Utopía y poder en la ciudad del renacimiento. Las teorías de Moro y Campanella en las propuestas urbanas

Tomando como referencia los planteamientos filosóficos realizados por Tomás Moro en Utopía y Tomás Campanella en Ciudad del sol, el presente escrito pretende reflexionar en torno a la utopía y el poder en las propuestas urbanas renacentistas. Se observará que, la ciudad-ideal del Renacimiento, creación más intelectual que real, fue una consecuencia más del pensamiento utópico renacentista. Además, se mostrará que muchas de las ideas urbanísticas del Renacimiento, que no pasaron de doctrina, utopía o ejercicio ideal del intelecto en los países de Europa donde se originaron, tuvieron su campo de materialización real en América.                                                                          El escrito comenzará atendiendo a los ideales filosóficos y urbanos-arquitectónicos del Renacimiento para luego comenzar a atender a la ciudad ideal y a la real, poniendo la mirada en lo terrenal, lo divino y lo militar a partir de las reflexiones sobre las ciudad y su trazado urbano, los templos como espacio interior divino y el urbanismo militar ideal

La cuantificación del error de las batimetrías en el seguimiento de playas

[ES] El desarrollo reciente de las técnicas de regeneración de playas en la protección de costas ha puesto de relieve la importancia de los estudios de seguimiento de playas. La estimación del clima marítimo y la batimetría de las playas constituyen elementos esenciales del seguimiento y las bases sobre las que se asentará la valoración o interpretación de los fenómenos observados en la misma. Dentro de este contexto, la cuantíficación de los errores de las batimetrías constituye un elemento fundamental para determinar la utilidad de las mismas y sus posibilidades de aplicación. En este artículo se analiza el problema de medición de profundidades dentro del seguimiento de la Playa de El Saler (Valencia), se presenta un medidor de profundidad de alta precisión y se comparan los errores de medida típicos de los sistemas de medición de profundidades habituales señalando los niveles de error que caben esperar según sea el procedimiento utilizado.Los autores desean agradecer a la Dirección General de Costas, del Ministerio de Obras Públicas, Transportes y Medio Ambiente al apoyo financiero para la realización de este trabajo, así como la colaboración del Centro de Estudios de Puertos y Costas del CEDEX en el desarrollo, instalación y procesado de la información de clima marítimo.Serta, J.; Aguilar Herrando, J.; Esteban, V.; Medina, JR. (1994). La cuantificación del error de las batimetrías en el seguimiento de playas. Ingeniería del Agua. 1(3):7-18. https://doi.org/10.4995/ia.1994.2640SWORD71813British Ports Association. (1987). "An evaluation of echo-sounders for Hydtvgraphic surveying in ports". Londres.Dirección General de Costas. (1994). Recuperando la Costa/Recoveríng the Coast Ministerio de Obras Públicas, Transportes y Medio Ambiente. Junio 1.994.Granboulan, J., Chaumet-Lagrange, M. (1991). "Data collection and processing". Terra et Acqua No 46.The Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE) and The Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS). (1984). "Guidelines for the preparation of hydrographic surveys for dredging"Laboratorio de Puertos y Costas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia. (1994). "Estudio de la Dinámica Litoral y Seguimiento de la playa de "El Saler" (valencia). Convenio de Investigación. En ejecución.Stauble, D., García, A., Kraus, N., Grosskopf, W. and Bass, G. (1993). Beach Nouríshment Project Response and Desing Evaluation: Ocean City, Maryland. Technical Report CERC-93-13, US Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS.Kraus, N. and Smith, J.M. (1994). Supertank Laboratory Data Collection Prpoject Technical Report CERC-94-3, US Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS.Lee, G. and Birkemeier, W.A. (1993). Beach and Nearshore Survey Data: 1.985 -1.991 CERC Field Research Facility. Technical Report CERC-93-3, US Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS.Milne, P.H. (1980). "Underwater engineeríng surveys". E & F.N. Spon Ltd. Londres, 1.980.Shore Protection Manual (1975). Coastal Engineering Research Center, Dept. of the Navy, Waterways Experiment Station, Vickburg, MS.Shore Protection Manual (1984). Coastal Engineering Research Center, Dept. of the Navy, Waterways Experiment Station, Vickburg, M

