El fuego bacteriano ‘Erwinia amylovora’

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Soy Niña

Este libro pretende contribuir al reencuentro de la educación con esas finalidades que verdaderamente importan a una niña o un niño: ser feliz, jugar, vivir juntos y (no) aprender. Para ello hemos puesto el arte, nuestras experiencias y el saber acumulado al servicio del disfrute, el cuestionamiento, el análisis crítico y la construcción común de un presente deseable. Un texto colaborativo coordinado por Ignacio Calderón Almendros y realizado por alumnado de Educación y Cambio Social en el Grado en Educación Infantil de la Universidad de Málaga

Non-invasive diagnostic tests for Helicobacter pylori infection

BACKGROUND: Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) infection has been implicated in a number of malignancies and non-malignant conditions including peptic ulcers, non-ulcer dyspepsia, recurrent peptic ulcer bleeding, unexplained iron deficiency anaemia, idiopathic thrombocytopaenia purpura, and colorectal adenomas. The confirmatory diagnosis of H pylori is by endoscopic biopsy, followed by histopathological examination using haemotoxylin and eosin (H & E) stain or special stains such as Giemsa stain and Warthin-Starry stain. Special stains are more accurate than H & E stain. There is significant uncertainty about the diagnostic accuracy of non-invasive tests for diagnosis of H pylori. OBJECTIVES: To compare the diagnostic accuracy of urea breath test, serology, and stool antigen test, used alone or in combination, for diagnosis of H pylori infection in symptomatic and asymptomatic people, so that eradication therapy for H pylori can be started. SEARCH METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, Embase, the Science Citation Index and the National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment Database on 4 March 2016. We screened references in the included studies to identify additional studies. We also conducted citation searches of relevant studies, most recently on 4 December 2016. We did not restrict studies by language or publication status, or whether data were collected prospectively or retrospectively. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included diagnostic accuracy studies that evaluated at least one of the index tests (urea breath test using isotopes such as13C or14C, serology and stool antigen test) against the reference standard (histopathological examination using H & E stain, special stains or immunohistochemical stain) in people suspected of having H pylori infection. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently screened the references to identify relevant studies and independently extracted data. We assessed the methodological quality of studies using the QUADAS-2 tool. We performed meta-analysis by using the hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic (HSROC) model to estimate and compare SROC curves. Where appropriate, we used bivariate or univariate logistic regression models to estimate summary sensitivities and specificities. MAIN RESULTS: We included 101 studies involving 11,003 participants, of which 5839 participants (53.1%) had H pylori infection. The prevalence of H pylori infection in the studies ranged from 15.2% to 94.7%, with a median prevalence of 53.7% (interquartile range 42.0% to 66.5%). Most of the studies (57%) included participants with dyspepsia and 53 studies excluded participants who recently had proton pump inhibitors or antibiotics.There was at least an unclear risk of bias or unclear applicability concern for each study.Of the 101 studies, 15 compared the accuracy of two index tests and two studies compared the accuracy of three index tests. Thirty-four studies (4242 participants) evaluated serology; 29 studies (2988 participants) evaluated stool antigen test; 34 studies (3139 participants) evaluated urea breath test-13C; 21 studies (1810 participants) evaluated urea breath test-14C; and two studies (127 participants) evaluated urea breath test but did not report the isotope used. The thresholds used to define test positivity and the staining techniques used for histopathological examination (reference standard) varied between studies. Due to sparse data for each threshold reported, it was not possible to identify the best threshold for each test.Using data from 99 studies in an indirect test comparison, there was statistical evidence of a difference in diagnostic accuracy between urea breath test-13C, urea breath test-14C, serology and stool antigen test (P = 0.024). The diagnostic odds ratios for urea breath test-13C, urea breath test-14C, serology, and stool antigen test were 153 (95% confidence interval (CI) 73.7 to 316), 105 (95% CI 74.0 to 150), 47.4 (95% CI 25.5 to 88.1) and 45.1 (95% CI 24.2 to 84.1). The sensitivity (95% CI) estimated at a fixed specificity of 0.90 (median from studies across the four tests), was 0.94 (95% CI 0.89 to 0.97) for urea breath test-13C, 0.92 (95% CI 0.89 to 0.94) for urea breath test-14C, 0.84 (95% CI 0.74 to 0.91) for serology, and 0.83 (95% CI 0.73 to 0.90) for stool antigen test. This implies that on average, given a specificity of 0.90 and prevalence of 53.7% (median specificity and prevalence in the studies), out of 1000 people tested for H pylori infection, there will be 46 false positives (people without H pylori infection who will be diagnosed as having H pylori infection). In this hypothetical cohort, urea breath test-13C, urea breath test-14C, serology, and stool antigen test will give 30 (95% CI 15 to 58), 42 (95% CI 30 to 58), 86 (95% CI 50 to 140), and 89 (95% CI 52 to 146) false negatives respectively (people with H pylori infection for whom the diagnosis of H pylori will be missed).Direct comparisons were based on few head-to-head studies. The ratios of diagnostic odds ratios (DORs) were 0.68 (95% CI 0.12 to 3.70; P = 0.56) for urea breath test-13C versus serology (seven studies), and 0.88 (95% CI 0.14 to 5.56; P = 0.84) for urea breath test-13C versus stool antigen test (seven studies). The 95% CIs of these estimates overlap with those of the ratios of DORs from the indirect comparison. Data were limited or unavailable for meta-analysis of other direct comparisons. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: In people without a history of gastrectomy and those who have not recently had antibiotics or proton ,pump inhibitors, urea breath tests had high diagnostic accuracy while serology and stool antigen tests were less accurate for diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection.This is based on an indirect test comparison (with potential for bias due to confounding), as evidence from direct comparisons was limited or unavailable. The thresholds used for these tests were highly variable and we were unable to identify specific thresholds that might be useful in clinical practice.We need further comparative studies of high methodological quality to obtain more reliable evidence of relative accuracy between the tests. Such studies should be conducted prospectively in a representative spectrum of participants and clearly reported to ensure low risk of bias. Most importantly, studies should prespecify and clearly report thresholds used, and should avoid inappropriate exclusions

