ABORDAGENS CIRÚRGICAS MINIMAMENTE INVASIVAS PARA O TRATAMENTO DE ANEURISMAS CEREBRAIS: COMPARAÇÃO DE TÉCNICAS E RESULTADOS

Brain aneurysms represent a serious medical condition that can lead to severe and even fatal complications if not treated properly. In recent years, surgical approaches, including endovascular embolization and endoscopic-assisted neurosurgical clipping, have emerged as effective alternatives to traditional methods. These techniques offer the promise of less surgical trauma, faster recovery and better patient outcomes. Objective: Comparar as técnicas minimamente invasivas de embolização endovascular e clipping neurocirúrgico assistido por endoscopia no tratamento de aneurismas cerebrais, avaliado suas eficácias, vantagens, desvantagens e resultados clínicos. Methodology: The research was conducted through online access to the databases Documentation on Health Sciences in Latin America and the Caribbean (LILACS), Health Sciences Information Center in Latin America and the Caribbean (Bireme), Scientific Electronic Library Online (SCIELO) and Virtual Health Library (VHL) during the month of July 2024. Results and Discussion: The comparison between surgical techniques for the treatment of aneurysms reveals significant differences in terms of effectiveness. Embolization proved to be highly effective with a success rate of 90%, patients undergoing this technique had shorter recovery times and lower rates of postoperative complications compared to clipping. However, each technique has its limitations. Endovascular embolization may not be suitable for all types of aneurysms, and there are risks of recanalization over time. Final Considerations:  Choosing the most appropriate approach must consider the specificity of the aneurysms and the patient's condition. Both techniques have shown promising results, contributing to faster recovery and lower risks of complications, highlighting the importance of a personalized approach in the treatment of brain aneurysms.Os aneurismas cerebrais representam uma condição médica grave que pode levar a complicações severas e até fatais se não forem tratados adequadamente. Nos últimos anos, as abordagens cirúrgicas, sendo elas a embolização endovascular e o clipping neurocirúrgico assistido por endoscopia, tem emergido como alternativas eficazes aos métodos tradicionais. Estas técnicas oferecem a promessa de menos trauma cirúrgico, recuperação mais rápida e melhores resultados para o paciente. Objetivo: Comparar as técnicas minimamente invasivas de embolização endovascular e clipping neurocirúrgico assistido por endoscopia no tratamento de aneurismas cerebrais, avaliado suas eficácias, vantagens, desvantagens e resultados clínicos. Metodologia: A pesquisa foi conduzida por meio de acesso online às bases de dados Documentação em Ciências da Saúde da América Latina e do Caribe (LILACS), Centro de Informação em Ciências da Saúde da América Latina e do Caribe (Bireme), Scientific Electronic Library Online (SCIELO) e Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS) durante o mês de julho de 2024. Resultados e Discussão: A comparação entre as técnicas cirúrgicas para o tratamento de aneurismas, revela a diferença significativas em termos de eficácia. A embolização mostrou-se altamente eficaz com uma taxa de sucesso de 90%, pacientes submetidos a essa técnica apresentaram menor tempo de recuperação a menores taxas de complicações pós-operatórias em comparação com o clipping. No entanto, cada técnica apresenta suas limitações. A embolização endovascular pode não ser adequada para todos os tipos de aneurismas, e há riscos de recanalização ao longo do tempo. Considerações Finais:  A escolha da abordagem mais adequada deve-se considerar a especificidade dos aneurismas e a condição do paciente. Ambas as técnicas têm mostrado resultados promissores, contribuindo para uma recuperação mais rápida e menor riscos de complicações, destacando a importância de uma abordagem personalizada no tratamento de aneurismas cerebrais

