Panduan reka bentuk gamifikasi patuh syariah

Gamifikasi adalah inovasi yang trendy dalam dunia pendidikan pada hari ini. Keadaan ini menyebabkan ramai guru dan penyelidik mula melibatkan diri mereka bentuk inovasi berasaskan gamifikasi. Namun, perbincangan mengenai hukum gamifikasi telah lama dibincangkan oleh para fuqaha’. Hal ini menyebabkan pengkaji berminat untuk meneroka kaedah reka bentuk gamifikasi yang digunakan oleh guru inovatif pendidikan Islam. Kajian dijalankan menggunakan reka bentuk kajian kes, berdasarkan pendekatan kualitatif. Lapan peserta kajian dikaji. Pemilihan dibuat berdasarkan teknik persampelan bertujuan. Dapatan menunjukkan terdapat 10 panduan patuh syariah yang dibincangkan oleh peserta kajian ketika mereka bentuk gamifikasi, iaitu; 1) mesti dibina untuk tujuan pendidikan, 2) grafik yang digunakan mesti patuh syariah, 3) permainan tidak ada unsur judi, 4) mesti ada penerapan nilai, 5) nenjaga harta intelek orang lain, 6) mesti meraikan kemahiran sebenar, 7) direka bentuk berdasarkan permainan tradisional sedia ada, 8) menyelitkan unsur didik hibur, 9) latar belakang gamifikasi mestilah sesuai dengan konteks permainan, dan 10) impak inovasi mestilah signifikan. Dapatan dapat dijadikan panduan kepada inovator lain mengenai kaedah membangunkan inovasi berasaskan gamifikasi yang patuh syariah

Konsep Inovasi dalam Islam Menurut Pandangan Asatizah Inovatif: Innovation Concept in Islam Based on Innovative Asatizah

Pelbagai kajian dilakukan mengenai konsep inovasi dalam Islam, namun fokusnya adalah pada Allah sebagai Inovator, Rasulullah sebagai inovator serta rumusan al-Quran mengenai kaedah mendapatkan pengetahuan untuk berinovasi. Tidak ditemui kajian dilakukan yang memberi fokus kepada ciri inovasi dalam Islam. Oleh itu kajian ini dijalankan dengan tujuan untuk merumuskan ciri inovasi dalam Islam. Kajian kualitatif ini dijalankan dengan mengumpul data daripada temu bual dan analisis dokumen. Seramai tujuh asatizah inovatif dipilih sebagai peserta kajian. Dapatan menunjukkan terdapat tujuh tema bagi konsep inovasi dalam Islam, iaitu; 1) tidak sempurna, 2) ilham milik Allah, 3) manfaat bagi orang lain, 4) patuh syariat, 5) sesuai dengan keperluan, 6) rai metod tradisional, dan 7) dihasilkan dengan ikhlas

Penerokaan terhadap pengetahuan yang digunakan oleh guru inovatif Pendidikan Islam untuk menghasilkan inovasi pengajaran

