- Yonemoto Naohiro
- Yoon Seok-Jun
- York Hunter W
- Yotebieng Marcel
- Younis Mustafa Z
- Yousefifard Mahmoud
- Yu Chuanhua
- Zachariah Geevar
- Zadnik Vesna
- Zafar Shamsa
- Zaidi Zoubida
- Zaki Maysaa El Sayed
- Zamani Mohammad
- Zare Zohreh
- Zeeb Hajo
- Zeleke Mulugeta Molla
- Zenebe Zerihun Menlkalew
- Zerfu Taddese Alemu
- Zhang Kai
- Zhang Xueying
- Zhu Jun
- Zodpey Sanjay
- Zucker Inbar
- Zuhlke Liesl Joanna J
- Publication venue
- 'Elsevier BV'
- Publication date
- 01/01/2018
- Field of study
Background: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017) includes a comprehensive assessment of incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for 354 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2017. Previous GBD studies have shown how the decline of mortality rates from 1990 to 2016 has led to an increase in life expectancy, an ageing global population, and an expansion of the non-fatal burden of disease and injury. These studies have also shown how a substantial portion of the world's population experiences non-fatal health loss with considerable heterogeneity among different causes, locations, ages, and sexes. Ongoing objectives of the GBD study include increasing the level of estimation detail, improving analytical strategies, and increasing the amount of high-quality data. Methods: We estimated incidence and prevalence for 354 diseases and injuries and 3484 sequelae. We used an updated and extensive body of literature studies, survey data, surveillance data, inpatient admission records, outpatient visit records, and health insurance claims, and additionally used results from cause of death models to inform estimates using a total of 68 781 data sources. Newly available clinical data from India, Iran, Japan, Jordan, Nepal, China, Brazil, Norway, and Italy were incorporated, as well as updated claims data from the USA and new claims data from Taiwan (province of China) and Singapore. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, as the main method of estimation, ensuring consistency between rates of incidence, prevalence, remission, and cause of death for each condition. YLDs were estimated as the product of a prevalence estimate and a disability weight for health states of each mutually exclusive sequela, adjusted for comorbidity. We updated the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary development indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and total fertility rate. Additionally, we calculated differences between male and female YLDs to identify divergent trends across sexes. GBD 2017 complies with the Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting. Findings: Globally, for females, the causes with the greatest age-standardised prevalence were oral disorders, headache disorders, and haemoglobinopathies and haemolytic anaemias in both 1990 and 2017. For males, the causes with the greatest age-standardised prevalence were oral disorders, headache disorders, and tuberculosis including latent tuberculosis infection in both 1990 and 2017. In terms of YLDs, low back pain, headache disorders, and dietary iron deficiency were the leading Level 3 causes of YLD counts in 1990, whereas low back pain, headache disorders, and depressive disorders were the leading causes in 2017 for both sexes combined. All-cause age-standardised YLD rates decreased by 3·9% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3·1-4·6) from 1990 to 2017; however, the all-age YLD rate increased by 7·2% (6·0-8·4) while the total sum of global YLDs increased from 562 million (421-723) to 853 million (642-1100). The increases for males and females were similar, with increases in all-age YLD rates of 7·9% (6·6-9·2) for males and 6·5% (5·4-7·7) for females. We found significant differences between males and females in terms of age-standardised prevalence estimates for multiple causes. The causes with the greatest relative differences between sexes in 2017 included substance use disorders (3018 cases [95% UI 2782-3252] per 100 000 in males vs 1400 [1279-1524] per 100 000 in females), transport injuries (3322 [3082-3583] vs 2336 [2154-2535]), and self-harm and interpersonal violence (3265 [2943-3630] vs 5643 [5057-6302]). Interpretation: Global all-cause age-standardised YLD rates have improved only slightly over a period spanning nearly three decades. However, the magnitude of the non-fatal disease burden has expanded globally, with increasing numbers of people who have a wide spectrum of conditions. A subset of conditions has remained globally pervasive since 1990, whereas other conditions have displayed more dynamic trends, with different ages, sexes, and geographies across the globe experiencing varying burdens and trends of health loss. This study emphasises how global improvements in premature mortality for select conditions have led to older populations with complex and potentially expensive diseases, yet also highlights global achievements in certain domains of disease and injury
Pooled analysis of WHO Surgical Safety Checklist use and mortality after emergency laparotomy
- Author
- Aahlin EK
- Aamer A
- Aaniana K
- Ababneh A
- Abaliksta T
- Abantanga F
- Abantanga F
- Abbas A
- Abbas M
- Abbasy J
- Abbo O
- Abbo O
- Abbott T
- Abbouch M
- Abd El Galeel A
- Abd El Hameed OS
- Abd El Hamid N
- Abd El Salam Y
- Abd El Slam M
- Abd El-Salam F
- Abd Elrasoul Y
- Abd-Elmawla M
- Abd-Elrasoul Y
- Abdallah E
- Abdallah E
- Abdel-Aty A
- Abdel-Hameed N
- Abdel-Kader SM
- Abdel-Wahab NYE
- Abdelaal A
- Abdelaty M
- Abdelazeam AR
- Abdelazim G
- Abdelaziz MA
- Abdelbadeai K
- Abdelfatah A
- AbdelFattah I
- Abdelgelil A
- Abdelghany S
- Abdelhady S
- Abdelhamed R
- Abdelhamid A
- Abdelhaq A
- Abdelkader M
- Abdelkader M
- Abdelkader O
- Abdelkareem A
- Abdelkhalek M
- Abdelmageed E
- Abdelmotaleb I
- Abdelraheim M
- Abdelraouf AM
- Abdelrouf DM
- Abdelshafy M
- Abdelshakour M
- Abdrabou AK
- Abdul-Latif S
- Abdulaziz H
- Abdulaziz M
- Abdulbagi O
- Abdulgawad M
- Abdulhakeem EM
- Abdullah AAN
- Abdullah MA
- Abdullah N
- Abdullah NAN
- Abdullah NAN
- Abdullahi L
- Abdurrazzaaq A
- Abebe NS
- Abebe NS
- Abem OE
- Aber A
- Abington E
- Abiola O
- Aboarab A
- Aboelella M
- Aboelmagd O
- Aboelsoud MR
- Aboraya M
- Aboraya M
- Abouelnasr A
- Aboul-Naga MS
- Abouzahra A
- Abouzaid A
- Abozaid M
- Abozeid K
- Abozyed MAF
- Abu Qumbos A
- Abu-toyour M
- Abubakr M
- Abudeeb H
- Abuowda Y
- Abuqwaider E
- Abusalem L
- Abuseif M
- Abushamleh S
- Acharya P
- Ackom E
- Acquah E
- Adam A
