ЛЕЧЕНИЕ ПАЦИЕНТОВ С НАРУЖНЫМИ ПАНКРЕАТИЧЕСКИМИ СВИЩАМИ ПОСЛЕ ЧРЕСКОЖНЫХ ДРЕНИРУЮЩИХ ОПЕРАЦИЙ ПСЕВДОКИСТ ПОДЖЕЛУДОЧНОЙ ЖЕЛЕЗЫ

Introduction. External pancreatic fistulas are developed up to 45 % during the postoperative period after the percutaneous drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts. According to some authors this fact is the main contraindication for using of transcutaneous method in  treatment of these patients.The objective is to optimize the tactics of treatment for minimizing the possible development of external pancreatic fistulasMaterials and methods. Puncture-draining operations were performed in 164 patients with chronic pancreatic pseudocysts. Puncture operations with ultrasound control were primarily performed in 54 patients (32.9 %), they were effective for 29 patients (53.7 %). Traditional surgical interventions were performed in 7 patients (12.9 %) from this group. Percutaneous drainage of pseudocyst was secondary used in 18 patients (33.4 %). Percutaneous drainage of pseudocysts was primarily used in other group consisting of 110 (67.1 %) patients. During the postoperative period, external pancreatic fistula formed in 36 (32.7 %) patients from this group. The fistulas were eliminated by supplementing the transcutaneous interventions with endoscopic methods.Results. Endoscopic papillosphincterotomy was performed in 36 patients. Pancreatic fistulas were closed after the operation in 12 patients (33.3 %). Endoscopic formation cystogastro-, cystoduodenoanastomosis on «lost drainage» were performed in 9 patients (25 %). Temporary decompression transpapillary stenting of the MPD was performed in 15 patients (41.7 %), endoscopic retrograde stenting was performed in 5 of them. Antegrade stenting of the MPD was transcutaneously performed in 10 patients. There were no lethal outcomes. Fistulas regressed in all patients. Recurrence of cyst formation, pancreatic hypertension were not be to dynamic examinations. Algorithm of treatment was formed and based on the results of a retrospective analysis to treatment of pancreatic cysts in general surgical clinic of «Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University».Conclusions. Coherent combining of minimally invasive technologies in the treatment of patients with chronic pancreatic pseudocysts leads to good results: absolute cystic regression and elimination of pancreatic fistulas as appropriate.Введение. После проведенного чрескожного дренирования псевдокист поджелудочной железы до 45 % случаев в послеоперационном периоде развиваются наружные панкреатические свищи, что является основным противопоказанием к применению транскутанного метода, по мнению ряда авторов, в лечении данной категории больных.Цель – оптимизировать тактику лечения с целью минимизации возможного риска развития наружных панкреатических свищей.Материал и методы. 164 пациентам с хроническими псевдокистами поджелудочной железы проводились пункционно-дренирующие операции. 54 пациентам (32,9 %) первично выполнялись пункционные операции под УЗ-контролем, с положительным эффектом – у 29 больных (53,7 %). 7 пациентам (12,9 %) из этой группы выполнены традиционные оперативные вмешательства. 18 пациентам (33,4 %) выполнены вторично чрескожные дренирования полостей псевдокист. Другой группе, состоявшей из 110 (67,1 %) пациентов, выполнено первично чрескожное дренирование псевдокист. В послеоперационном периоде у 36 (32,7 %) пациентов из этой группы в течение месяца сохранялось панкреатическое отделяемое с формированием наружного панкреатического свища. Ликвидация свищей производилась за счет дополнения транскутанных вмешательств эндоскопическими методами.Результаты исследования. 36 пациентам выполнялась эндоскопическая папиллосфинктеротомия. У 12 (33,3 %) после проведенной операции панкреатические свищи закрылись. 9 (25 %) пациентам эндоскопически сформированы цистогастро-, цистодуоденоанастомозы на «потерянном дренаже». 15 (41,7 %) пациентам было выполнено временное декомпрессионное транспапиллярное стентирование ГПП, из которых 5 больным выполнено эндоскопическое ретроградное стентирование. 10 пациентам стентирование ГПП произведено антеградным методом транскутанно. Летальных исходов не наблюдалось. У всех пациентов свищи регрессировали. При динамическом обследовании рецидива кистообразования, панкреатической гипертензии не наблюдалось. По результатам ретроспективного анализа материалов, полученных в ходе лечения больных панкреатическими кистами на базе клиники общей хирургии ПСПбГМУ им. И. П. Павлова, сформирован алгоритм лечения.Выводы. Последовательное комбинирования использование миниинвазивных технологий в лечении пациентов с хроническими псевдокистами поджелудочной железы позволяет добиться хороших результатов: абсолютного кистозного регресса, при необходимости, ликвидации панкреатических свищей

