Por que não estávamos prontos para o coronavírus?

This paper by David Quammen, author of the recommended book Spillover. Animal infections and the next human pandemic, makes a brief synthesis of the latest research on epizootic diseases, caused by viruses that jump from other animal species to the human species, and is a sort of addendum to the epilogue of the Spanish version, entitled “We were the ones who created the coronavirus epidemic”. In this paper Quammen argues that U.S. has fared worse than other countries not because it lacked information or funding but because it failed to learn the lessons of the last outbreaks.Este artículo de David Quammen, autor del recomendable libro Contagio. La evolución de las pandemias, hace una breve síntesis de las últimas investigaciones sobre las enfermedades epizoóticas, causadas por virus que saltan de otras especies animales a la especie humana, y es una especie de adenda al epílogo de la versión en castellano, titulado “Fuimos nosotros quienes creamos la epidemia del coronavirus”.En este artículo Quammen argumenta que a Estados Unidos le ha ido peor que a otros países, no porque haya carecido de información o de financiación, sino porque no aprendió las lecciones de los últimos brotes.Este artigo é de David Quammen, autor do livro recomendado Spillover. Infecções animais e a próxima pandemia humana, faz uma breve síntese das últimas pesquisas sobre doenças epizoóticas, causadas por vírus que saltam de outras espécies animais para a espécie humana, e é uma espécie de adendo ao epílogo da versão espanhola, intitulada “ Fomos nós que criamos a epidemia do coronavírus ”. Neste artigo, Quammen argumenta que se saiu pior do que outros países, não por falta de informação ou financiamento, mas porque não aprendeu as lições do último surtos

A Functional Agility Short-Term Fatigue Protocol Changes Lower Extremity Mechanics

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a functional agility fatigue protocol on lower extremity biomechanics between two unanticipated tasks (stop-jump and sidestep). The subjects consisted of fifteen female collegiate soccer athletes (19 ± 0.7 years, 1.67 ± 0.1 m, 61.7± 8 kg) free of lower extremity injury. Participants performed five trials of stop-jump and sidestep tasks. A functional short-term agility protocol was performed, and immediately following participants repeated the unanticipated running tasks. Lower extremity kinematic and kinetic values were obtained pre and post fatigue. Repeated measures analyses of variance were conducted for each dependent variable with an alpha level set at 0.05. Knee position post-fatigue had increased knee internal rotation (11.4 ± 7.5 degrees vs. 7.9 ± 6.5 degrees p = 0.011) than pre-fatigue, and a decreased knee flexion angle (-36.6 ± 6.2 degrees vs. -40.0 ± 6.3 degrees, p = 0.003), as well as hip position post-fatigue had decreased hip flexion angle (35.5 ± 8.7 degrees vs. 43.2 ± 9.5 degrees, p = 0.002). A quick functional fatigue protocol altered lower extremity mechanics of Division I collegiate soccer athletes during landing tasks. Proper mechanics should be emphasized from the beginning of practice/game to aid in potentially minimizing the effects of fatigue in lower extremity mechanics

Two Different Fatigue Protocols and Lower Extremity Motion Patterns During a Stop-Jump Task

Context: Altered neuromuscular control strategies during fatigue probably contribute to the increased incidence of non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injuries in female athletes. Objective: To determine biomechanical differences between 2 fatigue protocols (slow linear oxidative fatigue protocol [SLO-FP] and functional agility short-term fatigue protocol [FAST-FP]) when performing a running-stop-jump task. Design: Controlled laboratory study. Setting: Laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: A convenience sample of 15 female soccer players (age = 19.2 ± 0.8 years, height = 1.67± 0.05m, mass = 61.7 + 8.1 kg) without injury participated. Intervention(s): Five successful trials of a running–stop-jump task were obtained prefatigue and postfatigue during the 2 protocols. For the SLO-FP, a peak oxygen consumption (V˙o2peak) test was conducted before the fatigue protocol. Five minutes after the conclusion of the V˙o2peak test, participants started the fatigue protocol by performing a 30-minute interval run. The FAST-FP consisted of 4 sets of a functional circuit. Repeated 2 (fatigue protocol) × 2 (time) analyses of variance were conducted to assess differences between the 2 protocols and time (prefatigue, postfatigue). Main Outcome Measure(s): Kinematic and kinetic measures of the hip and knee were obtained at different times while participants performed both protocols during prefatigue and postfatigue. Results: Internal adduction moment at initial contact (IC) was greater during FAST-FP (0.064 ± 0.09 Nm/kgm) than SLO-FP (0.024±0.06 Nm/kgm) (F1,14 = 5.610, P= .03). At IC, participants had less hip flexion postfatigue (44.7°±8.1°) than prefatigue (50.1°± 9.5°) (F1,14 = 16.229, P= .001). At peak vertical ground reaction force, participants had less hip flexion postfatigue (44.7°± 8.4°) than prefatigue (50.4°± 10.3°) (F1,14 = 17.026, P=.001). At peak vertical ground reaction force, participants had less knee flexion postfatigue (−35.9°± 6.5°) than prefatigue (−38.8°± 5.03°) (F1,14 = 11.537, P= .001). Conclusions: Our results demonstrated a more erect landing posture due to a decrease in hip and knee flexion angles in the postfatigue condition. The changes were similar between protocols; however, the FAST-FP was a clinically applicable 5-minute protocol, whereas the SLO-FP lasted approximately 45 minutes