- Adam N
- Adams R
- Adamu A
- Adawi I
- Adawi M
- Adebanjo A
- Adebanjo A
- Adebola O
- Adedeji A
- Adekoya A
- Adel A
- Adel A
- Adel BE
- Adel I
- Adella FJ
- Adelshone A
- Ademuyiwa A
- Ademuyiwa A
- Ademuyiwa AO
- Ademuyiwa AO
- Ademuyiwa AO
- Ademuyiwa AO
- Adenekan B
- Adeniran J
- Adeniran J
- Adeniyi A
- Adeniyi A
- Adesanya O
- Adesanya O
- Adesina A
- Adesina A
- Adesuyi A
- Adeyeye A
- Adeyeye A
- Adeyeye A
- Adham W
- Adhitama N
- Adil M
- Adisa AO
- Adisa AO
- Adu-Aryee N
- Afana S
- Afandy A
- Afifi AM
- Afzal M
- Agalianos C
- Agalianos C
- Agarwal A
- Agarwal A
- Agarwal A
- Agbedinu K
- Agius M
- Aglan A
- Aguado Suarez N
- Aguilar-Jimenez J
- Aguilera M
- Aguilera ML
- Aguilera ML
- Aguilera ML
- Aguilera O
- Aguilera-Arevalo M-L
- Ahlonsou G
- Ahlqvist S
- Ahlqvist S
- Ahlqvist S
- Ahmed A
- Ahmed A
- Ahmed A
- Ahmed EA
- Ahmed H
- Ahmed H
- Ahmed H
- Ahmed LAM
- Ahmed S
- Ahmed S
- Ahmed SM
- Ahounou EYS
- Aigrain Y
- Aiyaman C
- Ajah J
- Ajai O
- Ajao A
- Ajao AE
- Ajiboye A
- Akatibo E
- Akeel N
- Akhtar M
- Akoto E
- Akpenyi O
- Al Amin S
- Al Attar SM
- Al Awwad S
- Al Barrawi FE
- Al Bastawis F
- Al Meligy A
- Al Rafati AAR
- Al Raouf EA
- Al Saied G
- Al Subaie N
- Al-Aarag AA-R
- Al-Azraqi IAA
- Al-Bahrani A
- Al-Buhaisi A
- Al-Dakka E
- Al-Faifi JJ
- Al-faqawi M
- Al-farram H
- Al-Hameedi HII
- Al-Hasani RKMJ
- Al-khatib A
- Al-Mallah A
- Al-Marakby D
- Al-Mousa M
- Al-Nahrawi S
- Al-Obaedi O
- Al-saqqa S
- Al-Saqqa SW
- Al-Saqqa SW
- Al-shammari A
- Al-Slaibi I
- Al-taher T
- Alaael-Dein S
- Alada M
- Alahmady O
- Alakaloko F
- Alakaloko F
- Alaloul E
- Alamin S
- Alamoudi M
- Alamoudi U
- Albeladi B
- Albiety A
- Alcca Ticona W
- Aldalaq A
- Aldhafeeri S
- Aledrisy M
- Alejos Bermudez YE
- Alexander P
- Alexander P
- Alexander P
- Alexandre C
- Alfarsi MA
- Alghamdi A
- Alghamdi B
- Alghamdi M
- Alghamdi MSA
- Algohary O
- Alhabli I
- Alhady K
- Alhammali T
- Alhassan B
- Alhazmi W
- Alhendy M
- Alherz M
- Ali A
- Ali A
- Ali A
- Ali CDM
- Ali E
- Ali FM
- Ali H
- Ali S
- Ali SAWEW
- Ali SS
- Ali THA
- Ali W
- Alihonou T
- Alimi Q
- Alis H
- Aliyu H
- Aliyu M
- Aliyu S
- Aljboor K
- Aljiffry M
- Aljiffry M
- Aljohani E
- Aljohani E
- Aljohani S
- Alkaaki A
- Alkammash A
- Alkelani M
- Alkhabbaz D
- Alkhouri M
- Allam M
- Allam M
- Allam Y
- Allegri A
- Allegri A
- Allen JLY
- Allott R
- Almallah A
- Almoflihi A
- Almuallem S
- Almy J
- Alnaby MH
- Alnawam E
- Alnuqaydan SA
- Alnusairat A
- Alomar IN
- Alqahtani E
- Alqahtani S
- Alrahawy M
- Alrajraji M
- Alrifaie A
- AlRowais M
- Alsaggaf M
- Alsaggaf MU
- Alsaggaf MU
- Alser OH
- Alshareef R
- Altaf A
- Altaf A
- Altamimi A
- Altamimi A
- Altamimi A
- Altamimi A
- Altamini A
- Altarayra M
- Althwainy A
- Altibi A
- Altinel Y
- Altinel Y
- Altoe F
- Altwigry AM
- Altwijri A
- Alvarado Jaramillo R
- Alvarez Barreda LM
- Alvi AR
- Alwafai MG
- Aly AK
- Aly MYM
- Alyacoubi S
- Alyahya R
- Alyami R
- Alyami R
- AlYoussef I
- Alzahrani A
- Alzahrani M
- Alzahrani M
- Alzayat T
- Aman NF
- Amandito R
- Amandito R
- Amandito R
- Amandito R
- Ambrona-Zafra D
- Ambrozeviciute V
- Ameen M
- Amer MA
- Amin HAA
- Amin J
- Amin J
- Amjad M
- Ammar M
- Ammar MS
- Amoah M
- Amoako J
- Amoako PT
- Amoako-Boateng M
- Amole I
- Amreia M
- Amreia M
- Anandkumar D
- Anderson D
- Anderson F
- Anderson R
- Anderson-Knight H
- Andersson L
- Andika FFA
- Andreotti D
- Andres Garcia-Marin J
- Andress C
- Andriola V
- Ang YL
- Angelieri D
- Anis E
- Ansaloni L
- Ansaloni L
- Ansaloni L
- Ansaloni L
- Ansaloni L
- Antar S
- Antezana D
- Anthoulakis C
- Anthoulakis C
- Antoniozzi A
- Anwar AW
- Anwar N
- Anwer W
- Anyanwu L-J
- Anyanwu L-J
- Aonzo P
- Appeadu-Mensah W
- Appiah EK
- Aql S
- Aquilino F
- Arachchi PP
- Arachchige LAJJ
- Arafa O
- Arafa S
- Arango MCM
- Arango MCM
- Aranzabal Durand SY
- Araujo R
- Arcudi C
- Ardley R
- Arenas A
- Arevalo Azmitia JR
- Arias Pacheco RD
- Arman S
- Arman S
- Armando ChunguiBravo J
- Armellini A
- Arnaud A
- Arnaud AP
- Arnaud AP
- Arnaud AP
- Arroyo Basto CA
- Arshad MM
- Arslan E
- Arsyad HM
- Arthur T
- Arulampalam T
- Aruldas N
- Asal M
- Asar YH
- Asare-Bediako K
- Asele FA
- Ashour A
- Ashour A
- Ashour K
- Ashraf SF
- Ashtari M
- Ashton A
- Asi F
- Asilah SMD
- Assal A
- Assouto PA
- Asturia S
- Asumah H
- Ata A
- Ata AAA
- Ata AY
- Atiyeh A
- Atkins ET
- Atkinson K
- Atobatele K
- Attallah NA
- Attard M
- Attia A
- Attia AM
- Augestad KM
- Aung KP
- Austraite A
- Aviles S
- Avoka A
- Awad I
- Awad SA
- Awadallah S
- Awuku-Asabre J
- Ayad S
- Ayandipo O
- Ayandipo OO
- Aydin MC
- Ayyar S
- Aziz DNA
- Aziz MRA
- Aziz NA
- Azizeldine MG
- Azmitia Mendizabal CA
- Azodo IA
- Azzie G
- Azzie G
- Azzis O
- Baba S
- Bachri H
- Badawy M
- Badenjki MA
- Badicel M
- Badr A
- Badr MFM
- Badwi NM
- Badwi NM
- Badwy A
- Bahar S
- Baheeg M
- Bailey K
- Baillie K
- Baillie K
- Baird A
- Bakhaidar M
- Baki BE
- Bakr A
- Bakry HM
- Bala M
- Balalis D
- Baldacchino M
- Balducci G
- Balila RMH
- Balkan AZA
- Ballouhey Q
- Balmaceda R
- Balmaceda R
- Balmaceda R
- Balogun F
- Baltrunas R
- Baluch F
- Bamford R
- Bamicha A
- Bamicha A
- Banaitis VJ
- Bandi A
- Bandoh D
- Bani-Sadar A
- Banipal GS
- Baraka H
- Barakat SAE
- Barendegere V
- Barker T
- Barkolias C
- Barmayehvar B
- Barnabas GN
- Barnacle J
- Barneo L
- Barrionuevo Ojeda RR
- Barrios E
- Barrios E
- Barros De Castro Segundo LC
- Barroso de Lima CV
- Barry J
- Basilico S
- Basir ERM
- Bassem M
- Bassit KA
- Basso SMM
- Basson S
- Batt J
- Bayram S
- Beamon M
- Beasley W
- Beaton C
- Bedada AG
- Bediako-Bowan A
- Behar N
- Beisa V
- Beisa V
- Bekhet AH
- Bekhet NM
- Beleno AEM
- Belkouchi A
- Belli A
- Bello B
- Benammi S
- Benevento A
- Benevento A
- Benger M
- Bennai RM
- Benons N
- Bentounsi Z
- Benyaiche C
- Berti S
- Bertuello I
- Beuran M
- Beuran M
- Beyene R
- Bezerra Morais PA
- Bezzina M
- Bhang A
- Bhangu A
- Bhangu A
- Bhargava A
- Bharj IS
- Bhat S
- Bhatnagar A
- Bhattacharya S
- Bhopal KF
- Bhopal KF
- Bianco F
- Bigaran A
- Billy M
- Bin Adnan A
- Bin Hasnan M
- Bin Ismail MJ
- Bin Mahamood A
- Birindelli A
- Birring A
- Bisset C
- Bjorklund I
- Bjorklund I
- Blacker S
- Blackwell J
- Blanco R
- Blanco-Colino R
- Blencowe N
- Blencowe N
- Bliksoen M
- Blower E
- Bluelle R
- Blundell R
- Boakye-Yiadom K
- Boal M
- Bocchetti T
- Boddy A
- Bode C
- Bode C
- Bodur S
- Boereboom C
- Boggon A
- Boijsen M
- Bokhari S
- Bonavia K
- Bonavina L
- Bonavina L
- Bond-Smith G
- Bondin J
- Bondurri A
- Bondurri A
- Boni S
- Bonnard A
- Bonney W
- Borda Luque G