НЕПОЛИОМИЕЛИТНЫЕ ЭНТЕРОВИРУС Ы, ОБУСЛОВИВШИЕ ПОДЪЕМ ЗАБОЛЕВАЕМОСТИ ЭНТЕРОВИРУСНОЙ ИНФЕКЦИЕЙ НА РЯДЕ ТЕРРИТОРИЙ РОССИИ В 2016 Г.

Aim: Characteristics of the peculiarities and the etiological factor of enterovirus infection on some territories of Russia in 2016. Materials and methods: We investigated 2138 samples from the patients with enterovirus infection. The isolation and identification of enteroviruses were conducted by the virological method and by partial sequencing of the genome region VP1. Phylogenic trees were constructed according to the method of Bayesian Monte Carlo Markov Chain. Results: Epidemic peaks of enterovirus infection were fixed on some territories of Russia. In Saratov region the morbidity index of enterovirus infection in 2016 was twice as high as the median morbidity index over previous years. The morbidity level of enterovirus meningitis – 3, 21 for 100000 of the population (77% from all the cases of enterovirus infection) was higher than on the other territories. In Kostroma region the morbidity index of enterovirus infection in 2016 was 11 times higher than the index of the previous year. On both territories the rise of morbidity depends on the active circulation of enterovirus ЕСНО30. Enteroviruses ECHO30 from Saratov region belonged to two phylogenic groups of genotype h. To one of them belonged viruses ECHO30 from Kostroma region. In Murmansk and Leningrad regions in 2016 most cases of enterovirus infection were represented by hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). The grouped foci of infection were registered in some preschool institutions. The etiological factor of this clinical form was Coxsackieviruses A6 belonging to different genetic variants. Conclusion: Epidemic peaks of enterovirus infection with the prevalence of different clinical forms of the disease were provoked by different etiological factors. On territories where enterovirus meningitis prevailed strains of enterovirus ECHO30 belonging to different variants of genotype h were detected. In patients with clinical picture of HFMD from territories where this form was leading the etiological factor of infection was Coxsackievirus A6 of different genetic variants.Цель: характеристика особенностей заболеваемости и этиологического фактора энтеровирусной инфекции (ЭВИ) на ряде территорий России в 2016 г. Материалы и методы: исследовано 2138 проб фекалий от больных ЭВИ. Выделение и идентификацию энтеровирусов проводили вирусологическим методом и путём частичного секвенирования области генома VP1. Филогенетические деревья были построены методом Bayesian Monte Carlo Markov Chain. Результаты: Эпидемические подъемы заболеваемости ЭВИ в 2016 г. были отмечены на ряде территорий России. В Саратовской области средний многолетний показатель заболеваемости ЭВИ был превышен в два раза. Показатель заболеваемости энтеровирусным менингитом – 3,21 на 100 000 населения (77% от всех случаев ЭВИ) – был выше, чем на других территориях. В Костромской области показатель заболеваемости ЭВИ в 2016 г. был превышен в 11 раз по сравнению с предыдущим годом. На обеих территориях рост заболеваемости был связан с активным включением в циркуляцию энтеровируса ECHO30. Вирусы ЕСНО30 из Саратовской области принадлежали генотипу h и относились к двум филогенетическим группам, в одну из которых вошли также штаммы, изолированные от больных ЭВИ в Костромской области. В Мурманской и Ленинградской областях в 2016 г. заболевания протекали в основном в видевирусной экзантемы полости рта и конечностей, были зарегистрированы групповые очаги в детских дошкольных учреждениях. Этиологическим фактором оказались вирусы Коксаки A6, которые относились к разным генетическим вариантам. Заключение: эпидемические подъемы заболеваемости энтеровирусной инфекцией с преобладанием различных клинических форм заболевания были обусловлены разными этиологическими факторами. На территориях, где превалировала клиника энтеровирусного менингита, в качестве этиологического агента были детектированы энтеровирусы ЕСНО 30, которые принадлежали к разным вариантам генотипа h. У больных с клиникой вирусной экзантемы полости рта и конечностей на территориях, где эта клиническая форма была ведущей, основным этиологическим фактором были вирусы Коксаки A6 разных генетических вариантов