ANESTESIA EM PACIENTES COM COMORBIDADES: ESTRATÉGIAS E DESAFIOS

Anesthesia in patients with comorbidities represents a significant challenge for healthcare professionals. These patients, who have additional medical conditions beyond the primary reason for surgery, are at increased risk of perioperative complications. The anesthetic approach in these cases requires a thorough and personalized assessment, considering the complexity of comorbidities and their interactions with anesthetic agents. Strategies such as detailed preoperative planning, appropriate choice of medications and intensive monitoring during and after the procedure are crucial to minimize risks and ensure patient safety. Objective: Explore the strategies and challenges involved in administering anesthesia to patients with comorbidities. Methodology: The research was conducted through online access to the databases Documentation on Health Sciences in Latin America and the Caribbean (LILACS), Health Sciences Information Center in Latin America and the Caribbean (Bireme), Scientific Electronic Library Online (SCIELO) and Virtual Health Library (VHL) during the month of July 2024. Results and Discussion: The results indicate that the administration of anesthesia in patients with comorbidities requires a multidisciplinary and highly individualized approach. Detailed preoperative assessment, including the use of specific risk scales, is essential to identify possible complications and plan preventive interventions. Although there are significant challenges, implementing personalized protocols and collaboration between anesthesiologists, surgeons, and other healthcare professionals can substantially improve clinical outcomes in patients with comorbidities. However, the need for further research and continued development of specific guidelines is essential to further improve anesthesia practice in this population. Final Considerations:  In conclusion, detailed preoperative assessment, careful choice of anesthetic agents and strict monitoring are essential to ensure patient safety and well-being. The continuous evolution of anesthetic practices and protocols, combined with more research in the area, will be crucial to optimize the anesthetic management of this population.A anestesia em pacientes com comorbidades representa um desafio significativo para os profissionais de saúde. Esses pacientes, que possuem condições médicas adicionais além do motivo principal da cirurgia, apresentam riscos aumentados de complicações perioperatórias. A abordagem anestésica nesses casos exige uma avaliação minuciosa e personalizada, considerando-se a complexidade das comorbidades e suas interações com os agentes anestésicos. Estratégias como o planejamento pré-operatório detalhado, a escolha adequada dos medicamentos e o monitoramento intensivo durante e após o procedimento são cruciais para minimizar os riscos e garantir a segurança do paciente. Objetivo: Explorar as estratégias e desafios envolvidos na administração de anestesia em pacientes com comorbidades. Metodologia: A pesquisa foi conduzida por meio de acesso online às bases de dados Documentação em Ciências da Saúde da América Latina e do Caribe (LILACS), Centro de Informação em Ciências da Saúde da América Latina e do Caribe (Bireme), Scientific Electronic Library Online (SCIELO) e Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS) durante o mês de julho de 2024. Resultados e Discussão: Os resultados indicam que a administração de anestesia em pacientes portadores de comorbidades requer uma abordagem multidisciplinar e altamente individualizada. A avaliação pré-operatória detalhada, incluído o uso de escalas de riscos específicas, é fundamental para identificar possíveis complicações e planejas intervenções preventivas. Embora existam desafios significativos, a implementação de protocolos personalizados e a colaboração entre anestesiologistas, cirurgiões e outros profissionais de saúde podem melhorar substancialmente os desfechos clínicos em pacientes com comorbidades. No entanto, a necessidade de mais pesquisas e desenvolvimento contínuo de diretrizes específicas é essencial para aprimorar ainda mais a prática anestésica nessa população. Considerações Finais: Em conclusão, a avaliação pré-operatória detalhada, a escolha criteriosa dos agentes anestésicos e o monitoramento rigoroso são fundamentais para garantir a segurança e o bem-estar dos pacientes. A contínua evolução das práticas e protocolos anestésicos, aliada a mais pesquisas na área, será crucial para otimizar o manejo anestésico dessa população. &nbsp

