La investigación hidrogeomorfológica en cuencas experimentales de montaña media en el Pirineo Central (1996-2014)

10 páginasPeer reviewe

Análisis de la variabilidad temporal de la infiltración en un gradiente de degradación de usos del suelo en el Pirineo central

20 págs, 4 figs, 5 tablas[ES] Se analiza
 la 
capacidad
 de
 infiltración
 con
 respecto
 a
 las
 condiciones
 físicas
 superficiales
(humedad
 y
 resistencia
 mecánica)
de
 suelos
 en
 el 
Pirineo 
Central,
considerando tres
 escenarios:
bosque
 natural,
campos abandonados
 y
 cárcavas.
El
 estudio
 se
 ha
 realizado
 en
 tres
 cuencas
 experimentales
(San
 Salvador, 
Arnás
 y Araguás)
situadas 
en 
un 
contexto 
geográfico,
 geológico
 y 
climático
 similar.
La
 información
 se
 ha
 obtenido mediante 
ensayos
 con
 un
 infiltrómetro 
de
 doble
 anillo 
entre
 otoño
 de
 2008
 y
 verano
 de 
2009.
 Los 
resultados
 sugieren 
cierto
 efecto
 de
 las 
condiciones
 físicas
 previas 
sobre
 la capacidad 
de
 infiltración.
Sin 
embargo,
el
 uso
 del
 suelo
 y 
la orientación
 de
 las
 laderas
(N‐S) se 
han
 revelado
 los factores más
 determinantes. Esto
 se
 relaciona
 con
 la
 variabilidad
 estacional del 
estado 
físico
 antecedente
 y
 su
 dinámica
 durante
 los
 ensayos.
 Las 
diferencias 
de la
 infiltración
 asociada
 a
 la 
orientación
 de
 las
 laderas
 incluso
 pueden
 superar
 a
 las observadas 
entre
 usos
 del
 suelo.[EN] The
 infiltration
 capacity
 has
 been
 analysed
 related 
to
 the
 variation 
of
 surface
 physical
 conditions
(moisture and 
mechanical
r esistance)
of 
soils
 from
 the
 Central
 Spanish
 Pyrenees,
taking 
into
 account
 the
 most
 representative
 situations
 of
 land
 uses
 and
 vegetal
 covers.
The
 study
 was
 carried 
out
 in
 three
 experimental catchments,
each
 representative
 of
 different
 environments
 in
 terms
 of
 soil
 use
 and
 vegetation
 cover: forested
(San
 Salvador),
field
 abandonment
 (Arnás)
and
 badlands
(Araguás).
The
 three
 catchment s
are 
located
 near by
 and 
have
 similar
 geologica l
and
 climatic
 conditions.
 The
 study
 was
 done
 through
 experimental infiltration
s et s
using
 a
 big
 double
ring
 instrument
(50
 cm 
water
 column
 height.
 Experiments 
were
 performed
 from
 autumn
 2008 
to
summer
 2009.
The
 infiltration
 process
 was
 analysed 
on 
six
 land
 uses 
situations:
bare regolith,
grass
c overed
 regolith,
north‐facing
 slope 
in
 forested 
soil,
south‐facing
 slope
in
 forested soil,
north‐facing
 slope
 in
 meadow
 soil 
and
south‐facing
 slope
 in 
pasture
 soil.
 Before and
after
 each
 experiment
 soil
 was
 sampled
 in
 order
 to 
estimate 
moisture 
content 
(0‐1,
0‐5
 and
 5‐10
 cm
 depth)
and 
surface mechanical
 resistance
 was
 measured
 with
 the
 help
 of
 a
 pocket 
penetrometer,
providing
 an 
idea
a bout 
previous 
conditions
 and 
its
 variation.
 The
 results
 suggest
 a
 certain
 effect 
of 
moisture 
conditions 
on
 infiltration capacity. 
However,
 soil
 use
 and 
slope
 exposition
(North 
and
 South)
seem
 to 
be
 the
 most
 determinant
 factors.
This 
is
 related
 to
 the
 seasonal 
variability
 of antecedent
 soil
 conditions
 and 
its 
dynamics
 during
 the
experiments.
 The
 differences 
on
 infiltration
 capacity
 associated
 with
 slope
e xposition
 can 
be
 higher 
than those
 observed
 between
 land
 uses.Este
 estudio
 se 
ha financiado 
mediante
 fondos
del
 proyecto 
CETSUS
 (CGL2007‐66644‐C04‐01/HID)
del
 Plan Nacional 
I+D+I
 2004‐207
(Ministerio
 de
 Ciencia
e
 Innovación).
El
 mantenimiento
 y
 parte
 de
 la
monitorización de
 las 
cuencas
 experimentales
 se
 ha
 logrado 
a
partir
 de la
 financiación
 proporcionada
 por
 el
 convenio
RESEL (Ministerio
 del
 Medio
Ambiente‐CSIC). E.
Nadal‐Romero y 
N.
Lana‐Renault 
contaron
 durante 
2009
 y
 2010
con
 un contrato postdoctoral
 del
 Ministerio
 de
Ciencia 
e 
Innovación,
mediante
 el
 Programa
Nacional
 de
 Movilidad
 de Recursos
 Humanos
 del
 Plan
 nacional
 de
 I‐D+I
 2008‐2011 
y
 en
 la
actualidad
 están
 contratadas
 gracias
 al
 programa
 Postdoctoral
 Juan
 de
 la
 Cierva
 (Ministerio
 de Ciencia 
e
 Innovación).Peer reviewe