Non-invasive diagnostic tests for Helicobacter pylori infection

BACKGROUND: Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) infection has been implicated in a number of malignancies and non-malignant conditions including peptic ulcers, non-ulcer dyspepsia, recurrent peptic ulcer bleeding, unexplained iron deficiency anaemia, idiopathic thrombocytopaenia purpura, and colorectal adenomas. The confirmatory diagnosis of H pylori is by endoscopic biopsy, followed by histopathological examination using haemotoxylin and eosin (H & E) stain or special stains such as Giemsa stain and Warthin-Starry stain. Special stains are more accurate than H & E stain. There is significant uncertainty about the diagnostic accuracy of non-invasive tests for diagnosis of H pylori. OBJECTIVES: To compare the diagnostic accuracy of urea breath test, serology, and stool antigen test, used alone or in combination, for diagnosis of H pylori infection in symptomatic and asymptomatic people, so that eradication therapy for H pylori can be started. SEARCH METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, Embase, the Science Citation Index and the National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment Database on 4 March 2016. We screened references in the included studies to identify additional studies. We also conducted citation searches of relevant studies, most recently on 4 December 2016. We did not restrict studies by language or publication status, or whether data were collected prospectively or retrospectively. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included diagnostic accuracy studies that evaluated at least one of the index tests (urea breath test using isotopes such as13C or14C, serology and stool antigen test) against the reference standard (histopathological examination using H & E stain, special stains or immunohistochemical stain) in people suspected of having H pylori infection. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently screened the references to identify relevant studies and independently extracted data. We assessed the methodological quality of studies using the QUADAS-2 tool. We performed meta-analysis by using the hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic (HSROC) model to estimate and compare SROC curves. Where appropriate, we used bivariate or univariate logistic regression models to estimate summary sensitivities and specificities. MAIN RESULTS: We included 101 studies involving 11,003 participants, of which 5839 participants (53.1%) had H pylori infection. The prevalence of H pylori infection in the studies ranged from 15.2% to 94.7%, with a median prevalence of 53.7% (interquartile range 42.0% to 66.5%). Most of the studies (57%) included participants with dyspepsia and 53 studies excluded participants who recently had proton pump inhibitors or antibiotics.There was at least an unclear risk of bias or unclear applicability concern for each study.Of the 101 studies, 15 compared the accuracy of two index tests and two studies compared the accuracy of three index tests. Thirty-four studies (4242 participants) evaluated serology; 29 studies (2988 participants) evaluated stool antigen test; 34 studies (3139 participants) evaluated urea breath test-13C; 21 studies (1810 participants) evaluated urea breath test-14C; and two studies (127 participants) evaluated urea breath test but did not report the isotope used. The thresholds used to define test positivity and the staining techniques used for histopathological examination (reference standard) varied between studies. Due to sparse data for each threshold reported, it was not possible to identify the best threshold for each test.Using data from 99 studies in an indirect test comparison, there was statistical evidence of a difference in diagnostic accuracy between urea breath test-13C, urea breath test-14C, serology and stool antigen test (P = 0.024). The diagnostic odds ratios for urea breath test-13C, urea breath test-14C, serology, and stool antigen test were 153 (95% confidence interval (CI) 73.7 to 316), 105 (95% CI 74.0 to 150), 47.4 (95% CI 25.5 to 88.1) and 45.1 (95% CI 24.2 to 84.1). The sensitivity (95% CI) estimated at a fixed specificity of 0.90 (median from studies across the four tests), was 0.94 (95% CI 0.89 to 0.97) for urea breath test-13C, 0.92 (95% CI 0.89 to 0.94) for urea breath test-14C, 0.84 (95% CI 0.74 to 0.91) for serology, and 0.83 (95% CI 0.73 to 0.90) for stool antigen test. This implies that on average, given a specificity of 0.90 and prevalence of 53.7% (median specificity and prevalence in the studies), out of 1000 people tested for H pylori infection, there will be 46 false positives (people without H pylori infection who will be diagnosed as having H pylori infection). In this hypothetical cohort, urea breath test-13C, urea breath test-14C, serology, and stool antigen test will give 30 (95% CI 15 to 58), 42 (95% CI 30 to 58), 86 (95% CI 50 to 140), and 89 (95% CI 52 to 146) false negatives respectively (people with H pylori infection for whom the diagnosis of H pylori will be missed).Direct comparisons were based on few head-to-head studies. The ratios of diagnostic odds ratios (DORs) were 0.68 (95% CI 0.12 to 3.70; P = 0.56) for urea breath test-13C versus serology (seven studies), and 0.88 (95% CI 0.14 to 5.56; P = 0.84) for urea breath test-13C versus stool antigen test (seven studies). The 95% CIs of these estimates overlap with those of the ratios of DORs from the indirect comparison. Data were limited or unavailable for meta-analysis of other direct comparisons. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: In people without a history of gastrectomy and those who have not recently had antibiotics or proton ,pump inhibitors, urea breath tests had high diagnostic accuracy while serology and stool antigen tests were less accurate for diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection.This is based on an indirect test comparison (with potential for bias due to confounding), as evidence from direct comparisons was limited or unavailable. The thresholds used for these tests were highly variable and we were unable to identify specific thresholds that might be useful in clinical practice.We need further comparative studies of high methodological quality to obtain more reliable evidence of relative accuracy between the tests. Such studies should be conducted prospectively in a representative spectrum of participants and clearly reported to ensure low risk of bias. Most importantly, studies should prespecify and clearly report thresholds used, and should avoid inappropriate exclusions