- Borda-Luque G
- Borda-Luque G
- Borg E
- Borg E
- Borg E
- Borin E
- Bortolasi L
- Bortolasi L
- Boshnaq M
- Botes S
- Bottini C
- Botto N
- Bouali O
- Bougard H
- Boukhal K
- Bowabsak A
- Bowe R
- Bowley D
- Bowling K
- Bowman C
- Boyce T
- Bradulskis S
- Bradulskis S
- Bratu M
- Bratu MR
- Bratu R-M
- Braungart S
- Bray LD
- Breaud J
- Breistrand M
- Breitenstein S
- Breslin R
- Brincat SD
- Broch A
- Brogden T
- Brown D
- Brown E
- Brown J
- Brown J
- Browning DRL
- Brunoni B
- Bsisu I
- Bucci L
- Bugaev N
- Bugeja R
- Buisson P
- Bukari M
- Bunting D
- Burger S
- Burmistrovas A
- Burns H
- Bustangi N
- Butt MT
- Cabala Chiong JA
- Cabala Chiong JA
- Cacurri A
- Cadogan DD
- Cahill R
- Cakaloglu HC
- Caliman C
- Callan R
- Camacho R
- Cameron B
- Camilleri GM
- Camilleri-Brennan J
- Camilleri-Brennan J
- Camilleri-Brennan JF
- Camilo Correa J
- Campagnaro T
- Canta Calua A
- Capito C
- Capleton P
- Carabott K
- Careta MC
- Carlucci M
- Carmela Lapitan M
- Carmona JM
- Carpio J
- Carrasco N
- Carreira J-A
- Carreiro De Freitas AV
- Cassar K
- Castro Mollo M
- Catani M
- Cautiero R
- Caydiid H
- Cecilia T
- Celik S
- Cengiz TB
- Cengiz Y
- Cengiz Y
- Cengiz Y
- Cengiz Y
- Ceriani C
- Cevik M
- Chabok A
- Chachulski W
- Chai C-A
- Chai FY
- Chambers A
- Chambers A
- Chan E
- Chan L
- Chan T-YK
- Chan XW
- Chan Z
- Chandrakumar C
- Chang K
- Chang KY-C
- Chapman A
- Chapman SJ
- Charles A
- Cheah AEZ
- Chen CY
- Chen KY
- Chen T-L
- Chenn R
- Cheong YJ
- Chetta N
- Cheung YHE
- Chew LS
- Chhabra S
- Chibuye C
- Chidambaram S
- Chiesa D
- Chilton G
- Chin PX
- Chin YR
- Chiu S
- Chiu S
- Chiu SMY
- Choi J
- Choi P
- Chong BFHK
- Chong CL
- Chong CL
- Chong CL
- Chong CS
- Chong H-Y
- Chong HY
- Choudhry A
- Chow CYN
- Chowdhury A
- Chowdhury D
- Chu K
- Chun A
- Chun T
- Chung KJ
- Chung S
- Ciccioli E
- Cirocchi R
- Ciubotaru C
- Claire R
- Clarissa A
- Clark DJ
- Clark T
- Clegg-Lampety J-N
- Clegg-Lamptey J-N
- Clement KD
- Clements JM
- Clerico G
- Clifford C
- Cloro LM
- Coasaca Huaraya R
- Coccolini F
- Coccolini F
- Coccolini F
- Coccolini F
- Cocker DM
- Cocorullo G
- Cohen DM
- Cohen F
- Cole S
- Coletta D
- Coletti M
- Colombani J-F
- Cona C
- Conci S
- Confalonieri G
- Conlon KC
- Connor K
- Connor K
- Contreras Merida SM
- Contreras Urquizu M
- Contreras Vergara AL
- Contreras E
- Coomber R
- Coompson CL
- Corbellini C
- Corbellino M
- Cornick J
- Coronel J
- Corro-Diaz Gonzalez S
- Corro-Diaz S
- Costa C
- Costa-Maia J
- Costa-Maia J
- Costas-Chavarri A
- Costas-Chavarri A
- Courboin E
- Court E
- Cox D
- Cox M
- Coyoy-Gaitan O
- Cragg J
- Craus-Miguel A
- Cross K
- Cruz DH
- Cruz H
- Cucumazzo S
- Cullen F
- Curletti G
- Currow C
- Currow C
- D'aguzan N
- D'Amours S
- D'amours SK
- D'cruz R
- D'Souza MS
- D'Souza R
- Da Silva LA
- Dabboor M
- Dabbour K
- Dabessa D
- Dablouk M
- Dablouk MO
- Dagoe E
- Dahy A
- Dainius E
- Dakubo J
- Dal Canto M
- Dalli J
- Dally C
- Dambrauskas Z
- Dambrauskas Z
- Dan I
- Danelli P
- Daniels I
- Daniyan M
- Danys D
- Dao W
- Daqeeq A
- Dar M
- Dar W
- Dardenne S
- Darweesh M
- Darwish AKZ
- Das A
- Das K
- Das S
- Dasari M
- Dashnyam E
- Dassah V
- Datta U
- Davenport R
- Davies J
- Davies R
- Davor A
- Dawnay G
- Dawood K
- Dawoud H
- Dayie M
- De Boni D
- De Bono P
- De Bono P
- De Franciscis S
- De Luca E
- De Marco P
- De Sousa AV
- Deal R
- Dean R
- Deane C
- Debrah S
- Deckelbaum DL
- Decker E
- Dedekind B
- Dedey F
- Deichsel F
- Del Basso C
- del Pilar Paucar A
- Delforge X
- Dell A
- Dempster E
- Denakpo M
- Denewar A
- Depalma N
- Deputy M
- Der Y
- Dervenis C
- Despotidis V
- Desta S
- Deutschmann P
- Devadasar GH
- Dharamshi HA
- Dhillon D
- Di Franco F
- Di Martino N
- Di Saverio S
- Di Saverio S
- Diab A
- Diaconescu B
- Diaconescu I-B
- Dias S
- Diaz Vico T
- Diaz-Jover P
- Diaz-Zorrilla C
- Dick L
- Dickfos M
- Dickson L
- Dijan E
- Dimech T
- Din F
- Dindyal S
- Dindyal S
- Dione Parreno-Sacdalan M
- Dissanayake T
- Djivoh F
- Domini E
- Domini E
- Donnelly P
- Donoghue D
- Dorani RMNR
- Dorisme A
- dos Santos DV
- Dossou F
- Doughan S
- Doughty J
- Dousset B
- Dragatas D
- Drake TM
- Drake TM
- Drake TM
- Driscoll A
- Drungilas M
- Du Plessis D
- du Plooy F
- Du Toit F
- Duane T
- Dubois A
- Duffy L
- Duhoranenayo D
- Duinhouwer L
- Dulskas A
- Dwydar A
- Ebdewi H
- Ebidy M
- Ebidy MM
- Ebrahim OS
- Eduard P
- Edwards J
- Edye M
- Eid MM
- Eisner L
- Ekow M
- El Ashal G
- El Dahab AA
- El Deen KN
- El Gendy A
- El Gendy NH
- El Halawany M
- El Jamassi A
- El Kashash A
- El Kholy A
- El Magd AA
- El Mesery S
- El Sayed GS
- El Sayed IM
- El Shoura Y
- El-badawy HA
- El-Dien KS
- El-Dien KS
- El-Din RA
- El-Din SA
- El-Gizawy E
- El-Hamouly AS
- El-Kashef H
- El-Latif NK
- El-Ma'doul AS
- El-Rabaa S
- El-Sagheer N
- El-Sawy A
- El-Sehily A
- El-Shahat NS
- El-Sheemy H
- El-Taher E
- Elabdin HZ
- Elashmawy M
- Elashry R
- Elazab A
- Elazayem AA
- Elazoul M
- Elbanby E
- Elbanby ES
- Elbatahgy A
- Elbe P
- Elbermawy M
- Elbisomy KH
- Eldafrawy M
- Eldamaty L
- Eldeeb AZ
- Eldeen EA
- Eldin MAB
- EldosoukyMohammed A
- Elebute O
- Elebute O
- Elena G
- Elfarargy A
- Elfeki H
- Elfeki H
- Elfiky M
- Elfil M
- Elfouly N
- Elfouly N
- Elfouly Y
- Elfouly Y
- Elgebaly A
- Elgendy AH
- Elgendy FI
- Elgheriany M
- Elhadad A
- Elhadary NM
- Elhadry S
- Elhalawany E
- Elhamouly S
- Elhelbawy MS
- Elhendawy A
- Elhendawy AOA
- Elhoseny G
- Elhusseiny AAE
- Elizabeth Lopez C
- Elkadsh I
- Elkady F
- Elkelany A
- Elkelany A
- Elkelany A
- Elkelany A
- Elkhadrawi M
- Elkhalek EA
- Elkholy A
- Elkholy SS
- Elkolaly SS
- Elkorashy AM
- Ellison Q
- Elmashala A
- Elmasry M
- Elmelegy R
- Elmihy S
- Elnagar A
- Elnajjar MA
- Elnemr AE
- Elrazek AA
- Elsabbagh N
- Elsameea AA
- Elsawahly DME
- Elsawy A
- Elsayed M
- Elsayed M
- Elsayed N
- Elsayed NAR
- Elsayed ZM
- Elsebaaye AO
- Elsehimy M
- Elsemelawy R
- Elshaar M
- Elshaer K
- Elshaer M
- Elshaer M
- Elshafay AE
- Elshami M
- Elshanwany S
- Elsharkawy AA
- Elsheikh S
- Elsherbiney S
- Elsherbiny AS
- Elsherif FA
- Elshobary M
- Elsiddig M
- Elsobky S
- Elsorogy DEAA
- Elwaey A
- Elwakil H
- Elwan A
- Elwan A
- Elwy E
- Elzahed N
- Elzayat I
- Elzayat M
- Elzayyat I
- Elzowawi F
- Emadeldin D
- Emadeldin H
- Emara E
- Emile S
- Eng C
- English W
- Esam A
- Escalante Salas MDC
- Espin-Basany E
- Espinoza F
- Essam A
- Essam AA
- Essam M
- Essoun S
- Esteban E
- Estee MM
- Estupinian S
- Etchill E
- Etchill E
- Etienne S
- Etman M
- Etwire V
- Evajelista CV
- Evans D
- Evans E
- Eysa A
- Eyssartier E
- Ezzat E
- Ezzat T
