A prototype security hardened field device for SCADA systems.

This thesis describes the development of a prototype security hardened field device (such as a remote terminal unit) based on commodity hardware and implementing a previously developed security architecture. This security architecture has not been implemented in the past due to the difficulty of providing an operating system which meets the architecture\u27s isolation requirements. Recent developments in both hardware and software have made such an operating system possible, opening the door to the implementation and development of this new security architecture in physical devices attached to supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems. A prototype is developed using commodity hardware selected for similarity to existing industrial systems and making use of the new OKL4 operating system. Results of prototype development are promising, showing performance values which are adequate for a broad range for industrial applications

A. C. V. R.\u27s Account with J. V. D. Luyster, Jr. from May 27 to July 27, 1850.

A.C.V.R.\u27s account with J. v. d. Luyster, Jr. from May 27 to July 27, 1850. Purchases include soap and eggs.https://digitalcommons.hope.edu/vrp_1850s/1179/thumbnail.jp

Word Learning in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.

There has been a significant increase in research in Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). One area in particular which remains ambiguous is why some individuals with ASD show severe language delay and/or impairment while others develop fluent language with little or no delay. The present investigation addressed the process of learning new words in order to explore possible mechanisms of language delay and impairment. The final sample included 21 toddlers with typical development, who were matched on expressive vocabulary with 21 young children with ASD. Three quasi-naturalistic tasks were administered, each using a standard research paradigm to teach the child a new word. These tasks were supplemented by standard communication and diagnostic measures. Surprisingly, there were no group differences in performance across these word learning tasks. Overall, children with ASD were as proficient as their matched typically developing counterparts, even in word learning situations which required children to use social information (e.g., gaze and facial orientation) in order to learn a new word. However, although the children with ASD were equally as skilled in learning new words, they were consistently older than their typically developing peers and had lower cognitive abilities (although they were of average intelligence). These findings indicate that some children with ASD are able to use information from social interactions to learn new words, a result which is contradictory to previous research (Baron-Cohen et al., 1997; Preissler & Carey, 2005). However, these skills are delayed in children with ASD, and these young children may need extra contextual supports in order to learn new words. The present findings have important implications for our theoretical models of the social and communication impairments in ASD, as well as for our strategies for structuring play and intervention with children on the spectrum.Ph.D.PsychologyUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/55672/2/rluyster_1.pd

Use of Artificial Intelligence to Shorten the Behavioral Diagnosis of Autism

The Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) is one of the most commonly used instruments for assisting in the behavioral diagnosis of autism. The exam consists of 93 questions that must be answered by a care provider within a focused session that often spans 2.5 hours. We used machine learning techniques to study the complete sets of answers to the ADI-R available at the Autism Genetic Research Exchange (AGRE) for 891 individuals diagnosed with autism and 75 individuals who did not meet the criteria for an autism diagnosis. Our analysis showed that 7 of the 93 items contained in the ADI-R were sufficient to classify autism with 99.9% statistical accuracy. We further tested the accuracy of this 7-question classifier against complete sets of answers from two independent sources, a collection of 1654 individuals with autism from the Simons Foundation and a collection of 322 individuals with autism from the Boston Autism Consortium. In both cases, our classifier performed with nearly 100% statistical accuracy, properly categorizing all but one of the individuals from these two resources who previously had been diagnosed with autism through the standard ADI-R. Our ability to measure specificity was limited by the small numbers of non-spectrum cases in the research data used, however, both real and simulated data demonstrated a range in specificity from 99% to 93.8%. With incidence rates rising, the capacity to diagnose autism quickly and effectively requires careful design of behavioral assessment methods. Ours is an initial attempt to retrospectively analyze large data repositories to derive an accurate, but significantly abbreviated approach that may be used for rapid detection and clinical prioritization of individuals likely to have an autism spectrum disorder. Such a tool could assist in streamlining the clinical diagnostic process overall, leading to faster screening and earlier treatment of individuals with autism

Do imitation problems reflect a core characteristic in autism? Evidence from a literature review

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Toddlers' word learning through overhearing: others' attention matters.

In laboratory settings children are able to learn new words from overheard interactions, yet in naturalistic contexts this is often not the case. We investigated the degree to which joint attention within the overheard interaction facilitates overheard learning. In the study, 20 2-year-olds were tested on novel words they had been exposed to in two different overhearing contexts: one in which both interlocutors were attending to the interaction and one in which one interlocutor was not attending. Participants learned the new words only in the former condition, indicating that they did not learn when joint attention was absent. This finding demonstrates that not all overheard interactions are equally good for word learning; attentive interlocutors are crucial when learning words through overhearing.R01 DC015272 - NIDCD NIH HHS; T32 DC013017 - NIDCD NIH HHSAccepted manuscript2021-06-0

Symptoms of insomnia among patients with obstructive sleep apnea before and after two years of positive airway pressure treatment.

To assess the changes of insomnia symptoms among patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) from starting treatment with positive airway pressure (PAP) to a 2-y follow-up.Longitudinal cohort study.Landspitali--The National University Hospital of Iceland.There were 705 adults with OSA who were assessed prior to and 2 y after starting PAP treatment.PAP treatment for OSA.All patients underwent a medical examination along with a type 3 sleep study and answered questionnaires on health and sleep before and 2 y after starting PAP treatment. The change in prevalence of insomnia symptoms by subtype was assessed by questionnaire and compared between individuals who were using or not using PAP at follow-up. Symptoms of middle insomnia were most common at baseline and improved significantly among patients using PAP (from 59.4% to 30.7%, P < 0.001). Symptoms of initial insomnia tended to persist regardless of PAP treatment, and symptoms of late insomnia were more likely to improve among patients not using PAP. Patients with symptoms of initial and late insomnia at baseline were less likely to adhere to PAP (odds ratio [OR] 0.56, P = 0.007, and OR 0.53, P < 0.001, respectively).Positive airway pressure treatment significantly reduced symptoms of middle insomnia. Symptoms of initial and late insomnia, however, tended to persist regardless of positive airway pressure treatment and had a negative effect on adherence. Targeted treatment for insomnia may be beneficial for patients with obstructive sleep apnea comorbid with insomnia and has the potential to positively affect adherence to positive airway pressure.NIH HL72067 HL94307 Eimskip Fund of the University of Iceland Landspitali University Hospital Research Fund Philips Respironic

Neural measures of social attention across the first years of life: characterizing typical development and markers of autism risk

We would like to thank the Infant Sibling Project staff, past and present, for their hard work in collecting these data. We are very grateful for the assistance of Brandon Keehn, Alexandra Libby and Ella Kipervasser with data processing, and we thank Vanessa Vogel-Farley for her constant guidance. Finally, we want to acknowledge the very dedicated families who committed years of their lives to the Infant Sibling Project and who made this work possible. Funding was provided by NIH (R21DC08637) to H.T-F., NIDCD (1R01DC010290-01) to C.A.N. and H. T-F., the Simons Foundation (137186) to C.A.N. and the Autism Speaks Pilot Grants Program to H.T-F. (R21DC08637 - NIH; 1R01DC010290-01 - NIDCD; 137186 - Simons Foundation; Autism Speaks Pilot Grants Program)Published versio