Репрезентативность фразеологических зон «Большого универсального словаря русского языка»

The phraseological array and the universal content of the phraseological zones of dictionary entries in “The Great Universal Dictionary of the Russian Language”, wherein phraseological units are repeatedly presented depending on the grammatically supporting component according to the alphabetical arrangement of a heading word, are of interest in the aspect of a research corpus for creating a vocabulary of an online Russian phraseological dictionary (VORPD). The purpose of the study is to determine the indicators of the representativeness of phraseological zones in the structure of the explanatory dictionary and present phrase-statistical models of the frequency ratio of heading words as a structural-semantic component of phraseological units in alphabetical order. The materials of the research make 2545 phraseological zones grouped according to the letters of the Russian alphabet. Combinations of the linguo-statistical method, the sampling method in the empirical study, and the methods of statistical modelling were used as a part of the research corpus. The scientific novelty of the research is determined by the conceptual approach to the “The Great Universal Dictionary of the Russian Language” - an explanatory paper dictionary - as a lexicographic corpus in the study of the usage (frequency) of phraseological zones in dictionary entries. The parameters of the representativeness of phraseological zones define the general linguistic set and the selective linguistic set as a working corpus. Phrase-statistical models are grouped according to the domain of definition - the set of all heading words fixed by one letter of the Russian alphabet. A consideration of phraseological zones is aimed at a detailed study of their quantitative characteristics and the percentage ratio of statistical sampling parameters. The technology of the study and the formula for calculating the indicators of phrase-statistical modelling are given. The results of the study are illustrated by diagrams and determine the objectivity of the research corpus, its nuclear and peripheral spaces. These factors will be a determinant for modelling the vocabulary of the pilot corpus of the electronic dictionary aimed at the semantic realization of phraseological units.Фразеологический массив и универсальное содержание фразеологических зон словарных статей «Большого универсального словаря русского языка», где многократно предложены фразеологические единицы в зависимости от грамматически опорного компонента соответственно алфавитному расположению заголовочного слова, представляют интерес в аспекте формирования исследовательского корпуса для создания словника электронного фразеологического словаря русского языка (АСПОТ). Цель исследования - определить показатели репрезентативности фразеологических зон в структуре толкового словаря и представить фразеостатистические модели частотного соотношения заголовочных слов как структурно-семантического компонента фразеологических единиц в алфавитном ряду. Материалом исследования стали 2545 фразеологических зон, которые сгруппированы в соответствии с буквами русского алфавита. В рамках корпусного подхода использовалась комбинация лингвостатистического метода, выборочного метода в эмпирическом исследовании, методов статистического моделирования. Научная новизна работы определяется концептуальным подходом к БУС - толковому словарю в бумажном формате - как лексикографическому корпусу в исследовании употребительности (частотности) фразеологических зон в словарных статьях. Параметрами репрезентативности фразеологических зон определены генеральная лингвистическая совокупность и выборочная лингвистическая совокупность как рабочий корпус. Фразеостатистические модели сгруппированы в соответствии с областью определения - совокупностью всех заголовочных слов, зафиксированной одной буквой русского алфавита. Рассмотрение фразеологических зон направлено на детальную проработку их количественной характеристики и процентного соотношения параметров статистической выборки. Приведена технология исследования и формула расчета показателей фразеостатистического моделирования. Результаты исследования иллюстрируются диаграммами и определяют объективность формирования исследовательского корпуса, его ядерных и периферийных пространств. Эти факторы станут определяющими для моделирования словника пилотного корпуса электронного словаря, направленного на смысловую реализацию фразеологических единиц