- Faboya O
- Faccincani R
- Fadel A
- Fahiem A
- Fahim M
- Fahmy MAB
- Fahy C
- Fairfield C
- Fairfield C
- Fairfield C
- Fairfield C
- Fakher R
- Falaschi F
- Falco N
- Falzon M
- Farag A
- Farag S
- Farah A
- Farahat MM
- Faraz A
- Fares M
- Farhad M
- Farhan-Alanie MMH
- Farhangmehr N
- Farinella E
- Farmakis K
- Farooq T
- Farouk SAM
- Farquharson A
- Farrugia A
- Farrugia A
- Faruq A
- Fathy AM
- Fattah AA
- Fatuga A
- Faturoti O
- Faturoti O
- Faure A
- Fautz T
- Favero A
- Fawzy A
- Feidantsis T
- Felipe CO
- Fergany A
- Fergusson SJ
- Fergusson SJ
- Fergusson SJ
- Fergusson SJ
- Fermani C
- Fermani CG
- Fernandes C
- Fernandez C
- Fernandez-Bueno F
- Fernandez-Vega L
- Ferousis C
- Ferrero E
- Fievet L
- Filatau A
- Findlay-Cooper K
- Firdouse M
- Firdouse M
- Firdouse M
- Firwana A
- Fitsum A
- Fitzgerald JE
- Fitzgerald JE
- Florez Farfan ES
- Foco M
- Fok CYJ
- Fontana T
- Foo CC
- Forlin L
- Forno W
- Fouad A
- Fouad D
- Fouad D
- Fourcade L
- Fowler AJ
- Fozard T
- Fozard T
- Frade F
- Fraga GP
- Francisco Roxas M
- Franco H
- Francois P
- Francois-Coridon H
- Francone E
- Freitas AV
- Frey D
- Frisk B
- Fuentes-Rivera L
- Fujii F
- Furqan MM
- Gaafar S
- Gaarder T
- Gad A
- Gad MO
- Gadelkarim M
- Gadhvi V
- Gado A
- Gaignard E
- Gaignard E
- Gaizauskas V
- Gala T
- Gala T
- Galiqi G
- Galleano R
- Gallo G
- Galloway S
- Galvez CP
- Gamal D
- Gamal E
- Gamal H
- Gamal S
- Gamaly E
- Gamil D
- Gan C
- Gan YY
- Gani MA
- Garaycochea O
- Garcia Bernardo C
- Garcia Florez LJ
- Garcia Septiem J
- Garcia Torres CP
- Garcia-Florez L
- Garland A
- Gash K
- Gash K
- Gash K
- Gastaldi P
- Gasteratos K
- Gaujoux S
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- Yildirim R
- Yip C
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- Yoganathan P
- Yolcu S
- Yong CO
- Yong GL
- Younis A
- Youssef D
- Youssef H
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- Zaa'treh R
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- Zadoroznas A
- Zahran D
- Zakaria E
- Zakaria M
- Zakaria Y
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- Zamarin K
- Zammit S
- Zampitis N
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- Zani A
- Zani A
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- Zapata Ponze De Leon M
- Zapata Ponze De Leon M
- Zapata F
- Zarb C
- Zardab A
- Zegarra S
- Zeidan S
- Zelada Alvarez II
- Zerihun AB
- Zeta Solis LA
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- Zilinskas J
- Zilinskiene R
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- Ziubryte G
- Zohair A
- Zorrilla CD
- Zuber M
- Zuber M
- Zuk G
- Zulkifli A
- Zumbuhl L
- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 15/10/2018
- Field of study
Background The World Health Organization (WHO) Surgical Safety Checklist has fostered safe practice for 10 years, yet its place in emergency surgery has not been assessed on a global scale. The aim of this study was to evaluate reported checklist use in emergency settings and examine the relationship with perioperative mortality in patients who had emergency laparotomy. Methods In two multinational cohort studies, adults undergoing emergency laparotomy were compared with those having elective gastrointestinal surgery. Relationships between reported checklist use and mortality were determined using multivariable logistic regression and bootstrapped simulation. Results Of 12 296 patients included from 76 countries, 4843 underwent emergency laparotomy. After adjusting for patient and disease factors, checklist use before emergency laparotomy was more common in countries with a high Human Development Index (HDI) (2455 of 2741, 89.6 per cent) compared with that in countries with a middle (753 of 1242, 60.6 per cent; odds ratio (OR) 0.17, 95 per cent c.i. 0.14 to 0.21, P <0001) or low (363 of 860, 422 per cent; OR 008, 007 to 010, P <0.001) HDI. Checklist use was less common in elective surgery than for emergency laparotomy in high-HDI countries (risk difference -94 (95 per cent c.i. -11.9 to -6.9) per cent; P <0001), but the relationship was reversed in low-HDI countries (+121 (+7.0 to +173) per cent; P <0001). In multivariable models, checklist use was associated with a lower 30-day perioperative mortality (OR 0.60, 0.50 to 073; P <0.001). The greatest absolute benefit was seen for emergency surgery in low- and middle-HDI countries. Conclusion Checklist use in emergency laparotomy was associated with a significantly lower perioperative mortality rate. Checklist use in low-HDI countries was half that in high-HDI countries.Peer reviewe
Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality and life expectancy, 1950-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
- Author
- Abate Degu
- Abate Lkidan Hassen
- Abay Solomon M
- Abbafati Cristiana
- Abbasi Nooshin
- Abbastabar Hcdayat
- Abd El Razek Hassan Magdy
- Abd El Razek Muhammed Magdy
- Abd-Allah Foad
- Abdel-Rahman Omar
- Abdela Jeinal
- Abdelalim Ahmed
- Abdi Alireza
- Abdollahpour Ibrahim
- Abdulkader Rizwan Suliankatchi
- Abdurahman Ahmed Abdulahi
- Abebe Haftom Temesgen
- Abebe Molla
- Abebe Zegeye
- Abebo Teshome Abuka
- Aboyans Victor
- Abraha Haftom Niguse
- Abrham Aklilu Roba
- Abu-Raddad Laith Jamal
- Abu-Rmeileh Niveen Ml
- Acharya Pawan
- Adebayo Oladimeji M
- Adedeji Isaac Akinkimmi
- Adedoyin Rufus Adesoji
- Adekanmbi Victor
- Adetokunboh Olatunji O
- Adhena Beyene Meressa
- Adhikari Tara Banal
- Adib Mina G
- Adou Arsene Kouablan
- Adsuar Jose C
- Afaridern Mohsen
- Afshin Ashkan
- Agarwal Gina
- Aggarwal Rakesh
- Aghayan Sargis Agbasi
- Agrawal Anurag
- Agrawal Sutapa
- Ahmadi Alireza
- Ahmadi Mehdi
- Ahmadieh Hamid
- Ahmed Mohamed Lemine Cheikh Brahim
- Ahmed Muktar Beshir
- Ahmed Sayem
- Aichour Amani Nidhal
- Aichour Ibtihel
- Aichour Miloud Taki Eddine
- Akanda Ali S
- Akbari Mohammad Esmaeil
- Akibu Mohammed
- Akinyemi Rufus Olusola
- Akinyemiju Tomi
- Akseer Nadia
- Al-Aly Ziyad
- Al-Eyadhy Ayman
- Al-Raddadi Rajaa M
- Alam Khurshid
- Alandab Fares
- Alebel Animut
- Aleman Alicia V
- Alene Kefyalew Addis
- Ali Raghib
- Alijanzadely Mehran
- Alizadeh-Navaei Reza
- Aljunid Syed Mohamed
- Alkerwi Ala'a
- Alla Francois
- Allebeck Peter
- Allen Christine A
- Alonso Jordi
- Alsharif Ubai
- Altirkawi Khalid
- Alvis-Cituman Nelson
- Amare Azmeraw T
- Amini Erfan
- Ammar Walid
- Amoako Yaw Ampem
- Anber Nahla Hamed
- Andrei Catalina Liliana
- Androudi Sofia
- Animut Megbani Debalkie
- Anjomshoa Mina
- Anlay Degefaye Zelalem
- Ansari Hossein
- Ansariadi Ansariadi
- Ansha Mustafa Geleto