El fuego bacteriano de las rosáceas. Erwinia amylovora

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Detection of ectoparasites in wild birds evaluated in Medellin (Colombia)

Some arthropod species are vectors of diseases to human.s beings, domestic and sylvatic animals acting as biological or mechanical vectors of important pathogens. They produce direct damage due to feeding habits and attachment to different parts of animals and humans bodies. The aim of this study was to identify different species of ectoparasites from wild birds located at .Centro de Atención y Valoración de Fauna Silvestre del area metropolitana del Valle de Aburrá.. From October 2006 to November 2007 a descriptive longitudinal study was done in 43 birds infested with ectoparasites. A total of 202 ectoparasites belonging to Diptera and Phthiraptera (Insecta) orders and Parasitiformes mites (Arachnida: Acari) were found. The Phtiraptera order shows the highest diversity with 18 species all of them belonging to Mallophaga group. From Diptera order, one specie was identified and ten larvae from Muscidae family was identified too, from Acari three genera of the Astigmata and Mesostigmata soborders was identified. The results of this study allow us to expand the host range of Bonnetella genera to Ramphastos citroelaemus specie. Also the presence of Menacanthus eurysternus and Colpocephalum turbinatum is registered in Pelecanus occidentalis and Buteo platypterus. The development of microbiological and parasitological studies to identify pathogen species in these ectoparasites is recommended to establish disease transmission risk and prevention and control strategies of zoonotic diseases.Algunas especies de artrópodos son causantes de enfermedades en humanos, animales domésticos y silvestres, actuando como vectores biológicos y mecánicos de importantes patógenos; además de los daños directos que ocasionan por sus hábitos alimenticios y de fijación en diferentes partes del cuerpo de sus hospederos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar las diferentes especies de ectoparásitos presentes en las aves silvestres ingresadas al Centro de Atención y Valoración de Fauna Silvestre (CAV) del área metropolitana del Valle de Aburrá. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo longitudinal, en el cual se analizaron 43 aves infestadas con ectoparásitos que ingresaron al centro, durante el periodo de octubre de 2006 a noviembre de 2007. Se colectaron 202 ectoparásitos de los órdenes Pthiraptera, Diptera y ácaros del orden Parasitiformes (Arachnida). El orden Phthiraptera presentó la mayor diversidad, con 18 especies, todas del grupo Mallophaga. Del orden Diptera se identificó una especie y diez larvas de la familia Muscidae, mientras que en los ácaros se identificaron tres géneros, de los subórdenes: Astigmata y Mesostigmata. Los resultados de este estudio permiten ampliar el rango de hospederos del género Bonnetella a la especie Ramphastos citroelaemus. Además se registra la presencia de Menacanthus eurysternus y Colpocephalum turbinatum en Pelecanus occidentalis y Buteo platypterus. Se recomienda realizar estudios microbiológicos y parasitológicos para identificar las especies patógenas presentes en estos ectoparásitos, que permitan establecer el riesgo de transmisión de enfermedades y proponer medidas de prevención y control de enfermedades zoonóticas.Algumas espécies de artrópodes são causadores de doenças tanto para os humanos como para animais domésticos