THE FIRST EXPERIENCE OF ENDOVIDEOSURGICAL TREATMENT OF ORGANIC HYPERINSULINISM

In connection with the development of endovideosurgical technologies, they are actively used for the treatment of organic hyperinsulinism. The robotized interventions have been applied in the last years. The experience of the laparoscopic and robotized operations performed on 7 patients with established diagnosis of organic hyperinsulinism was shown by the authors. The treatment was effective in all cases. The postoperative period was without complications in majority of patients. An acute postoperative pancreatitis with formation of acute liquid accumulation occurred in one case. This case required the performing of percutaneous puncture interventions using ultrasonics control. Thus, the application of endovideosurgical technologies was accompanied by low percent (14%) of postoperative complications

THE FIRST EXPERIENCE OF ENDOVIDEOSURGICAL TREATMENT OF ORGANIC HYPERINSULINISM

In connection with the development of endovideosurgical technologies, they are actively used for the treatment of organic hyperinsulinism. The robotized interventions have been applied in the last years. The experience of the laparoscopic and robotized operations performed on 7 patients with established diagnosis of organic hyperinsulinism was shown by the authors. The treatment was effective in all cases. The postoperative period was without complications in majority of patients. An acute postoperative pancreatitis with formation of acute liquid accumulation occurred in one case. This case required the performing of percutaneous puncture interventions using ultrasonics control. Thus, the application of endovideosurgical technologies was accompanied by low percent (14%) of postoperative complications

<i>Helicobacter pylori</i> infection and inflammatory bowel diseases

Helicobacter pylori is detected in the human intestine on average in 35% of clinical cases, but the question about its etiopathogenetic role in intestinal diseases has not been fully investigated. Many scientists study a relationship between the H. pylori persistence and development of various bowel diseases. Diverse viewpoints have been proposed regarding a potential link between H. pylori and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Here we review the data from domestic and foreign studies aimed at examining potential role of H. pylori both as a trigger and protector resulting in the pathogenetic alterations leading to developing Crohn‘s disease and ulcerative colitis. The former is favored by the hypothesis wherein H. pylori may trigger IBD due to potential connection between extragastric infection and its direct damaging action as well as indirect effects contributing to the initiation of oxidative stress, autoimmune aggression and development of intestinal dysbiosis. In addition, the effects of enterohepatic Helicobacter spp. promoting IBD pathogenesis are discussed. The mechanisms underlying the protective role of H. pylori infection may be driven via differentially expressed acute and/or chronic local inflammatory mucosal response able to downmodulate systemic immune responses and suppress autoimmune reactions, as well as skewing host immune response from a pro-inflammatory Th1/Th17 cell-mediated towards regulatory T-cell response. Moreover, it was found that H. pylori may induce production of antibacterial peptides counteracting potentially pathogenic bacteria involved in IBD pathogenesis. In particular, it was found that IBD patients are dominated with moderate active antral gastritis coupled to atrophy, with the peak intensity observed in patients under 30 years of age. Intensity of intestinal metaplasia in the gastric mucosa of IBD patients accounted for by the duration of the disease course. Basal IBD therapy with 5-aminosalicylic acid lowers severity and activity of gastritis, degree of atrophy as well as magnitude H. pylori invasion in the gastric mucosa. There is evidence that 5-aminosalicylic acid-containing drugs may result in a so-called “spontaneous eradication” of H. pylori infection. Extended investigations are required to examine a role of H. pylori in IBD pathogenesis