- Antonio Carl Abelardo T
- Appiah Seth Christopher Yaw
- Aremu Olatunde
- Areri Habtarnu Abera
- Arnlov Johan
- Aroma Megha
- Artaman Al
- Aryal Krishna K
- Asadi-Lari Mohsen
- Asayesh Hamid
- Asfaw Ephrem Tsegay
- Asgedom Solomon Weldegebreal
- Assadi Reza
- Ataro Zerihun
- Atey Tesfay Mehan Mehari
- Athari Seyyed Shamsadin
- Atique Suleman
- Atre Sachin R
- Atteraya Madhu Sudhan
- Attia Engi F
- Ausloos Marcel
- Avila-Burgos Leticia
- Avokpaho Euripide FGA
- Awasthi Ash Ish
- Awuah Baffour
- Ayele Henok Tadesse
- Ayele Yohanes
- Ayer Rakesh
- Ayuk Tam Be B
- Azzopardi Peter S
- Azzopardi-Muscat Natasha
- Badali Hamid
- Badawi Alaa
- Balakrishnan Kalpana
- Bali Ayele Geleto
- Banach Maciej
- Banstola Armit
- Barac Aleksandra
- Barboza Miguel A
- Barquera Simon
- Barrero Lope H
- Basaleem Huda
- Basara Berrak Bora
- Bassat Quique
- Basu Arindam
- Basu Sanjay
- Baune Bernhard T
- Bazargan-Hejazi Shahrzad
- Bedi Neeraj
- Beghi Ettore
- Behzadifar Masoud
- Behzadifar Meysam
- Bejot Yannick
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- Uthman Olalekan A
- Uzun Selen Begun
- Vaduganathan Muthiah
- Vaezi Afsane
- Vaidya Gaurang
- Valdez Pascual R
- Varavikova Elena
- Varughese Santosh
- Vasankari Tommi Juhani
- Vasconcelos Ana Maria Nogales
- Velasquez This Moreno
- Venketasubramanian Narayanaswamy
- Vidavalur Ramesh
- Villafaina Santos
- Violante Francesco S
- Vladimirov Sergey Konstantinovitch
- Vlassov Vasily
- Vollset Stein Emil
- Vos Theo
- Vosoughi Kia
- Vujcic Isidora S
- Wagner Gregory R
- Wagnew Fasil Shiferaw Wagnew
- Waheed Yasir
- Wang Yanping
- Wang Yuan-Pang
- Wassie Molla Mesele
- Weaver Nicole Davis
- Weiderpass Elisabete
- Weintraub Robert G
- Weiss Daniel J
- Weiss Jordan
- Weldegebreal Fitsum
- Weldegwergs Kidu Gidey
- Werdecker Andrea
- Westerman Ronny
- Whiteford Harvey A
- Widecka Justyna
- Widecka Katarzyna
- Wijeratne Tissa
- Winkler Andrea Sylvia
- Wiysonge Charles Shey
- Wolfe Charles DA
- Wondemagegn Sintayehu Ambachew
- Wu Shouling
- Wyper Grant MA
- Xu Gelin
- Yadav Rajaram
- Yakob Bereket
- Yamada Tomohide
- Yan Lijing L
- Yano Yuichiro
- Yaseri Mehdi
- Yasin Jemal Yasin
- Ye Pengpeng
- Yearwood Jamal A
- Yentur Gokalp Kadri
- Yeshaneh Alex
- Yimer Ebrahim M
- Yip Paul
- Yisma Engida
- Yonemoto Naohiro
- Yoon Seok-Jun
- York Hunter W
- Yotebieng Marcel
- Younis Mustafa Z
- Yousefifard Mahmoud
- Yu Chuanhua
- Zachariah Geevar
- Zadnik Vesna
- Zafar Shamsa
- Zaidi Zoubida
- Zaki Maysaa El Sayed
- Zamani Mohammad
- Zare Zohreh
- Zeeb Hajo
- Zeleke Mulugeta Molla
- Zenebe Zerihun Menlkalew
- Zerfu Taddese Alemu
- Zhang Kai
- Zhang Xueying
- Zhu Jun
- Zodpey Sanjay
- Zucker Inbar
- Zuhlke Liesl Joanna J
- Publication venue
- 'Elsevier BV'
- Publication date
- 01/01/2018
- Field of study
Background:
Assessments of age-specific mortality and life expectancy have been done by the UN Population Division, Department of Economics and Social Affairs (UNPOP), the United States Census Bureau, WHO, and as part of previous iterations of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD). Previous iterations of the GBD used population estimates from UNPOP, which were not derived in a way that was internally consistent with the estimates of the numbers of deaths in the GBD. The present iteration of the GBD, GBD 2017, improves on previous assessments and provides timely estimates of the mortality experience of populations globally.
Methods:
The GBD uses all available data to produce estimates of mortality rates between 1950 and 2017 for 23 age groups, both sexes, and 918 locations, including 195 countries and territories and subnational locations for 16 countries. Data used include vital registration systems, sample registration systems, household surveys (complete birth histories, summary birth histories, sibling histories), censuses (summary birth histories, household deaths), and Demographic Surveillance Sites. In total, this analysis used 8259 data sources. Estimates of the probability of death between birth and the age of 5 years and between ages 15 and 60 years are generated and then input into a model life table system to produce complete life tables for all locations and years. Fatal discontinuities and mortality due to HIV/AIDS are analysed separately and then incorporated into the estimation. We analyse the relationship between age-specific mortality and development status using the Socio-demographic Index, a composite measure based on fertility under the age of 25 years, education, and income. There are four main methodological improvements in GBD 2017 compared with GBD 2016: 622 additional data sources have been incorporated; new estimates of population, generated by the GBD study, are used; statistical methods used in different components of the analysis have been further standardised and improved; and the analysis has been extended backwards in time by two decades to start in 1950.
Findings:
Globally, 18·7% (95% uncertainty interval 18·4–19·0) of deaths were registered in 1950 and that proportion has been steadily increasing since, with 58·8% (58·2–59·3) of all deaths being registered in 2015. At the global level, between 1950 and 2017, life expectancy increased from 48·1 years (46·5–49·6) to 70·5 years (70·1–70·8) for men and from 52·9 years (51·7–54·0) to 75·6 years (75·3–75·9) for women. Despite this overall progress, there remains substantial variation in life expectancy at birth in 2017, which ranges from 49·1 years (46·5–51·7) for men in the Central African Republic to 87·6 years (86·9–88·1) among women in Singapore. The greatest progress across age groups was for children younger than 5 years; under-5 mortality dropped from 216·0 deaths (196·3–238·1) per 1000 livebirths in 1950 to 38·9 deaths (35·6–42·83) per 1000 livebirths in 2017, with huge reductions across countries. Nevertheless, there were still 5·4 million (5·2–5·6) deaths among children younger than 5 years in the world in 2017. Progress has been less pronounced and more variable for adults, especially for adult males, who had stagnant or increasing mortality rates in several countries. The gap between male and female life expectancy between 1950 and 2017, while relatively stable at the global level, shows distinctive patterns across super-regions and has consistently been the largest in central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia, and smallest in south Asia. Performance was also variable across countries and time in observed mortality rates compared with those expected on the basis of development.
