The tip of the VgrG spike is essential to functional type VI secretion system assembly in Acinetobacter baumannii

The type VI secretion system (T6SS) is a critical weapon in bacterial warfare between Gram-negative bacteria. Although invaluable for niche establishment, this machine represents an energetic burden to its host bacterium

About factorization of quantum states with few qubits

It is studied quantum entanglement from the poin of view of separation of quantum statesThrough the study of factorization conditions made up of two, three and four qubits, we propose an analytical expression which can caracterize states in terms of coefficients of the wave function and density matrix element

Peptidoglycan editing provides immunity to Acinetobacter baumannii during bacterial warfare

Peptidoglycan (PG) is essential in most bacteria. Thus, it is often targeted by various assaults, including interbacterial attacks via the type VI secretion system (T6SS). Here, we report that the Gram-negative bacteriu

Structural characterization of TssL from Acinetobacter baumannii: A key component of the type VI secretion system

The type VI secretion system (T6SS) is a complex molecular nanomachine used by Gram-negative bacteria to deliver diverse effectors into adjacent cells. A membrane complex (MC) anchors this transport system to the bacterial cell wall. One of the proteins forming the MC is TssL, a cytoplasmic protein bound to the inner membrane through a single transmembrane helix. Here, we report the structure of the cytoplasmic N-terminal region of TssL fro

Plataforma de Colaboración para la Investigación

En cuanto al uso de los conceptos para organizar el conocimiento, Hjorland indica que éstos son concebidos como unidades de pensamiento, y la relación interconceptual es un elemento fundamental ya que los paradigmas, con sus teorías y conceptualizaciones, son por naturaleza instrumentos clasificadores de la realidad con la que interactúa de continuo el individuo. De esta forma, las relaciones semánticas que se establecen entre los conceptos son básicas para sistematizar el conocimiento, pero su significado queda sujeto a la perspectiva teórica desde la cual sean considerados.Según la UNESCO (2005a) la diversidad de las modalidades de acceso al conocimiento constituye una de las características más importantes de la sociedad del aprendizaje y supone también, entre otras cosas, el cuestionamiento de los conceptos de inteligencia en los que prevalecía el carácter estable de los procesos de evaluación y trasmisión de los conocimientos. Así, en el contexto de la realidad actual, la tarea de discriminar información se vuelve un proceso casi imposible, la creciente información actual, principalmente por vía Internet, le resulta al pensamiento humano cada vez más difícil de filtrar, tratar y dominar; lo cual se traduce en barreras (número ilimitado de fuentes, desconocimiento de los mecanismos de filtrado, organización o apropiación cognitiva de la información) que impiden hacer un uso efectivo de ella. Así, el exceso de información no significa mejor comprensión de la realidad, sino que con frecuencia alarmante produce el efecto contrario (UNESCO, 2005a; Dudziacck 2003; Sahagún, 2004, citados por Peña, 2011)

Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults

Body-mass index (BMI) has increased steadily in most countries in parallel with a rise in the proportion of the population who live in cities(.)(1,2) This has led to a widely reported view that urbanization is one of the most important drivers of the global rise in obesity(3-6). Here we use 2,009 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in more than 112 million adults, to report national, regional and global trends in mean BMI segregated by place of residence (a rural or urban area) from 1985 to 2017. We show that, contrary to the dominant paradigm, more than 55% of the global rise in mean BMI from 1985 to 2017-and more than 80% in some low- and middle-income regions-was due to increases in BMI in rural areas. This large contribution stems from the fact that, with the exception of women in sub-Saharan Africa, BMI is increasing at the same rate or faster in rural areas than in cities in low- and middle-income regions. These trends have in turn resulted in a closing-and in some countries reversal-of the gap in BMI between urban and rural areas in low- and middle-income countries, especially for women. In high-income and industrialized countries, we noted a persistently higher rural BMI, especially for women. There is an urgent need for an integrated approach to rural nutrition that enhances financial and physical access to healthy foods, to avoid replacing the rural undernutrition disadvantage in poor countries with a more general malnutrition disadvantage that entails excessive consumption of low-quality calories.Peer reviewe