United States Withdrawal from NAFTA: Potential Effects on the Domestic Agriculture Sector and In-Market Consumers

A United States withdrawal from the North American Free Trade Agreement – a tenant of Donald Trump’s 2016 presidential campaign – could significantly reduce job creation and consumer spending in a number of sectors within the U.S. economy. While it remains to be seen whether this proposed exit will occur, economists predict the main industries that will be affected are the automotive, farming, and petrochemical industries. The United States’ current political climate could potentially, negatively impact the farming industry – thus causing the unemployment rate to possibly skyrocket as well as adversely affecting consumer spending. This paper examines the potential adverse effects of a U.S. exit from NAFTA. Specifically, it examines the impact such an exit may have on farmers, and consumer spending within the sector. More precisely, I will be discussing cases in which countries have exited trade agreements and the consequences of the exit, such as Brexit. Drawing on a systematic literature review, this study collects and interprets research focusing on trade agreement withdrawal. This data is supplemented by financial reports provided by major agricultural corporations, and consumer spending statistics (e.g., avocado and cereal purchases). This study finds the significant correlation between consumer spending and the potential U.S. withdrawal from NAFTA, which may affect consumer spending. Also, major companies such as Kellogg’s may be forced to now pay a tariff on wheat, which will lower their revenue stream and in turn cause a mass number of layoffs. This study concludes with the recommendations for economists, who may wish to take greater care in evaluating the potentially adverse effects of this withdrawal on corporate production and consumer behavior

Actividades latinoamericanas en el espacio ultraterrestre en el siglo XXI: una actualización

En el siglo XXI, los países latinoamericanos han hecho esfuerzos significativos para avanzar en sus programas espaciales. Estos esfuerzos han abarcado desde una indagatoria sobre la instalación de un sistema de satélites, como es el caso en Colombia, hasta el lanzamiento de satélites con la ayuda de gobiernos extranjeros, en el caso de Brasil, Argentina y Bolivia. En todos estos casos, la falta de un marco jurídico coherente que apoye un programa espacial sólido que proporcione comunicaciones por satélite a las poblaciones más vulnerables es uno de los desafíos más apremiantes. El Consejo Asesor de Generación Espacial (SGAC) podría resolver este problema mediante un proyecto unificador que pondrá todas las mentes y desarrolladores en el objetivo común de alcanzar la autonomía espacial para América Latina.In the twenty-first century, Latin American countries have made significant efforts to advance their space programs. These efforts have ranged from inquiring about setup of a satellite system, as is the case in Colombia, to launching satellites with the aid of foreign governments, in the case of Brazil, Argentina and Bolivia. In all these cases, the lack of a coherent legal framework that supports a solid space program that provides satellite communications to the most vulnerable populations is one of the most pressing challenges. The Space Generation Advisory Council (SGAC) could solve this problem in the form of a unifying project that will put all minds and developers to work towards the common goal of achieving space autonomy for Latin America

Breeding ecology and conservation of Brown booby in Gorgona Island, eastern tropical Pacific Ocean

Breeding ecology and reproductive traits of Brown Booby _Sula leucogaster_ etesiaca in Gorgona Natural National Park, Colombia, were studied. Adults morphometrics, eggs dimensions, chicks growth and nesting site characteristics, were examined at three different locations in the park. As with other subspecies, Brown Booby in Gorgona presents inverted sexual dimorphism, with adult females being lengthier, wider and heavier than adult males. Breeding of S. l. etesiaca results in eggs from the first deposition bigger in weight and dimensions than eggs from the second or third deposition. Growth of brown boobies chicks fit to a natural log equation: bodymass(g) = 0.8773 ln(days) + 3.3895. A variety of spawning aggregations was found, and their relationship with the other marine birds nesting in the area is discussed

A Note on the Shannon Entropy of Short Sequences

For source sequences of length L symbols we proposed to use a more realistic value to the usual benchmark of number of code letters by source letters. Our idea is based on a quantifier of information fluctuation of a source, F(U), which corresponds to the second central moment of the random variable that measures the information content of a source symbol. An alternative interpretation of typical sequences is additionally provided through this approach.Comment: 3 figure