До питання удосконалення технології приготування бурових розчинів за рахунок гідродинамічної кавітації

Purpose is to improve the technology of drilling mud by applying hydrodynamic cavitation. Research methodology is represented by the theoretical and experimental studies of hydrodynamic cavitation, performed with the help of modern methods of analytical analysis and experimental studies, i.e. by using general principles of mathematical and physical modeling, methods of processing research results in EXCEL, SolidWorks for further analysis. Research results. Frequency of cavitation oscillations according to the parameters of a device for creating hydrodynamic cavitation has been calculated. The formula for determining the dispersion time of the washing liquid material by the frequency of cavitation oscillations has been theoretically substantiated and obtained. A process of moving drilling fluid in the device using the appropriate software in the SolidWorks package has been studied. The results of theoretical research have been confirmed by practical research and chosen as a basis for substantiation and development of the methods for preparing drilling fluids

Indicators of Mental Capacity First-Year Students of Pedagogical University in Different Years of Study

У статті наведені результати аналізу показників розумової працездатності студентів-першокурсників педагогічного університету, які навчались у різні терміни впродовж останніх 18 років. Відзначено зміни у швидкості та якості розумової роботи студентів, обговорюються ризики порушення процесу адаптації до навчального навантаження та їх можливі причини.The article presents the results of the analysis of indicators of mental capacity of first-year students of Pedagogical University, who studied at different times over the last 18 years. The speed changes and quality of mental work of students were marked, the risks of violations of adaptation to the educational load and their possible causes were discussed

Construction of uricase-overproducing strains of Hansenula polymorpha and its application as biological recognition element in microbial urate biosensor

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The detection and quantification of uric acid in human physiological fluids is of great importance in the diagnosis and therapy of patients suffering from a range of disorders associated with altered purine metabolism, most notably gout and hyperuricaemia. The fabrication of cheap and reliable urate-selective amperometric biosensors is a challenging task.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A urate-selective microbial biosensor was developed using cells of the recombinant thermotolerant methylotrophic yeast <it>Hansenula polymorpha </it>as biorecognition element. The construction of uricase (UOX) producing yeast by over-expression of the uricase gene of <it>H. polymorpha </it>is described. Following a preliminary screening of the transformants with increased UOX activity in permeabilized yeast cells the optimal cultivation conditions for maximal UOX yield namely a 40-fold increase in UOX activity were determined.</p> <p>The UOX producing cells were coupled to horseradish peroxidase and immobilized on graphite electrodes by physical entrapment behind a dialysis membrane. A high urate selectivity with a detection limit of about 8 μM was found.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>A strain of <it>H. polymorpha </it>overproducing UOX was constructed. A cheap urate selective microbial biosensor was developed.</p

Ultrastructural changes in type 2 alveolocytes in young rats on the background of chronic hyperglycemia

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is considered as a group of metabolic diseases with a global distribution and severe complications. It is caused by insulin deficiency, which with time leads to development of pathological changes in the cardiovascular, respiratory, and other systems. Several studies have shown some features and the connection of structural changes of the lungs with DM, however very little is known regarding ultrastructural changes of type 2 alveolocytes (AT2). Materials and methods The study involved 24 white non-linear male laboratory rats which were divided into two groups (experimental and intact). The experimental group was further divided into two subgroups depending on the duration of study: the first group with hyperglycemia for 30 days, and the second with hyperglycemia for 60 days. For the experimental modeling of hyperglycemia, the rats were injected once subcutaneously with solution of alloxan monohydrate hyperglycemia. Results AT2 of the intact group had a high degree of differentiation with plates of high electron density. In AT2 of rats with hyperglycemia for 30 days, there were signs of vacuolation, mass accumulation of primary and secondary lysosomes, and lamellar bodies were grouped as conglomerates. In AT2 of the rats with 60 days of hyperglycemia, nuclei with scalloped contour, karyoplasmic outgrowths and intussusception, and condensation of heterochromatin were observed. Conclusion Under conditions of experimental chronic hyperglycemia, proliferation and destruction of AT2 are observed, which is the morphological basis for the violation of surfactant synthesis and immunocompetent properties in lung tissues of young rats

Streptococcus agalactiae clones infecting humans were selected and fixed through the extensive use of tetracycline

Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus, GBS) is a commensal of the digestive and genitourinary tracts of humans that emerged as the leading cause of bacterial neonatal infections in Europe and North America during the 1960s. Due to the lack of epidemiological and genomic data, the reasons for this emergence are unknown. Here we show by comparative genome analysis and phylogenetic reconstruction of 229 isolates that the rise of human GBS infections corresponds to the selection and worldwide dissemination of only a few clones. The parallel expansion of the clones is preceded by the insertion of integrative and conjugative elements conferring tetracycline resistance (TcR). Thus, we propose that the use of tetracycline from 1948 onwards led in humans to the complete replacement of a diverse GBS population by only few TcR clones particularly well adapted to their host, causing the observed emergence of GBS diseases in neonates. \ua9 2014 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition)

In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. For example, a key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process versus those that measure fl ux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process including the amount and rate of cargo sequestered and degraded). In particular, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation must be differentiated from stimuli that increase autophagic activity, defi ned as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (inmost higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium ) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the fi eld understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. It is worth emphasizing here that lysosomal digestion is a stage of autophagy and evaluating its competence is a crucial part of the evaluation of autophagic flux, or complete autophagy. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. Along these lines, because of the potential for pleiotropic effects due to blocking autophagy through genetic manipulation it is imperative to delete or knock down more than one autophagy-related gene. In addition, some individual Atg proteins, or groups of proteins, are involved in other cellular pathways so not all Atg proteins can be used as a specific marker for an autophagic process. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field