Jacob Spons „Archaeologia“: Eine Systematik für die Antikenforschung. Auszüge aus: Jacob Spon: Miscellanea eruditae antiquitatis (Frankfurt am Main-Venedig 1679) und Jacob Spon: Réponse a la critique publiée par M. Guillet sur le Voyage de Grece de Jacob Spon (Lyon 1679) (FONTES 38)

In 1679 the French doctor and archaeologist Jacob Spon (Lyon 1647 – Vevey 1685) published a carefully elaborated classification system for the the study of archaeology, a systematic which holds an important place in the history of art and archaeology and in the history of scholarship. Spon’s classification system resulted from his intensive studies of the ancient written sources and monuments, in particular, numismatics, inscriptions, works of art and objects of everyday life. Above all the tangible remains of antiquity represented an indispensible documentation for the true reconstruction of ancient history. Spon’s analysis was published twice in 1679, a Latin version in his "Miscellanea eruditae antiquitatis" and a French version, which provides a wider background to his progamm, in his "Réponse a la critique publiée par M. Guillet". Both texts are presented here. In the introduction Spon’s methods as an archaeologist, as evidenced in his writings, are defined, and an overview of his work in its historical context is provided

Wenceslas Cobergher’s Project for Four Books on Antiquities. Excerpts from: Jacob Spon: Réponse a la critique publiée par M. Guillet sur le Voyage de Grece de Jacob Spon (Lyon 1679) and Joseph van den Gheyn: Pieresc et Cobergher (Anvers 1905) (FONTES 40)

The French antiquarian Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc (1580-1637) visited the Flemish painter and architect Wenceslas Cobergher (1560 circa-1634) in Brussels in July 1606. During their discussions concerning Cobergher’s drawings, the artist revealed to Peiresc his project for the publication of four books on antiquities. The French antiquarian recorded carefully what Cobergher recounted. Wenceslas Cobergher’s project had attracted the attention of the French antiquarian Jacob Spon, der den Nachlass von Peiresc’s papers concerning Cobergher were found, transcribed and published by Joseph van den Gheyn in 1905. Cobergers books were to treat 1) ancient architecture, 2) ancient painting and sculpture, 3) the images of the ancient deities, and 4) ancient coins. Cobergher’s project represents the continuation of topics presented more fully in FONTES 38 and FONTES 39 (Jacob Spon’s classification system for the study of archaeology and Jacques Paul Babin’s description of Athens), as well as a supplement and complement to them

The Response of Aquatic Insect Communities and Caged In situ Asiatic Clams (Corbicula fluminea) to Dechlorinated Municipal Effluent in the Trinity River in North Texas

Dischargers to the Trinity River in North Texas were required to dechlorinate their effluents in 1990-91. Field surveys were conducted above and below an outfall to determine the response of resident immature insects and caged in situ juvenile Asiatic clams to chlorinated and dechlorinated effluent. Within six months after dechlorination began, insect community composition and C. fluminea survival significantly improved at stations below the outfall. Significantly lower clam growth within one mile below the dechlorinated effluent indicated the presence of non-chlorine toxicants. Effects from chlorinated and dechlorinated effluent exposure were comparable between Ceriodaphnia dubia lab tests and in situ C. fluminea

Voyage d'Italie, de Dalmatie, de Grece, et du Levant, fait aux années 1675 et 1676

Copia digital. Madrid : Ministerio de Cultura. Dirección General del Libro, Archivos y Bibliotecas, 201

Prevalence of Chronic Bronchitis in Selected Districts of Kashmir Valley

Chronic bronchitis causes high morbidity and mortality throughout the world and it is basically a preventable disease. Kashmir being a high altitude area, with people living in poorly ventilated homes and use of wood as a primary source of fuel in some part of rural areas predispose them to respiratory diseases. The aim of the study is to estimate the prevalence of chronic bronchitis in the age group of 18 years and above in Kashmiri population. It was a community based cross sectional study, with multi stage random sample of 912 consenting participants, aged >18 years and above. The overall prevalence of chronic bronchitis was found out to be 5.4%. The study showed higher prevalence among males compared to females, higher age groups, smokers and people living in overcrowded homes, using wood as fuel and majority of them belonged to low socio- economic status. Concluding that prevalence was less than expected but there still remains room for improvement .The common risk factors of chronic bronchitis like smoking , overcrowding and using wood as a fuel can be dealt with educational interventions and raising the socio- economic status. People in common should be educated about this respiratory disease, its complications and its risk factors

Electrochemical disinfection of toilet wastewater using wastewater electrolysis cell

The paucity of proper sanitation facilities has contributed to the spread of waterborne diseases in many developing countries. The primary goal of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of using a wastewater electrolysis cell (WEC) for toilet wastewater disinfection. The treated wastewater was designed to reuse for toilet flushing and agricultural irrigation. Laboratory-scale electrochemical (EC) disinfection experiments were performed to investigate the disinfection efficiency of the WEC with four seeded microorganisms (Escherichia coli, Enterococcus, recombinant adenovirus serotype 5, and bacteriophage MS2). In addition, the formation of organic disinfection byproducts (DBPs) trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAA_5) at the end of the EC treatment was also investigated. The results showed that at an applied cell voltage of +4 V, the WEC achieved 5-log_(10) reductions of all four seeded microorganisms in real toilet wastewater within 60 min. In contrast, chemical chlorination (CC) disinfection using hypochlorite [NaClO] was only effective for the inactivation of bacteria. Due to the rapid formation of chloramines, less than 0.5-log_(10) reduction of MS2 was observed in toilet wastewater even at the highest [NaClO] dosage (36 mg/L, as Cl_2) over a 1 h reaction. Experiments using laboratory model waters showed that free reactive chlorine generated in situ during EC disinfection process was the main disinfectant responsible for the inactivation of microorganisms. However, the production of hydroxyl radicals [ OH], and other reactive oxygen species by the active bismuth-doped TiO_2 anode were negligible under the same electrolytic conditions. The formation of THMs and HAA_5 were found to increase with higher applied cell voltage. Based on the energy consumption estimates, the WEC system can be operated using solar energy stored in a DC battery as the sole power source