Interpretation:
This analysis of age-sex-specific mortality shows that there are remarkably complex patterns in population mortality across countries. The findings of this study highlight global successes, such as the large decline in under-5 mortality, which reflects significant local, national, and global commitment and investment over several decades. However, they also bring attention to mortality patterns that are a cause for concern, particularly among adult men and, to a lesser extent, women, whose mortality rates have stagnated in many countries over the time period of this study, and in some cases are increasing
Global variation in anastomosis and end colostomy formation following left-sided colorectal resection
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- Aahlin Ek
- Aamer A
- Aaniana K
- Ababneh A
- Abaliksta T
- Abantanga F
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- Abbas A
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- Ahlonsou G
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- Al Barrawi FE
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- Al Meligy A
- Al Rafati AAR
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- Al Saied G
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- Al-Dakka E
- Al-Faifi Jj
- Al-Faqawi M
- Al-Farram H
- Al-Hameedi Hii
- Al-Hasani Rkmj
- Al-Khatib A
- Al-Mallah A
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- Alaael-Dein S
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- Alkhouri M
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- Alnusairat A
- Alomar In
- Alqahtani E
- Alqahtani S
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- Alrajraji M
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- AlRowais M
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- de Leó
- De Leon MZP
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- de Lima CVB
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- Di Martino N
- Di Saverio S
- Di Saverio S
- Diab A
- Diaconescu B
- Diaconescu Ib
- Dias S
- Diaz-Jover P
- Diaz-Zorrilla C
- Dick L
- Dickfos M
- Dickson L
- Dijan E
- Dimech T
- Din F
- Dindyal S
- Dindyal S
- Dissanayake T
- Djivoh F
- Domini E
- Domini E
- Donnelly P
- Donoghue D
- Dorani Rmnr
- Dorismé
- Dos Santos DV
- Dossou F
- Doughan S
- Doughty J
- Dousset B
- Dragatas D
- Drake Tm
- Drake Tm
- Driscoll A
- Drungilas M
- Du Plessis D
- du Plooy F
- Du Toit F
- Duane T
- Dubois A
- Dueñ
- Duffy L
- Duhoranenayo D
- Duinhouwer L
- Dulskas A
- Durand Sya
- Dwydar A
- Ebdewi H
- Ebidy M
- Ebidy Mm
- Ebrahim Os
- Eduard P
- Edwards J
- Edye M
- Eid Mm
- Eisner L
- Ekow M
- El Ashal G
- El Dahab AA
- El Deen KN
- El Galeel AA
- El Gendy NH
- El Gendy A
- El Halawany M
- El Hameed OSA
- El Hamid NA
- El Jamassi A
- El Kashash A
- El Kholy A
- El Magd AA
- El Mesery S
- El Salam YA
- El Sayed GS
- El Sayed IM
- El Shoura Y
- El Slam MA
- El-Badawy Ha
- El-Dien Ks
- El-Dien Ks
- El-Din Ra
- El-Din Sa
- El-Gizawy E
- El-Hamouly As
- El-Kashef H
- El-Latif Nka
- El-Ma&apos
- El-Rabaa S
- El-Sagheer N
- El-Salam Fa
- El-Sawy A
- El-Sehily A
- El-Shahat Ns
- El-Sheemy H
- El-Taher E
- Elabdin Hz
- Elashmawy M
- Elashry R
- Elazab A
- Elazayem Aa
- Elazoul M
- Elbanby E
- Elbanby Es
- Elbatahgy A
- Elbe P
- Elbermawy M
- Elbisomy Kh
- Eldafrawy M
- Eldamaty L
- Eldeeb Az
- Eldeen Ea
- Eldin Mab
- Elebute O
- Elebute O
- Elena G
- Elfarargy A
- Elfeki H
- Elfeki H
- Elfiky M
- Elfil M
- Elfouly N
- Elfouly N
- Elfouly Y
- Elfouly Y
- Elgebaly A
- Elgendy Ah
- Elgendy Fi
- Elgheriany M
- Elhadad A
- Elhadary Nm
- Elhadry S
- Elhalawany E
- Elhamouly S
- Elhelbawy Ms
- Elhendawy A
- Elhendawy Aoa
- Elhoseny G
- Elhusseiny Aae
- Elkadsh I
- Elkady F
- Elkelany A
- Elkelany A
- Elkelany A
- Elkelany A
- Elkhadrawi M
- Elkhalek Ea
- Elkholy A
- Elkholy Ss
- Elkolaly Ss
- Elkorashy Am
- Ellison Q
- Elmashala A
- Elmasry M
- Elmelegy R
- Elmihy S
- Elnagar A
- Elnajjar Ma
- Elnemr Ae
- Elrasoul Ya
- Elrazek Aa
- Elsabbagh N
- Elsameea Aa
- Elsawahly Dme
- Elsawy A
- Elsayed M
- Elsayed M
- Elsayed N
- Elsayed Nar
- Elsayed Zm
- Elsebaaye Ao
- Elsehimy M
- Elsemelawy R
- Elshaar M
- Elshaer K
- Elshaer M
- Elshaer M
- Elshafay Ae
- Elshami M
- Elshanwany S
- Elsharkawy Aa
- Elsheikh S
- Elsherbiney S
- Elsherbiny As
- Elsherif Fa
- Elshobary M
- Elsiddig M
- Elsobky S
- Elsorogy Deaa
- Elwaey A
- Elwakil H
- Elwan A
- Elwan A
- Elwy E
- Elzahed N
- Elzayat I
- Elzayat M
- Elzayyat I
- Elzowawi F
- Emadeldin D
- Emadeldin H
- Emara E
- Emile S
- Eng C
- English W
- Esam A
- Escobar Eg.