Seasonal differences in runoff between forested and non-forested catchments: a case study in the Spanish Pyrenees

[EN] The hydrological response of two neighbouring catchments in the central Spanish Pyrenees with similar lithology and topography but different land use was compared. One catchment (2.84 km 2 ) was extensively cultivated in the past, and the other (0.92 km 2 ) is covered by dense natural forest. Differences in runoff were strongly related to catchment wetness conditions and showed a marked seasonality: under dry conditions runoff tended to be greater in the former agricultural catchment, whereas under wet conditions it tended to be greater in the forested catchment. One explanation for this switching behaviour could be an increase in the hydrological connectivity within the slopes of the forested catchment as it becomes wetter, which favours the release of large amounts of subsurface flow. Differences in land use (vegetation and soil properties) dictate the contrasting dominant runoff generation processes operating in each catchment, and consequently the differences between their hydrological responses. Key words water yield; seasonal controls; hydrograph characteristics; forestSupport for this research was provided by the following projects: PROBASE (CGL2006-11619/HID), RespHiMed (CGL2010-18374) and MONTES (CSD2008-00040), financed by the Spanish Commission of Science and Technology; ACQWA (FP7-ENV-2007-1), financed by the European Commission; and PI032/08, financed by the Aragón Regional Government. The authors also acknowledge support from RESEL (the Spanish Ministry of the Environment). N. Lana-Renault was the recipient of a research contract (Juan de la Cierva programme) and J. Latron the recipient of a research contract (Ramón y Cajal programme), both funded by the Spanish Ministry of Sciences and Innovation.Peer Reviewe

Analysing the effect of land use and vegetation cover on soil infiltration in three contrasting environments in Northeast Spain

Este estudio presenta el análisis conjunto de la información obtenida a partir de 195 ensayos de infiltración en el campo, que fueron realizados mediante dispositivos de doble anillo. Los experimentos se realizaron en 20 situaciones contrastadas de usos del suelo, los cuales se encuentran distribuidos en tres contextos geográficos (costa NE de Cataluña, monte bajo del sector central del valle del Ebro y montaña media de la vertiente Sur del Pirineo central). El objetivo de esta investigación es determinar los factores más importantes que explican la variabilidad de la infiltración: uso del suelo, tipo de cubierta vegetal, características del suelo y del substrato rocoso, humedad del suelo y altitud. El análisis de los datos se realizó mediante la comparación de las variables a partir de distintos métodos estadísticos: test de correlación lineal bivariada, ANOVA y comparaciones múltiples de Bonferroni. Los resultados muestran que la variabilidad de la infiltración está principalmente asociada al tipo de uso del suelo, siendo el factor más determinante. El tipo de cubierta vegetal se mostró como el segundo factor en importancia, mientras la humedad del suelo no presentó correlación con la infiltración. La interpretación de estos resultados sugiere que las características de las áreas de estudio son más determinantes que las variaciones temporales del estado hídrico del suelo, aunque la humedad pueda tener un grado de influencia mayor o menor en cada uso del suelo. La validez de los resultados obtenidos en este estudio está avalada porque se ha analizado un amplio espectro de escenarios de uso del suelo/cubierta vegetal, incluso teniendo en cuenta que se han comparado zonas con distintas características geográficas y geológicas. This study presents a joint analysis of the information from 195 field infiltration experiments, using double ring devices. The experiments were carried out in 20 contrasting types of land use, distributed across three geographic contexts (coast of NE Catalonia, low mountains in the central Ebro Valley and mid-height mountains from the southern range of the Central Pyrenees). The objective of this research was to determine the most important factors explaining infiltration variability: land use, type of vegetation cover, soil and bedrock characteristics, soil moisture and altitude. Data analysis was performed by comparing variables using statistical methods: bivariate lineal correlation, ANOVA and Bonferroni multiple comparison tests. Results show that infiltration variability is the most important factor and mainly linked to land use, followed by vegetation type. In contrast, soil moisture did not show any relation with infiltration. The interpretation of these results suggests that the characteristics of the study areas are more decisive than temporal variations of soil water content, although humidity can influence land use to a greater or lesser degree. The validity of the results obtained in this study is supported by the wide range of land use and land cover analysed, located in areas with different geographical and geological characteristics

