Procedural law between traditionists, jurists and judges: the problem of yamīn ma' al-Shāhid

Modem critical studies of Islamic law have noted the need for the study of the procedural law in Islam and the role of the judicial practice in its formation. Generally, it is believed that qāḍīs had freer hand regarding witness and method of proof in the early period, but gradually it became more restrictive and rigid. Scholars have suggested various dates ranging from the second half of the seventh century (Tyan) to the eighth (Schacht, Dannhauer), to the eleventh century (Coulson) for this development. These scholars have treated the doctrine of yamīn ma‛ al-shāhid (oath with one witness) as an exception to the Shariah procedure which, according to them, strictly and mechanically adhered to the doctrine of two witnesses. According to them, this doctrine emerged under local [Schacht (Egypt) and Dannhauer (Madina)] or Jewish (Patricia Crone) influence. The present paper argues that the doctrine must have grown against the historical setting of the Civil War (Taḥkīm period) when the questions relating qiṣāṣ, qawad, qasāma and ḥakam were discussed frequently with reference to the role of the Qur’ān and the common sunna and the need for reforming the institution of ḥakam was felt. On the basis of scattered statements of scholars close to that period supported by WaM"s remarks and we conclude that Mu‛āwiya introduced this method to reform the institution of ḥakam. The judicial practice of this doctrine also confirms that it was too widespread to call it a Medinese or local practice as claimed by the classical jurists, traditionists and some modem scholars.Los estudios modernos sobre derecho islámico han puesto de relieve la necesidad de estudiar los procedimientos jurídicos en el Islam y el papel desempeñado por la práctica judicial en su formación. Se considera en general que, en el período temprano, los cadíes disponían de mayor libertad en lo relativo a testigos y métodos para establecer pruebas. Posteriormente y de forma gradual el sistema se volvió más rígido y restrictivo. En relación a este desarrollo, los investigadores han propuesto distintas fechas, que van desde la segunda mitad del siglo VII (Tyan) hasta el siglo VIII (Schacht, Dannhauer) e incluso hasta el siglo XI (Coulson). Estos investigadores han tratado la doctrina de al-yamīn ma‛ al-šàhid (juramento con un testigo) como una excepción dentro del procedimiento establecido por la šarī‛a que, según ellos, se basaba estricta y mecánicamente en la doctrina de los dos testigos. Para dichos investigadores, la doctrina de al-yamīn ma‛ al-šàhid surgió bajo la influencia de determinadas locadidades (Egipto según Schacht o Medina según Dannhauer) o bien por influencia judía (P. Crone). Este artículo propone que esa doctrina debió de surgir en el contexto del período de la guerra civil (o período del taḥkīm), cuando las cuestiones sobre qiṣāṣ, qawad, qasāma y ḥakam fueron discutidas con frecuencia en relación con el Corán y la sunna común y cuando se sintió la necesidad de reformar la institución del ḥakam. Sobre la base de afirmaciones dispersas de ulemas que vivieron en fechas cercanas a ese período, afirmaciones que se ven confirmadas por los comentarios de Wakī‛, se concluye que Mu‛āwiya fue quien introdujo ese método para reformar la institución del ḥakam. La práctica judicial de esta doctrina también confirma que estaba demasiado difundida como para poder considerarla una práctica medinense o una práctica local, tal y como pretenden algunos juristas clásicos, los tradicionistas y algunos investigadores modernos

‘Urf’ And Custom In Common Law And Islamic Law: Common Law Marriage, Zawag Orfi And Zawaj Misyar

No abstrac

Stock market trend prediction using supervised learning

© 2019 Association for Computing Machinery. The stock trend prediction has received considerable attention of researchers in recent times. It is an important application in machine learning domain. In this work, we propose a machine learning based stock trend prediction system with a focus on minimizing data sparseness in the acquired datasets. We perform outlier detection on the acquired dataset for dimensionality reduction and employ K-nearest neighbor classifier for predicting stock trend. Results obtained show the effectiveness of the proposed system, when compared with baseline studies

Large expert-curated database for benchmarking document similarity detection in biomedical literature search

Document recommendation systems for locating relevant literature have mostly relied on methods developed a decade ago. This is largely due to the lack of a large offline gold-standard benchmark of relevant documents that cover a variety of research fields such that newly developed literature search techniques can be compared, improved and translated into practice. To overcome this bottleneck, we have established the RElevant LIterature SearcH consortium consisting of more than 1500 scientists from 84 countries, who have collectively annotated the relevance of over 180 000 PubMed-listed articles with regard to their respective seed (input) article/s. The majority of annotations were contributed by highly experienced, original authors of the seed articles. The collected data cover 76% of all unique PubMed Medical Subject Headings descriptors. No systematic biases were observed across different experience levels, research fields or time spent on annotations. More importantly, annotations of the same document pairs contributed by different scientists were highly concordant. We further show that the three representative baseline methods used to generate recommended articles for evaluation (Okapi Best Matching 25, Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency and PubMed Related Articles) had similar overall performances. Additionally, we found that these methods each tend to produce distinct collections of recommended articles, suggesting that a hybrid method may be required to completely capture all relevant articles. The established database server located at https://relishdb.ict.griffith.edu.au is freely available for the downloading of annotation data and the blind testing of new methods. We expect that this benchmark will be useful for stimulating the development of new powerful techniques for title and title/abstract-based search engines for relevant articles in biomedical research.Peer reviewe

Filsafat Hukum Islam

402 hlm, 21c