- Espin-Basany E
- Espinoza F
- Espinoza Kt
- Espinoza Kt
- Essam A
- Essam Aa
- Essam M
- Essoun S
- Esteban E
- Estee Mm
- Estupinian S
- Etchill E
- Etchill E
- Etienne S
- Etman M
- Etwire V
- Evajelista Cv
- Evans D
- Evans E
- Eysa A
- Eyssartier E
- Ezzat E
- Ezzat T
- Faboya O
- Faccincani R
- Fadel A
- Fahiem A
- Fahim M
- Fahy C
- Fairfield C
- Fairfield C
- Fairfield C
- Fakher R
- Falaschi F
- Falco N
- Falzon M
- Farag A
- Farag S
- Farah A
- Farahat Mm
- Faraz A
- Fares M
- Farfan Esf
- Farhad M
- Farhan-Alanie Mmh
- Farhangmehr N
- Farinella E
- Farmakis K
- Farooq T
- Farouk Sam
- Farquharson A
- Farrugia A
- Farrugia A
- Faruq A
- Fathy Am
- Fattah Aa
- Fatuga A
- Faturoti O
- Faturoti O
- Faure A
- Fautz T
- Favero A
- Fawzy A
- Feidantsis T
- Felipe Co
- Fergany A
- Fergusson Sj
- Fergusson Sj
- Fergusson Sj
- Fermani C
- Fermani Cg
- Ferná
- Fernandes C
- Fernandez-Bueno F
- Fernandez-Vega L
- Ferousis C
- Ferreira Sak
- Ferrero E
- Fievet L
- Filatau A
- Findlay-Cooper K
- Firdouse M
- Firdouse M
- Firdouse M
- Firwana A
- Fitsum A
- Fitzgerald Je
- Florez Ljg
- Foco M
- Fok Cyj
- Fontana T
- Foo Cc
- Forlin L
- Forno W
- Fouad A
- Fouad D
- Fouad D
- Fourcade L
- Fowler Aj
- Fozard T
- Fozard T
- Frade F
- Fraga Gp
- Franco H
- Francois P
- Francois-Coridon H
- Francone E
- Freitas Av
- Frey D
- Frisk B
- Fuentes-Rivera L
- Fujii F
- Furqan Mm
- Gü
- Gü
- Gaafar S
- Gaarder T
- Gad A
- Gad Mo
- Gadelkarim M
- Gadhvi V
- Gado A
- Gaiž
- Gaignard E
- Gaignard E
- Gala T
- Gala T
- Galiqi G
- Galleano R
- Gallo G
- Galloway S
- Galvez Cp
- Gamal D
- Gamal E
- Gamal H
- Gamal S
- Gamaly E
- Gamil D
- Gan C
- Gan Yy
- Gani Ma
- Garaycochea O
- Garcí
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- Garcia-Florez L
- Garcia-Marin Ja
- Garcia-Perez Jm
- Garland A
- Gash K
- Gash K
- Gash K
- Gastaldi P
- Gasteratos K
- Gaujoux S
- Gavagna L
- Gbessi Dg
- Gemeah M
- Gemenetzis G
- Gemenetzis G
- George R
- Germanos S
- Germanos S
- Gerosa A
- Gerosa A
- Geuoshy A
- Ghaben A
- Ghandora N
- Ghanem A
- Ghanem E
- Ghanem S
- Ghanem S
- Ghannam M
- Gharib A
- Gharib A
- Ghazy Aa
- Gheith A
- Ghetia M
- Ghetia M
- Ghonaim Ma
- Ghoneem M
- Ghoneim O
- Giacci L
- Giardino Fr
- Giavarini L
- Giglio Mc
- Gilbert R
- Gilbert Rw
- Giles J
- Gillespie M
- Gimzewska M
- Giraldo Rsr
- Giuliani S
- Giuliani S
- Giuriato Tf
- Gkiokas G
- Glasbey J
- Glasbey J
- Glasbey Jc
- Glasbey Jc
- Glover Te
- Glover-Addy H
- Glynn M
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- Goh W
- Gohar Meam
- Gokani S
- Goldin E
- Golding D
- Gomaa A
- Gomah M
- Gonzalez M
- Gonzalez Sc
- Goodstein M
- Gosling S
- Gosling Sg
- Gouda A
- Gould L
- Gouldthorpe C
- Gouvas N
- Gouws J
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- Graffieille V
- Gran M
- Grandinetti Pp
- Grant A
- Grasset E
- Grasset E
- Grassi V
- Gratton R
- Gravante G
- Gravante G
- Gray D
- Grech N
- Green N
- Grella Mg
- Gribauskaite J
- Griffiths E
- Griffiths E
- Griffiths M
- Grima T
- Grisin E
- Grizhja B
- Grobler Dc
- Grosos C
- Grossart C
- Guasti Bpsj
- Gudal A
- Gudal A
- Gudal A
- Gudlaugsdottir K
- Guevara R
- Guglielmo V
- Gui D
- Gulbinas A
- Gulcicek Ob
- Gulielmi A
- Gultom Pa
- Gumar M
- Gunaseelan K
- Gunawan R
- Guner A
- Gunnarsson U
- Guo W
- Gupta A
- Gustafsson U
- Gyamfi Fe
- Gyanchandani N
- Gyedu A
- Habeeb Ma
- Habeeb O
- Habeebullah A
- Hache-Marliere M
- Haddad N
- Hafez At
- Hafez M
- Hafez M
- Hafez S
- Haffreingue A
- Hafiz S
- Hagan R
- Hagar A
- Haines M
- Haines S
- Hajeh H
- Hakim H
- Halhouli O
- Halhouli O
- Halicioglu I
- Hall E
- Hall N
- Hall Nj
- Hall Tf
- Hallam S
- Haloho A
- Hamad Mgm
- Hamaguchi Jlh
- Hamarshi A
- Hamasaki J
- Hamdan A
- Hamdan M
- Hamed Mf
- Hamill D
- Hammad A
- Hammad A
- Hammad Am
- Hampton M
- Hampton Mi
- Hamsho W
- Hanafy M
- Hand C
- Hanks A
- Hanley I
- Hanoun S
- Hanrahan M
- Hanrahan M
- Hanrahan M
- Hanrahan M
- Hantour U
- Hantour U
- Hany E
- Haque M
- Har Pa
- Haraux E
- Harbord P
- Haroun A
- Harper E
- Harrison Em
- Harrison Em
- Harrison N
- Harrison P
- Harrison R
- Hartford L
- Harvey N
- Hasan A
- Hasan A
- Hasan D
- Hasanah A
- Hasanain D
- Hascoet J
- Hashad E
- Hasheminia A
- Hashim A
- Hashish A
- Hashish M
- Haslegrave A
- Hasnan Mb
- Hassaan A
- Hassaan A
- Hassan A
- Hassan A
- Hassan A
- Hassan Ata
- Hassan I
- Hassan M
- Hassan Omm
- Hassan S
- Hassan Z
- Hassanain M
- Hassanain M
- Hassanein Ab
- Havemann I
- Hawkins W
- Heard R
- Heath J
- Heffernan D
- Hegazy Em
- Hegazy Y
- Helene Fc
- Helguero-Santin Lm
- Hemeda D
- Hemingway D
- Hemmila M
- Hemmila M
- Henderson L
- Henderson L
- Heng He
- Henric N
- Henry F
- Henshall De
- Herebat A
- Herikstad R
- Herrera N
- Herrera-Matta J
- Herrod P
- Hervieux E
- Hervieux E
- Hesham O
- Hettiarachchi Ts
- Hewage K
- Heywood Eg
- Highcock S
- Hilal K
- Hinojosa C
- Hjertberg M
- Hjertberg M
- Hmila S
- Ho A
- Ho Cw
- Ho W
- Ho Wc
- Hodonou F
- Hogea M
- Holte S
- Holton P
- Homeida A
- Hoogakker E
- Horobjowsky A
- Hosein Sp
- Hosh M
- Hossaini S
- Hossameldin A
- Houlden C
- Howells L
- Howie Ee
- Hrora A
- Huaman E
- Huaraya Rc
- Humm G
- Hunter K
- Hussain M
- Hussein A
- Hussein S
- Husseini M
- Husseiny R
- Hutch W
- Huwait A
- Iş
- Iacono C
- Iannone I
- Ibraheem Aa
- Ibraheem Hi
- Ibrahem Aa
- Ibrahem Aa
- Ibrahim A
- Ibrahim A
- Ibrahim A
- Ibrahim Am
- Ibrahim E
- Ibrahim Em
- Ibrahim I
- Ibrahim K
- Ibrahim M
- Ibrahim Mh
- Ibrahim Y
- Idress T
- Idris F
- Idris Sai
- Iftekhar F
- Iftikhar Z
- Iftikhar Z
- Ignatavicius P
- Ihediwa G
- Imoro O
- Ingabire Jca
- Ingabire Jca
- Ingabire Jca
- Ioannidis O
- Iordache Fm
- Iqbal Fm
- Iqbal Mr
- Ireland P
- Irtan S
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- Irwin G
- Irwin G
- Irwin G
- Irwin G
- Ishak N
- Iskandar F
- Ismaï
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- Ismail M
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- Ismail Mk
- Ismail Sa
- Israelsson L
- Ivros N
- Iyer D
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- Jabbar A
- Jaber S
- Jackson P
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- Jaffry Z
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- Jaich R
- Jain P
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- Jamal L
- Janardha Kc
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- Jaramillo Ra
- Jarmin M
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- Javed O
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- Jayathilake Ab
- Jck Ng
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- Jeffery A
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- Jenner E
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- Jennings V
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- Jeon H
- Jeremic L
- Jethwani Dl
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- Jha M
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- Joosten J
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- Jovine E
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- Kabariti R
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- Kabba J
- Kabongo K
- Kache S
- Kaci Aa
- Kadiwar S
- Kalakouti E
- Kalles V
- Kalles V
- Kalles V
- Kamarajah Sk
- Kamarulzamil Sna
- Kamil R
- Kamya S
- Kanani A
- Kandil Am
- Kandil H
- Kang Mk
- Kanta Th
- Karabacak U
- Karabelias G
- Karabulut K
- Karahan Sr
- Karakahya M
- Karandikar S
- Karandikar S
- Kariem N
- Karim A
- Karim R
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- Karismaningtyas H
- Karjiker P
- Karkeet M
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- Karlo R
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- Karousos D
- Karumnas P
- Kaselis N
- Kaselis N
- Kasem E
- Kasem Ea
- Kasputyte S
- Kaul A
- Kazanavicius D
- Kedar A
- Kefalidi E
- Keke Kr
- Kelany M
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- Kennedy Ed
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- Kesinger M
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- Khairy H
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- Khajanchi M
- Khaled H
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- Khalili M
- Khalique A
- Khallaf S
- Khamajeet A
- Khan A
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- Khatri C
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- Khattab K
- Khedr Aeh
- Khg Li
- Khoja A
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- Khokha D
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- Khosla S
- Khreishi R
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- Khulu Lb
- Khyrallh A
- Kiasat A
- Kidd T
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- Kim My
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- Kinandu K
- King R
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- Kirishnan A
- Kirupagaran A
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- Klappenbach R
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- Koay Kl
- Kobal Bb
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- Komolafe O
- Kondrotas P
- Kong C
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- Kose E
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- Kostov E
- Kotb Ahe
- Kotecha D
- Koto Mz
- Kotobi H
- Koumpa F
- Kouraklis G
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- Kyriazanos I
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- La Brocca A
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- Lafferty K
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- Lakshmi Hn
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- Lawther R
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- Loaloa Mr
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- Macfarlane A