Why weren’t we ready for the coronavirus?

Este artículo de David Quammen, autor del recomendable libro Contagio. La evolución de las pandemias, hace una breve síntesis de las últimas investigaciones sobre las enfermedades epizoóticas, causadas por virus que saltan de otras especies animales a la especie humana, y es una especie de adenda al epílogo de la versión en castellano, titulado “Fuimos nosotros quienes creamos la epidemia del coronavirus”.En este artículo Quammen argumenta que a Estados Unidos le ha ido peor que a otros países, no porque haya carecido de información o de financiación, sino porque no aprendió las lecciones de los últimos brotes.This paper by David Quammen, author of the recommended book Spillover. Animal infections and the next human pandemic, makes a brief synthesis of the latest research on epizootic diseases, caused by viruses that jump from other animal species to the human species, and is a sort of addendum to the epilogue of the Spanish version, entitled “We were the ones who created the coronavirus epidemic”. In this paper Quammen argues that U.S. has fared worse than other countries not because it lacked information or funding but because it failed to learn the lessons of the last outbreaks

The Relationship Between the Strength and Fatigability of the Back Extensors and the Flexibility of the Hamstrings and Hip Flexors

The hamstrings (biceps femoris, semitendinosis, semimembranosis), hip flexors (iliopsoas, Sartorius, rectus femoris), and lumbar extensors (sacrospinalis) all have muscular origins on the pelvis. This indicates a possible relationship among these structures in that weakness or inflexibility of one structure may necessitate corresponding changes in flexibility, strength, or fatigability of another in order to maintain appropriate lumbar posture. · The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between the hamstrings, hip flexors, flexibility and strength and fatigability of the lumbar extensors of intercollegiate football players. The subjects are current members of the Minnesota State University varsity football team. Static flexibility of the hip flexors and 90/90 hamstrings was measured using a 360° goniometer while the strength and fatigability of the lumbar extensors was assessed using a MedX Lumbar Extension machine. The subjects were also given an injury history questionnaire in order to determine previous or existing conditions of the lumbar spine and specific strength and flexibility deficits that may lead to an increased risk of injuries to the hamstrings, hip flexors, or back extensors. Data is currently being collected and final results and conclusions will be presented

Structural patterns in William Faulkner's major novels

William Faulkner wrote nineteen novels. Continually experimenting with the structure of the narrative, he produced a few superbly successful technical achievements, an intermediate body of works that are fascinating for what they attempt and the ways they attempt it, and more than several outright failures. With an experimenter, even a failure is usually of some interest. "(I)t was simply because to me that seemed the most effective way to tell that story,"! Faulkner would answer to questions about his use of a particular unorthodox structure. But in spite of that disavowal, and in spite of the fact that it is undoubtedly true, that the novels were certainly first and foremost independent units, with structures selected as purely as possible to present most effectively the given story and theme; still, there are connections to be made among the various novels. At least eight of the major works, in fact, are built on the pattern of two types of structure, which might be given the labels contrapuntal and centripetal. "To what extent does Faulkner work in terms of polarities, oppositions, paradoxes, inversions of roles?" Robert Penn Warren asked, reviewing Malcolm Cowley's compilation of The Portable Faulkner, in August, 1946. "How much does he employ a line of concealed (or open) dialectic progression as a principle for his fiction? The study of these questions may lead to the discovery of principles of organization in his work not yet defined by criticism."! Such a study has yet to be systematically done. Continued in thesis ..

THE EFFECT OF RECOMBINATION ON THE DYNAMICS OF A FAVORABLE MUTATION.

THE EFFECT OF RECOMBINATION ON THE DYNAMICS OF A FAVORABLE MUTATION