e silvestres, atuando como vetores biológicos e mecânicos de patogenias importantes, além de causar danos diretos por seus hábitos alimentares e a sua fixação em diferentes partes do corpo do hospedeiro. O objetivo foi identificar as diferentes espécies de ectoparasitas hachados em aves silvestres do .Centro de Atención y Valoración de Fauna Silvestre del area metropolitana del Valle de Aburrá.. Foi feito um estudo descritivo longitudinal em 43 aves as quais ingressaram ao Centro infestadas com ectoparasitas desde outubro de 2006 até novembro de 2007. Coletaram-se 202 ectoparasitas das ordens Phthiraptera, Diptera e ácaros da ordem Parasitiformes (Arachnida). A ordem Phthiraptera apresentou a maior diversidade, com 18 espécies todas do grupo Mallophaga, Da ordem Díptera identificou-se uma espécie e dez larvas da família Muscidae, enquanto nos ácaros identificaram-se três gêneros das subordens Astigmata y Mesostigmata. Os resultados do estudo permitem ampliar o rango dos hospedeiros do gênero Bonnetella á espécie Ramphastos citroelaemus. Alem de mais se registra a presencia de Menacanthus eurysternus y Colpocephalum turbinatum em Pelecanus occidentalis y Buteo platypterus. Recomenda-se realizar estudos microbiológicos e parasitológicos para identificar as espécies patogenias presentes nestes ectoparasitas que permitam estabelecer o risco de transmissão de doenças e propor medidas de prevenção e controle de zoonoses

Comparación de diferentes sistemas de mantenimiento del suelo en el olivar del Bajo Aragón

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Evaluation of soil and weed management systems in oliveyards

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Efectos de la cubierta vegetal y otros sistemas en el olivar del Bajo Aragón

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SARS-CoV-2 vaccination modelling for safe surgery to save lives: data from an international prospective cohort study

Background: Preoperative SARS-CoV-2 vaccination could support safer elective surgery. Vaccine numbers are limited so this study aimed to inform their prioritization by modelling. Methods: The primary outcome was the number needed to vaccinate (NNV) to prevent one COVID-19-related death in 1 year. NNVs were based on postoperative SARS-CoV-2 rates and mortality in an international cohort study (surgical patients), and community SARS-CoV-2 incidence and case fatality data (general population). NNV estimates were stratified by age (18-49, 50-69, 70 or more years) and type of surgery. Best- and worst-case scenarios were used to describe uncertainty. Results: NNVs were more favourable in surgical patients than the general population. The most favourable NNVs were in patients aged 70 years or more needing cancer surgery (351; best case 196, worst case 816) or non-cancer surgery (733; best case 407, worst case 1664). Both exceeded the NNV in the general population (1840; best case 1196, worst case 3066). NNVs for surgical patients remained favourable at a range of SARS-CoV-2 incidence rates in sensitivity analysis modelling. Globally, prioritizing preoperative vaccination of patients needing elective surgery ahead of the general population could prevent an additional 58 687 (best case 115 007, worst case 20 177) COVID-19-related deaths in 1 year. Conclusion: As global roll out of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination proceeds, patients needing elective surgery should be prioritized ahead of the general population