Linking land cover changes in the subalpine and montane belts to changes in a torrential river.

Channel cbanges are the consequence of cbanges in sediment yield from the slopes and in the connectivity between slopes and channels bccause of distinct land use and climate inJpacts. In Ibis study, we investigated the characteristics and evolution of a short reach in the headwater of the !juez River, central-soutbem Pyrenees. Assessment of a series of sedimentar)' and geomorphic structures confirtned major cbanges to the valley boUom, mainly related to changes in the intensity of human activity. 'The oldest sedimentar)' structure is a terrace leve! located 3 10 4 m above the current alluvial plain. General deforestation, overgrazing and recwring tires in the montane belt ( 1100-1600 m a.sJ.) have led 10 increased soil erosioo and connectivity, and to tbe triggering of debris llows thal have been deposited on the fluvial tmace. Woody fragments from within the debris llows were dated using acceleraror mass spectrOmetry '"e radiocaroon tcchniques (AMS), yielding ages between 1 00 and 115 cal years BP, whicb coincides with tbe period of maximum deforestalion and human density in the Pyrenees. Depopulation and fannland abaodonment since tbe beginning of tbe 2001 oenrury has resulled in generalliJcod natural and artificial reforestation, a shrinkage of the eroded arcas aod a decline in connectivi¡y bdween slopes and the channel. 1be rnost impor1an1 consequence has been cbannel incision and oarrowing, and the development of a sedimed annour !ayer. Active sedimenl b8llSpOI1 is continui.Qg, although there has been a decrease in sed.iment yield from the slopes. Copyright O 2014 John Wiley & Soos, Ltd

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition)

In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. For example, a key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process versus those that measure fl ux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process including the amount and rate of cargo sequestered and degraded). In particular, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation must be differentiated from stimuli that increase autophagic activity, defi ned as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (inmost higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium ) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the fi eld understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. It is worth emphasizing here that lysosomal digestion is a stage of autophagy and evaluating its competence is a crucial part of the evaluation of autophagic flux, or complete autophagy. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. Along these lines, because of the potential for pleiotropic effects due to blocking autophagy through genetic manipulation it is imperative to delete or knock down more than one autophagy-related gene. In addition, some individual Atg proteins, or groups of proteins, are involved in other cellular pathways so not all Atg proteins can be used as a specific marker for an autophagic process. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field

Influencia de la cubierta vegetal y las propiedades del suelo en las respuesta hidrológica: generación de escorrentía en una cuenca forestal de la montaña media pirenaica

329 páginas.- Memoria presentada para optar al grado de Doctora en Geografía por la Universidad de ZaragozaPeer reviewe

Ciencia Underground

7 páginas. Presentación elaborada para las II Jornadas IPErinas, celebradas el 12 de diciembre de 2013.Peer reviewe

Trascolación y escorrentía cortical en la cuenca experimental de San Salvador, Pirineo Central español