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- Magdy A
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- Miranda C
- Mircea H
- Mirghani D
- Mironescu A
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- Mirza A
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- Mistry A
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- Modolo Mm
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- Moe Tt
- Mogan Yp
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- Mohamed Am
- Mohamed Ar
- Mohamed B
- Mohamed F
- Mohamed I
- Mohamed M
- Mohamed Ma
- Mohamed Maeh
- Mohamed Mm
- Mohamed O
- Mohamed Sr
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- Mohammad A
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- Mohammed H
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- Mohammed S
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- Monrad-Hansen Pw
- Montejo Msg
- Monteleone M
- Monteleone M
- Montes I
- Montes I
- Montrimaite M
- Montrimaite M
- Moodley Y
- Moore R
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- Mora Jjv
- Morais Pab
- Morales C
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- Moreira G
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- Mosalum O
- Mostafa Ha
- Mostafa M
- Mostafa M
- Mousa M
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- Mowafy B
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- Mshelbwala P
- Msiska N
- Msosa V
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- Muddebihal U
- Mukin Adf
- Muktar U
- Mukuzunga C
- Muller C
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- Munera A
- Munhoz Mm
- Munipalle Pc
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- Murphy J
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- Musa Aek
- Musleh A
- Musowoya J
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- Musyoka Ck
- Mutabazi Az
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- Mutlu D
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- Muzio E
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- Nada F
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- Nagy Gs
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- Nair H
- Nanthakumaran S
- Napolitano L
- Napolitano L
- Naqvi Sa
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- Naranjo Aristizã
- Narayanan R
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- Narvestad Jk
- Nashaat A
- Nashat M
- Nasher O
- Nashidengo P
- Nasir A
- Nasir Aa
- Nasr A
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- Nassif D
- Nastri G
- Natalie H
- Nataraja R
- Natili A
- Navarro A
- Nawara C
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- Nazir M
- Ndajiwo A
- Ndajiwo A
- Ndegwa W
- Ndlovu Sr
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- Ne&apos
- Negida A
- Negoi I
- Nel D
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- Neo Yn
- Neo Yt
- Neophytou C
- Nepogodiev D
- Nepogodiev D
- Nepogodiev D
- Nepogodiev D
- Nesaratnam A
- Nessa A
- Nestorovic M
- Nevieraite V
- Newton T
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- Nikoloudis N
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- Njokanma I
- Nnajiuba H
- Nocito A
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- Nofal E
- Noor F
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- Notarnicola M
- Nouh T
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- Noukpozounkou B
- Novak A
- Nowers J
- Nsengimana Vjp
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- Ntirenganya F
- Nur&apos
- Nurqistan Hd
- Nwabuoku E
- Nwinee V
- Nwokoro C
- Nyberg J
- Nymo L
- O&apos
- O&apos
- O&apos
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- Obute Rd
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- Odeyemi B
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- Odutola O
- Ogunsua O
- Ogunyemi A
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- Olaolorun A
- Olivier J
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- Oludara M
- Oludara M
- Olugbemi M
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- Omar Me
- Omar Mfw
- Omara S
- Omer Oa
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- Opoku-Agyeman R
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- Ortega-Vazquez I
- Ortiz N
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- Osei-Nketiah S
- Oshati O
- Oshodi O
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- Othman M
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- Owusu F
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- Ozben V
- Ozkan Bb
- Ozkan Bb
- Ozkan Bb
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- Pabla G
- Pacheco Rda
- Padmore G
- Pagano G
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- Pagnozzi J
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- Palkhi Eya
- Palliyil M
- Palliyil Mm
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- Palma Af
- Paludi Ma
- Paludi Ma
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- Panez Wr
- Panieri E
- Panteli C
- Papageorgiou D
- Papailia A
- Papandrea M
- Papaskarlatos Ia
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- Parakh J
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- Pardo G
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- Parmentier B
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- Parreno-Sacdalan Md
- Parseliunas A
- Parthiban S
- Pascale G
- Pascale Mm
- Pasini M
- Pasquali S
- Pastora J
- Pata D
- Pata D
- Pata F
- Pata F
- Pata F
- Pata F
- Pata F
- Pata F
- Pata G
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- Patel P
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- Patoulias I
- Paul M
- Paul S
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- Perino M
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- Picardo A
- Picciariello A
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- Pino W
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- Poskus T
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- Preckailaite E
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- Prudhomme T
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- Puma Cmh
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- Quezada Jhj
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- Raza A
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- Razmdjou S
- Razuri C
- Razzaque J
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- Redota Map
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- Tani Si
- Tansoker I
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- Tselos A
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- Tyler R
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- Ubiali P
- Ugalde P
- Ukwenya Y
- Uluş
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- Upchurch E
- Urbanavicius L
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- Urniež
- Urniezius Z
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- Valioulis I
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- Yifieyeh A
- Yildirim R
- Yip C
- Yip Sbs
- Ymeri S
- Yoganathan P
- Yolcu S
- Yong Co
- Yong Gl
- Younis A
- Youssef D
- Youssef H
- Youssef M
- Youssif Jh
- Yuksek Ma
- Yusufali T
- Zaa&apos
- Zachariades Dc
- Zadoroznas A
- Zahran D
- Zakaria E
- Zakaria M
- Zakaria Y
- Zaki A
- Zakir M
- Zalabia Mf
- Zamarin K
- Zammit S
- Zampitis N
- Zani A
- Zani A
- Zani A
- Zanini N
- Zanini N
- Zapata F
- Zarb C
- Zardab A
- Zegarra S
- Zeidan S
- Zerihun Ab
- Zhang Z
- Zheng F
- Zidan H
- Zidan H
- Zidan M
- Zielinski M
- Ziff O
- Zikry M
- Zil-E-Ali A
- Zilinskas J
- Zilinskas J
- Zilinskas J
- Zilinskas J
- Zilinskiene R
- Zimmermann Ef
- Zohair A
- Zorrilla Cd
- Zuber M
- Zuber M
- Zuk G
- Zulkifli A
- Zumbü
- Publication venue
- 'Wiley'
- Publication date
- 27/11/2018
- Field of study
Background
End colostomy rates following colorectal resection vary across institutions in high-income settings, being influenced by patient, disease, surgeon and system factors. This study aimed to assess global variation in end colostomy rates after left-sided colorectal resection.
Methods
This study comprised an analysis of GlobalSurg-1 and -2 international, prospective, observational cohort studies (2014, 2016), including consecutive adult patients undergoing elective or emergency left-sided colorectal resection within discrete 2-week windows. Countries were grouped into high-, middle- and low-income tertiles according to the United Nations Human Development Index (HDI). Factors associated with colostomy formation versus primary anastomosis were explored using a multilevel, multivariable logistic regression model.
Results
In total, 1635 patients from 242 hospitals in 57 countries undergoing left-sided colorectal resection were included: 113 (6·9 per cent) from low-HDI, 254 (15·5 per cent) from middle-HDI and 1268 (77·6 per cent) from high-HDI countries. There was a higher proportion of patients with perforated disease (57·5, 40·9 and 35·4 per cent; P < 0·001) and subsequent use of end colostomy (52·2, 24·8 and 18·9 per cent; P < 0·001) in low- compared with middle- and high-HDI settings. The association with colostomy use in low-HDI settings persisted (odds ratio (OR) 3·20, 95 per cent c.i. 1·35 to 7·57; P = 0·008) after risk adjustment for malignant disease (OR 2·34, 1·65 to 3·32; P < 0·001), emergency surgery (OR 4·08, 2·73 to 6·10; P < 0·001), time to operation at least 48 h (OR 1·99, 1·28 to 3·09; P = 0·002) and disease perforation (OR 4·00, 2·81 to 5·69; P < 0·001).
Conclusion
Global differences existed in the proportion of patients receiving end stomas after left-sided colorectal resection based on income, which went beyond case mix alone
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