Perdebatan mengenai isu pengetahuan dalam menghasilkan inovasi telah lama dibincangkan oleh para sarjana. Perbincangan mengenai pengetahuan untuk menghasilkan inovasi turut meliputi bidang pendidikan dalam konteks mencipta inovasi pengajaran. Tidak ditemui kajian lapangan secara khusus mengenainya. Oleh itu, kajian ini dijalankan untuk meneroka pengetahuan yang digunakan oleh guru inovatif ketika menghasilkan inovasi pengajaran. Kajian ini dijalankan secara kualitatif. Data dikutip daripada temu bual dan analisis dokumen. Temu bual dibuat secara separa struktur dan secara mendalam. Analisis dokumen pula dibuat terhadap gambar, kertas cadangan, laporan inovasi, bunting, banner dan pamplet inovasi. Lapan peserta kajian dipilih menggunakan teknik persampelan bertujuan. Kesahan dan kebolehpercayaan kajian dibuat menggunakan kaedah triangulasi data dan sumber, lama di lapangan dan nilai Kappa. Dapatan menunjukkan terdapat 12 jenis pengetahuan digunakan oleh peserta kajian, iaitu; konten dan kurikulum, pedagogi, kajian tindakan, inovasi sedia ada, reka bentuk inovasi, pengalaman, minat dan kekuatan diri, kemahiran kreatif, pengetahuan tentang pelajar dan kemahiran komunikasi, kemahiran kolaborasi dan pengetahuan format peperiksaan. 12 jenis pengetahuan ini dikategorikan dalam lima bentuk pengetahuan, iaitu; pengetahuan pedagogi kandungan, kemahiran kognitif istimewa, pembangunan kompetensi spesifik, kemahiran sosial dan kemahiran penyelidikan. Dapatan ini dapat dimanfaatkan oleh penyedia latihan sama ada kepada guru pelatih atau guru dalam perkhidmatan untuk meningkatkan profesionalisme keguruan mereka dengan meningkatkan kualiti pengajaran mereka sehingga mampu menghasilkan inovasi pengajaran. Pelajar akan mendapat manfaat yang besar apabila pengajaran guru berkualiti tinggi

Proses jana idea untuk menghasilkan inovasi pengajaran : gaya guru inovatif Pendidikan Islam

Proses jana idea adalah salah satu proses yang signifikan dalam penghasilan inovasi sebelum memasuki proses pembangunan inovasi. Namun, proses ini sukar, terutama bagi individu yang tidak mempunyai pengetahuan dan pengalaman. Kajian kes ini meneroka kaedah yang digunakan oleh guru inovatif Pendidikan Islam (PI) ketika proses menjana idea bagi menghasilkan inovasi pengajaran PI. Lapan guru-guru PI sekolah menengah telah terlibat dalam kajian ini yang dipilih secara bertujuan menggunakan teknik snowball. Temu bual secara mendalam dijalankan untuk mengumpul data dan disokong dengan data daripada analisis dokumen. Dapatan menunjukkan terdapat lapan kaedah yang digunakan oleh guru-guru dalam menjana idea, iaitu: i) berfikir secara berfokus, ii) meneroka inovasi sedia ada, iii) membaca, iv) menghadiri kursus atau bengkel, v) menyertai pertandingan, vi) adaptasi produk inovasi sedia ada, vii) berkonsultansi dengan pakar, dan viii) berkolaborasi. Kesimpulannya, guru-guru inovatif melengkapkan diri dengan ilmu pengetahuan dan memanipulasi pengetahuan sedia ada ketika menghasilkan inovasi, serta merujuk guru-guru berpengalaman yang lain melalui konsultasi dan kolaborasi untuk menjana idea yang lebih baik dan unik. Implikasinya, kaedah-kaedah yang digunakan oleh guru-guru inovatif ini menyumbang kepada ilmu pengetahuan dalam bidang Pendidikan Islam, di mana ia dapat digunakan oleh para guru Pendidikan Islam sebagai panduan untuk memulakan langkah dalam melibatkan diri untuk menghasilkan inovasi pengajaran

Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants

Summary Background Comparable global data on health and nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents are scarce. We aimed to estimate age trajectories and time trends in mean height and mean body-mass index (BMI), which measures weight gain beyond what is expected from height gain, for school-aged children and adolescents. Methods For this pooled analysis, we used a database of cardiometabolic risk factors collated by the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1985 to 2019 in mean height and mean BMI in 1-year age groups for ages 5–19 years. The model allowed for non-linear changes over time in mean height and mean BMI and for non-linear changes with age of children and adolescents, including periods of rapid growth during adolescence. Findings We pooled data from 2181 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in 65 million participants in 200 countries and territories. In 2019, we estimated a difference of 20 cm or higher in mean height of 19-year-old adolescents between countries with the tallest populations (the Netherlands, Montenegro, Estonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina for boys; and the Netherlands, Montenegro, Denmark, and Iceland for girls) and those with the shortest populations (Timor-Leste, Laos, Solomon Islands, and Papua New Guinea for boys; and Guatemala, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Timor-Leste for girls). In the same year, the difference between the highest mean BMI (in Pacific island countries, Kuwait, Bahrain, The Bahamas, Chile, the USA, and New Zealand for both boys and girls and in South Africa for girls) and lowest mean BMI (in India, Bangladesh, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia, and Chad for boys and girls; and in Japan and Romania for girls) was approximately 9–10 kg/m2. In some countries, children aged 5 years started with healthier height or BMI than the global median and, in some cases, as healthy as the best performing countries, but they became progressively less healthy compared with their comparators as they grew older by not growing as tall (eg, boys in Austria and Barbados, and girls in Belgium and Puerto Rico) or gaining too much weight for their height (eg, girls and boys in Kuwait, Bahrain, Fiji, Jamaica, and Mexico; and girls in South Africa and New Zealand). In other countries, growing children overtook the height of their comparators (eg, Latvia, Czech Republic, Morocco, and Iran) or curbed their weight gain (eg, Italy, France, and Croatia) in late childhood and adolescence. When changes in both height and BMI were considered, girls in South Korea, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and some central Asian countries (eg, Armenia and Azerbaijan), and boys in central and western Europe (eg, Portugal, Denmark, Poland, and Montenegro) had the healthiest changes in anthropometric status over the past 3·5 decades because, compared with children and adolescents in other countries, they had a much larger gain in height than they did in BMI. The unhealthiest changes—gaining too little height, too much weight for their height compared with children in other countries, or both—occurred in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, New Zealand, and the USA for boys and girls; in Malaysia and some Pacific island nations for boys; and in Mexico for girls. Interpretation The height and BMI trajectories over age and time of school-aged children and adolescents are highly variable across countries, which indicates heterogeneous nutritional quality and lifelong health advantages and risks

Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study

Background Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide.Methods A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study-a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital.Findings Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3.85 [95% CI 2.58-5.75]; p<0.0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63.0% vs 82.7%; OR 0.35 [0.23-0.53]; p<0.0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer.Interpretation Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised

Global variations in diabetes mellitus based on fasting glucose and haemogloblin A1c

Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) are both used to diagnose diabetes, but may identify different people as having diabetes. We used data from 117 population-based studies and quantified, in different world regions, the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes, and whether those who were previously undiagnosed and detected as having diabetes in survey screening had elevated FPG, HbA1c, or both. We developed prediction equations for estimating the probability that a person without previously diagnosed diabetes, and at a specific level of FPG, had elevated HbA1c, and vice versa. The age-standardised proportion of diabetes that was previously undiagnosed, and detected in survey screening, ranged from 30% in the high-income western region to 66% in south Asia. Among those with screen-detected diabetes with either test, the agestandardised proportion who had elevated levels of both FPG and HbA1c was 29-39% across regions; the remainder had discordant elevation of FPG or HbA1c. In most low- and middle-income regions, isolated elevated HbA1c more common than isolated elevated FPG. In these regions, the use of FPG alone may delay diabetes diagnosis and underestimate diabetes prevalence. Our prediction equations help allocate finite resources for measuring HbA1c to reduce the global gap in diabetes diagnosis and surveillance.peer-reviewe

Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants.

BACKGROUND: Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. METHODS: We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30-79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. FINDINGS: The number of people aged 30-79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306-359) million women and 317 (292-344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584-668) million women and 652 (604-698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55-62) of women and 49% (46-52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43-51) of women and 38% (35-41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20-27) for women and 18% (16-21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. INTERPRETATION: Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings. FUNDING: WHO

Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants

Background Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30-79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. Findings The number of people aged 30-79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306-359) million women and 317 (292-344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584-668) million women and 652 (604-698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55-62) of women and 49% (46-52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43-51) of women and 38% (35-41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20-27) for women and 18% (16-21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. Interpretation Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings. Copyright (C) 2021 World Health Organization; licensee Elsevier