Levantamientos y seguimientos topo-batimétricos en ingeniería de costas

[ES] Se describen los métodos de ejecución de trabajos topográficos y batimétricos de seguimiento de playas, esenciales para la comprensión y control de los procesos litorales. Se plantea el problema de la medición de profundidades y de otras variables descriptivas de la fenomenología oceánica y las fuentes de error dependiendo de las técnicas y métodos empleados. Se comparan los errores de medida típicos de los sistemas de medición de profundidades habituales señalando los niveles de error que cabe esperar según sea el procedimiento utilizado.Esteban Chapapría, V.; Aguilar Herrando, J.; Serra Peris, J.; Medina Folgado, JR. (1995). Levantamientos y seguimientos topo-batimétricos en ingeniería de costas. Ingeniería del Agua. 2(1 Extraordinario):181-200. https://doi.org/10.4995/ia.1995.2670SWORD18120021 ExtraordinarioBritish Ports Association. (1987). An evaluation of echo-sounders for Hydrographic surveying in ports. Londres.Butler, M.J.A. (1.990). Cartografía de recursos marinos: un manual de introducción. FAO.Gable, C.G. & Wanetick, J.R. (1.984). Survey techniques used to measure nearshore profiles. ASCE. Proc. Coastal Engineering 1.984, Vol.II, pp 1879-1895.Gallardo, J., Fuente, E. & Fernández, A. (1.992). Batimetría mediante sensores remotos (I y II. Topografía y Cartografía. n° 50 y 52. pp 17-26, pp 68-75. Colegio Oficial de Ingenieros Técnicos en Topografía. Madrid.Granboulan, J. & Chaumet-Lagrange, M. (1991). Data collection and processing. Terra et Acqua No 46. IADC. Septiembre 1.991.Gravens, M.B. (1992). User's Guide to the Shoreline Modelling System (SMS). Technical Report CERC-92-7, US Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS.Herbich, J. B. (Ed.). (1992). Handbook of Dredging Engineering. Mc Graw - Hill, Inc. U.S.A.The Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE) and The Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS). (1984). Guidelines for the preparation of hydrographic surveys for dredging.Kraus, N. & Smith, J.M. (1994). Supertank Laboratory Data Collection Prpoject. Technical Report CERC-94-3, US Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MSLaboratorio de Puertos y Costas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia. (1994). Estudio de la Dinámica Litoral y Seguimiento de la playa de "El Saler" (Valencia). Convenio de Investigación. En ejecución.Lee, G. & Birkemeier, W.A. (1993). Beach and Nearshore Survey Data: 1.985 - 1.991 CERC Field Research Facility. Technical Report CERC-93-3, US Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS.MacPhee, S.B., Dow, A.J., Anderson, N.M. & Reid, D.B. (1981). Aerial hydrography laser bathymetry and air photo techniques for obtaining inshore hydrography. The Hydrographic Journal, n° 22, October 1981. NE London Polytechnic. London.Milne, P.H. (1980). Underwater engineering survey. E & F.N. Spon Ltd. Londres, 1.980.Serra, J., Aguilar, J., Esteban, V. & Medina, J.R. (1994). La cuantificación del error de las batimetrías en el seguimiento de playas. Ingeniería del Agua. Vol. 1, n° 3, pp 7 - 18.Shore Protection Manual (1984). Coastal Engineering Research Center, Dept. of the Navy, Waterways Experiment Station, Vickburg, MS.Stauble, D., García, A. Kraus, N. Grosskopf, W. & Bass, G. (1993). Beach Nourishment Project Response and Desing Evaluation: Ocean City, Maryland. Technical Report CERC-93-13, US Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, M

Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR) and Fe Deficiency Responses in Dicot Plants

Plants develop responses to abiotic stresses, like Fe deficiency. Similarly, plants also develop responses to cope with biotic stresses provoked by biological agents, like pathogens and insects. Some of these responses are limited to the infested damaged organ, but other responses systemically spread far from the infested organ and affect the whole plant. These latter responses include the Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) and the Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR). SAR is induced by pathogens and insects while ISR is mediated by beneficial microbes living in the rhizosphere, like bacteria and fungi. These root-associated mutualistic microbes, besides impacting on plant nutrition and growth, can further boost plant defenses, rendering the entire plant more resistant to pathogens and pests. In the last years, it has been found that ISReliciting microbes can induce both physiological and morphological responses to Fe deficiency in dicot plants. These results suggest that the regulation of both ISR and Fe deficiency responses overlap, at least partially. Indeed, several hormones and signaling molecules, like ethylene (ET), auxin, and nitric oxide (NO), and the transcription factor MYB72, emerged as key regulators of both processes. This convergence between ISR and Fe deficiency responses opens the way to the use of ISR-eliciting microbes as Fe biofertilizers as well as biopesticides. This review summarizes the progress in the understanding of the molecular overlap in the regulation of ISR and Fe deficiency responses in dicot plants. Root-associated mutualistic microbes, rhizobacteria and rhizofungi species, known for their ability to induce morphological and/or physiological responses to Fe deficiency in dicot plant species are also reviewed herei

Intervenir sobre la agresividad en la conducción.

El Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Tráfico y Seguridad Vial (INTRAS) y Attitudes (programa social de Audi), tras la publicación de los libros "La agresividad en la conducción: Una investigación a partir de la visión de la población española" y "La agresividad en la conducción: una visión a partir de las investigaciones internacionales", se plantearon como actividad complementaria la realización de unas jornadas que cumplieran los siguientes objetivos: • Permitir avanzar en el conocimiento y la implementación de medidas que contribuyan a una mejora de la seguridad vial. • Servir como foro de expresión para científicos y profesionales con un tono constructivo, plural e integrador. • Tener un componente de difusión tanto al público científico y profesional, como a la población en general a través de una amplia convocatoria a los medios de comunicación. • Partir de una rigurosidad científica en su planteamiento, siendo ésta la única imposición que centrara las intervenciones de todos los participantes. Sus características serían: • La temática es la agresividad en la conducción. • Se desarrolla mediante la organización de varios Focus-group (grupos de discusión) que sirvan de reunión de expertos y responsables en las materias y campos de actuación confluyentes en esta problemática. • Dichos Focus-group cuentan con personas relevantes de nuestro país. • Tener unos documentos que centraran la discusión (mediante la aportación a los miembros de los Focus-group de los libros mencionados). • Una conferencia magistral de una prestigiosa investigadora en la temática propuesta (la agresividad en la conducción) como es el caso de Dianne Parker, profesora de psicología de la Universidad de Manchester (UK) y Directora del Driver Behavior Research Unit. • Dividida en dos días, para atender a dos objetivos tan distintos como complementarios. El primero de ellos para el desarrollo de los Focus-group donde se pproducen los debates entre los expertos y el segundo de ellos para servir de plataforma de divulgación de los resultados de los estudios, de la conferencia magistral y de los resultados de los distintos Focus-group. Las 1as Jornadas de Reflexión Attitudes: "La agresividad en la conducción” se llevaron a cabo los días 17 y 18 de octubre de 2002. Se desarrollaron cuatro Focus-group con los siguientes títulos: • "Intervenir sobre la agresividad en la conducción: aspectos jurídicos-legales" • "Intervenir sobre la agresividad en la conducción: programas educativos y sociales" • "Intervenir sobre la agresividad en la conducción: medios de comunicación y publicidad" • "Los niños y la agresividad en la conducción" Y esto que tiene entre sus manos es el cuaderno que recoge las conclusiones de las referidas jornadas. Encontrarán, en correspondencia con los Focus-group mencionados, tanto los intervinientes en los mismos como un resumen de las principales líneas de debate y conclusiones a las que llegaron cada uno de ellos. Nuestro último objetivo es impulsar e iniciar un segundo paso en la actividad de investigación-intervención, que desarropado de protagonismo, desde la integración y suma de esfuerzos de instituciones y personas, permita avanzar más y más rápido en el sentido deseado de prevenir la accidentalidad viaria abordando en este caso el factor de riesgo de la agresividad en la conducción

Evolving trends in the management of acute appendicitis during COVID-19 waves. The ACIE appy II study

Background: In 2020, ACIE Appy study showed that COVID-19 pandemic heavily affected the management of patients with acute appendicitis (AA) worldwide, with an increased rate of non-operative management (NOM) strategies and a trend toward open surgery due to concern of virus transmission by laparoscopy and controversial recommendations on this issue. The aim of this study was to survey again the same group of surgeons to assess if any difference in management attitudes of AA had occurred in the later stages of the outbreak. Methods: From August 15 to September 30, 2021, an online questionnaire was sent to all 709 participants of the ACIE Appy study. The questionnaire included questions on personal protective equipment (PPE), local policies and screening for SARS-CoV-2 infection, NOM, surgical approach and disease presentations in 2021. The results were compared with the results from the previous study. Results: A total of 476 answers were collected (response rate 67.1%). Screening policies were significatively improved with most patients screened regardless of symptoms (89.5% vs. 37.4%) with PCR and antigenic test as the preferred test (74.1% vs. 26.3%). More patients tested positive before surgery and commercial systems were the preferred ones to filter smoke plumes during laparoscopy. Laparoscopic appendicectomy was the first option in the treatment of AA, with a declined use of NOM. Conclusion: Management of AA has improved in the last waves of pandemic. Increased evidence regarding SARS-COV-2 infection along with a timely healthcare systems response has been translated into tailored attitudes and a better care for patients with AA worldwide

Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, but few effective long-term treatments are available. In cardiovascular trials of inhibitors of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), exploratory results have suggested that such drugs may improve renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease to receive canagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, at a dose of 100 mg daily or placebo. All the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 to <90 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area and albuminuria (ratio of albumin [mg] to creatinine [g], >300 to 5000) and were treated with renin–angiotensin system blockade. The primary outcome was a composite of end-stage kidney disease (dialysis, transplantation, or a sustained estimated GFR of <15 ml per minute per 1.73 m2), a doubling of the serum creatinine level, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes. Prespecified secondary outcomes were tested hierarchically. RESULTS The trial was stopped early after a planned interim analysis on the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring committee. At that time, 4401 patients had undergone randomization, with a median follow-up of 2.62 years. The relative risk of the primary outcome was 30% lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group, with event rates of 43.2 and 61.2 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 0.82; P=0.00001). The relative risk of the renal-specific composite of end-stage kidney disease, a doubling of the creatinine level, or death from renal causes was lower by 34% (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.81; P<0.001), and the relative risk of end-stage kidney disease was lower by 32% (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.86; P=0.002). The canagliflozin group also had a lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95; P=0.01) and hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.80; P<0.001). There were no significant differences in rates of amputation or fracture. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events was lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group at a median follow-up of 2.62 years

The Changing Landscape for Stroke\ua0Prevention in AF: Findings From the GLORIA-AF Registry Phase 2

Background GLORIA-AF (Global Registry on Long-Term Oral Antithrombotic Treatment in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation) is a prospective, global registry program describing antithrombotic treatment patterns in patients with newly diagnosed nonvalvular atrial fibrillation at risk of stroke. Phase 2 began when dabigatran, the first non\u2013vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant (NOAC), became available. Objectives This study sought to describe phase 2 baseline data and compare these with the pre-NOAC era collected during phase 1. Methods During phase 2, 15,641 consenting patients were enrolled (November 2011 to December 2014); 15,092 were eligible. This pre-specified cross-sectional analysis describes eligible patients\u2019 baseline characteristics. Atrial fibrillation disease characteristics, medical outcomes, and concomitant diseases and medications were collected. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results Of the total patients, 45.5% were female; median age was 71 (interquartile range: 64, 78) years. Patients were from Europe (47.1%), North America (22.5%), Asia (20.3%), Latin America (6.0%), and the Middle East/Africa (4.0%). Most had high stroke risk (CHA2DS2-VASc [Congestive heart failure, Hypertension, Age  6575 years, Diabetes mellitus, previous Stroke, Vascular disease, Age 65 to 74 years, Sex category] score  652; 86.1%); 13.9% had moderate risk (CHA2DS2-VASc = 1). Overall, 79.9% received oral anticoagulants, of whom 47.6% received NOAC and 32.3% vitamin K antagonists (VKA); 12.1% received antiplatelet agents; 7.8% received no antithrombotic treatment. For comparison, the proportion of phase 1 patients (of N = 1,063 all eligible) prescribed VKA was 32.8%, acetylsalicylic acid 41.7%, and no therapy 20.2%. In Europe in phase 2, treatment with NOAC was more common than VKA (52.3% and 37.8%, respectively); 6.0% of patients received antiplatelet treatment; and 3.8% received no antithrombotic treatment. In North America, 52.1%, 26.2%, and 14.0% of patients received NOAC, VKA, and antiplatelet drugs, respectively; 7.5% received no antithrombotic treatment. NOAC use was less common in Asia (27.7%), where 27.5% of patients received VKA, 25.0% antiplatelet drugs, and 19.8% no antithrombotic treatment. Conclusions The baseline data from GLORIA-AF phase 2 demonstrate that in newly diagnosed nonvalvular atrial fibrillation patients, NOAC have been highly adopted into practice, becoming more frequently prescribed than VKA in Europe and North America. Worldwide, however, a large proportion of patients remain undertreated, particularly in Asia and North America. (Global Registry on Long-Term Oral Antithrombotic Treatment in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation [GLORIA-AF]; NCT01468701

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition)

In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. For example, a key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process versus those that measure fl ux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process including the amount and rate of cargo sequestered and degraded). In particular, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation must be differentiated from stimuli that increase autophagic activity, defi ned as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (inmost higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium ) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the fi eld understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. It is worth emphasizing here that lysosomal digestion is a stage of autophagy and evaluating its competence is a crucial part of the evaluation of autophagic flux, or complete autophagy. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. Along these lines, because of the potential for pleiotropic effects due to blocking autophagy through genetic manipulation it is imperative to delete or knock down more than one autophagy-related gene. In addition, some individual Atg proteins, or groups of proteins, are involved in other cellular pathways so not all Atg proteins can be used as a specific marker for an autophagic process. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field