How can Apple be more Fruitful in India

Abstract How Apple Can become Fruitful in India: An International Marketing Case Study Izzy Bertolani, Pamela Diaz, Zack McPherson, Amani Elchaar, Michal Kardacz, Kamari Davis, Nakia Abdul, and Lawrence Ofili Apple, founded by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak in the United States in 1976, is a $91.8 billion, leading global technology company with 61$280 billion GDP, 5% growth rate, and a mobile phone penetration of 502.2 million (Worldometer 2020; India GDP 2020; “15 coolest” 2019). India has about 400 million smartphone users which is expected to grow to 440 million by 2022 (“Number of smartphone users in India 2015-2022”, 2020). However, Apple soon discovered that the market was dominated by Asian brands like Samsung from South Korea and Xiaomi, Oppo, and Vivo from China, all providing devices with localized functionalities for lower or similar prices as Apple (“India-Popular smartphones by company 2019, 2020”). These Asian brands jointly have over fifty percent of the market share whereas Apple has less than two percent (India-Popular smartphones by company 2019, 2020”). While the middle class in India has grown exponentially, the $1,000 or higher price tag for an iPhone is a huge deterrent. The case study focuses on the mobile phone industry in India and the adaptations that Apple needs to make to its marketing mix in order to compete successfully. Key words: Apple, iPhone, India, Case Study, Pricing, Emerging Markets, International Marketing Strategy, Samsung, Xiaomi, Oppo, Vivo, mobile phones, smartphones. Note: References available on reques

Systematic review of tools to measure outcomes for young children with autism spectrum disorder

Background: The needs of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are complex and this is reflected in the number and diversity of outcomes assessed and measurement tools used to collect evidence about children's progress. Relevant outcomes include improvement in core ASD impairments, such as communication, social awareness, sensory sensitivities and repetitiveness, skills such as social functioning and play, participation outcomes such as social inclusion, and parent and family impact. Objectives: To examine the measurement properties of tools used to measure progress and outcomes in children with ASD up to the age of 6 years. To identify outcome areas regarded as important by people with ASD and parents. Methods: The MeASURe (Measurement in Autism Spectrum disorder Under Review) research collaboration included ASD experts and review methodologists. We undertook systematic review of tools used in ASD early intervention and observational studies from 1992 to 2013, systematic review, using the COSMIN checklist (Consensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement Instruments) of papers addressing the measurement properties of identified tools in children with ASD, and synthesis of evidence and gaps. The review design and process was informed throughout by consultation with stakeholders including parents, young people with ASD, clinicians and researchers. Results: The conceptual framework developed for the review was drawn from the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, including the domains 'Impairments', 'Activity Level Indicators', 'Participation', and 'Family Measures'. In review 1, 10,154 papers were sifted - 3091 by full text - and data extracted from 184, in total, 131 tools were identified, excluding observational coding, study-specific measures and those not in English. In review 2, 2665 papers were sifted and data concerning measurement properties of 57 (43%) tools were extracted from 128 papers. Evidence for the measurement properties of the reviewed tools was combined with information about their accessibility and presentation. Twelve tools were identified as having the strongest supporting evidence, the majority measuring autism characteristics and problem behaviour. The patchy evidence and limited scope of outcomes measured mean these tools do not constitute a 'recommended battery' for use. In particular,there is little evidence that the identified tools would be good at detecting change in intervention studies. The obvious gaps in available outcome measurement include well-being and participation outcomes for children, and family quality-of-life outcomes, domains particularly valued by our informants (young people with ASD and parents). Conclusions: This is the first systematic review of the quality and appropriateness of tools designed to monitor progress and outcomes of young children with ASD. Although it was not possible to recommend fully robust tools at this stage, the review consolidates what is known about the field and will act as a benchmark for future developments. With input from parents and other stakeholders, recommendations are made about priority targets for research. Future work: Priorities include development of a tool to measure child quality of life in ASD, and validation of a potential primary outcome tool for trials of early social communication intervention. Study registration: This study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42012002223. Funding: The National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment programme