24 pags., 3 tablas, 5 figs.[ES] Se ha estudiado la trascolación y la escorrentía cortical en un bosque del Pirineo central. La cuenca de San Salvador (0,92 km2) se localiza en el Valle de Aísa, donde la masa forestal se encuentra en expansión, debido al abandono de actividades agrícolas desde mediados del siglo XX. La cuenca presenta una densa cubierta vegetal (más del 90%) asociada a tres especies arbóreas (Pino, Haya y Quejigo) y una de matorral (Buxus sempervirens), en las que se han estudiado los procesos de trascolación y escorrentía cortical. Los resultados señalan que lluvia que alcanza el suelo depende de: el tipo de cubierta arbórea, el porcentaje de cobertura del suelo y las características de la lluvia. Se ha observado mayor interceptación bajo Fagus sylvatica que bajo Quercus gr. faginea o Pinus sylvestris, si bien éstas últimasmuestran un comportamiento estacional menos contrastado, especialmente el Pino por ser una especie perennifolia.[EN]Throughfall and stemflow have been studied in a forest‐covered catchment in the Central Spanish Pyrenees. The San Salvador catchment (0,92 km2) is located in the Aísa Valley, in which trends in plant cover evolution show an increase of the presence of open and dense forests, after the abandonment of agricultural activities since the middle of the 20th Century. San Salvador catchment shows a dense forest in all area (more than 90%). Pinus sylvestris, Fagus sylvatica and Quercus gr. faginea, forest patches alternate in the catchment according to altitude and shape of the slopes (concave, convex). Three open plots have been selected in the San Salvador catchment, corresponding to the three types of forest cover. The results (April 2006‐April 2008) has demonstrated that the percentages of throughfall are associated with type of forest cover, due to differences in the morphology of the leaves and the foliage density. Thus, the species that causes a major interception is Fagus sylvatica, while Quercus gr. faginea and Pinus sylvestris has shown a similar enough seasonal behaviour, the last one more homogenous due to the invariable coverage.Esta investigación se ha financiado gracias a los siguientes proyectos: “Procesos y balances de sedimentos a diferentes escalas espaciales en ambientes mediterráneos: Efectos de las fluctuaciones climáticas y los cambios de uso del suelo” PROBASE (CGL2006 11619/HID, Consolider); “Comportamiento y modelización Espacio Temporal de la transferencia de Sedimento en distintos Usos del Suelo” CETSUS (CGL2007‐66644‐ C04‐01/HID). La monitorización de la cuenca de San Salvador se ha financiado mediante el convenio CSIC‐Ministerio de Medio Ambiente (RESEL: “Red de Estaciones Experimentales de seguimiento y evaluación de la erosión y la desertificación”). La contribución del primer autor ha sido posible gracias a la beca predoctoral I3P concedida por el Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC). Los autores desean agradecer la colaboración inestimable de todas aquellas personas que ayudaron tanto en la instalación de las parcelas como en la recogida de los datos, ellos han sido Sergio Valdivielso y Teodoro Lasanta en especial, y también las siguientes personas: Noemí, Silvia, Carlos, Horacio, Jérôme, Ana, Maite, Jesús, Ángel, Sara y Cecilia.Peer reviewe

Comportamiento hidrológico de una pequeña cuenca forestal de la montaña media pirenaica

14 páginas[ES] Este trabajo ha estudiado el funcionamiento hidrológico de una pequeña cuenca forestal en un contexto mediterráneo. La cuenca experimental de San Salvador constituye un espacio muy representativo de la montaña media pirenaica, sirviendo como excelente referente de comparación ante otros espacios que sí han sido intensamente modificados. La respuesta hidrológica de la cuenca de San Salvador está fuertemente condicionada por la presencia de vegetación. Esta cubierta a su vez está estrechamente relacionada con el desarrollo y las características de sus suelos. Ambos factores, suelo y vegetación, influyen de manera directa en la generación de escorrentía. En este sentido, se ha constatado el importante efecto protector que ejerce la cubierta vegetal en el suelo, asociado tanto a la buena conservación de sus propiedades hídricas como a un transporte de sedimento dominado por los procesos de disolución, lo cual confirma el protagonismo de la escorrentía subsuperficial.Este trabajo ha sido realizado con el apoyo de los proyectos INDICA (CGL2011-27753-C02-01) e HIDROCAES (CGL2011-27574-C02-01) financiados por el Plan Nacional I+D+i. La monitorización de la cuenca de San Salvador fue en parte respaldada por fondos de la red RESEL (Ministerio de Medio Ambiente). Estela Nadal Romero cuenta con un contrato postdoctoral del programa Juan de la Cierva (MCINN).Peer reviewe