COMPLICAÇÕES E MANEJO DA DIABETES GESTACIONAL

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a chronic disease characterized by a sensitivity to sugar that develops or appears for the first time during pregnancy. Based on the literature, this work aimed to describe the pathophysiological characteristics of GDM, present the associated risk factors and describe diagnostic and treatment methods. This study is a systematic review of qualitative literature, articles selected in Portuguese and researched between 2011 and 2024 in institutional databases such as Virtual Health Library (BVS), MEDLINE, LILACS and in the electronic libraries Scielo, PubMed and GOOGLE Academic. In addition to the BDNEF database. Studies have shown that GDM is related to the degree of glucose intolerance that is detected or begins during pregnancy. This explanation applies when treatment is based on diet or insulin therapy. It is important to emphasize that pregnant women should continue to be monitored throughout pregnancy because these conditions may persist after pregnancy. It is important to know that due to the different changes in a woman's body during pregnancy, greater care is needed for pregnant women with GDM, which is guided by a multidisciplinary team to promote the mother's health and include other forms of treatment. babyO diabetes mellitus gestacional (DMG) é uma doença crônica caracterizada por uma sensibilidade ao açúcar que se desenvolve ou aparece pela primeira vez durante a gravidez. Com base na literatura, este trabalho teve como objetivo descrever as características fisiopatológicas do DMG, apresentar os fatores de risco associados e descrever métodos de diagnóstico e tratamento. Este estudo trata-se de uma revisão sistemática da literatura qualitativa, artigos selecionados em língua portuguesa e pesquisados ​​entre 2011 a 2024 em bases de dados institucionais como Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS), MEDLINE, LILACS e nas bibliotecas eletrônicas Scielo, PubMed e GOOGLE Academic. Além do banco de dados BDNEF. Estudos demonstraram que o DMG está relacionado ao grau de intolerância à glicose que é detectado ou começa durante a gravidez. Esta explicação se aplica quando o tratamento é baseado em dieta ou terapia com insulina. É importante enfatizar que as mulheres grávidas devem continuar a ser monitoradas durante a gravidez porque estas condições podem persistir após a gravidez. É importante saber que devido às diferentes alterações no corpo da mulher durante a gravidez, é necessário um maior cuidado com as gestantes com DMG, que é orientado por uma equipe multidisciplinar para promover a saúde da mãe e incluir outras formas de tratamento

Cold atoms in space: community workshop summary and proposed road-map

We summarise the discussions at a virtual Community Workshop on Cold Atoms in Space concerning the status of cold atom technologies, the prospective scientific and societal opportunities offered by their deployment in space, and the developments needed before cold atoms could be operated in space. The cold atom technologies discussed include atomic clocks, quantum gravimeters and accelerometers, and atom interferometers. Prospective applications include metrology, geodesy and measurement of terrestrial mass change due to, e.g., climate change, and fundamental science experiments such as tests of the equivalence principle, searches for dark matter, measurements of gravitational waves and tests of quantum mechanics. We review the current status of cold atom technologies and outline the requirements for their space qualification, including the development paths and the corresponding technical milestones, and identifying possible pathfinder missions to pave the way for missions to exploit the full potential of cold atoms in space. Finally, we present a first draft of a possible road-map for achieving these goals, that we propose for discussion by the interested cold atom, Earth Observation, fundamental physics and other prospective scientific user communities, together with the European Space Agency (ESA) and national space and research funding agencies.publishedVersio

Cold atoms in space: community workshop summary and proposed road-map

We summarise the discussions at a virtual Community Workshop on Cold Atoms in Space concerning the status of cold atom technologies, the prospective scientific and societal opportunities offered by their deployment in space, and the developments needed before cold atoms could be operated in space. The cold atom technologies discussed include atomic clocks, quantum gravimeters and accelerometers, and atom interferometers. Prospective applications include metrology, geodesy and measurement of terrestrial mass change due to, e.g., climate change, and fundamental science experiments such as tests of the equivalence principle, searches for dark matter, measurements of gravitational waves and tests of quantum mechanics. We review the current status of cold atom technologies and outline the requirements for their space qualification, including the development paths and the corresponding technical milestones, and identifying possible pathfinder missions to pave the way for missions to exploit the full potential of cold atoms in space. Finally, we present a first draft of a possible road-map for achieving these goals, that we propose for discussion by the interested cold atom, Earth Observation, fundamental physics and other prospective scientific user communities, together with the European Space Agency (ESA) and national space and research funding agencies

Cold atoms in space: community workshop summary and proposed road-map

We summarise the discussions at a virtual Community Workshop on Cold Atoms in Space concerning the status of cold atom technologies, the prospective scientific and societal opportunities offered by their deployment in space, and the developments needed before cold atoms could be operated in space. The cold atom technologies discussed include atomic clocks, quantum gravimeters and accelerometers, and atom interferometers. Prospective applications include metrology, geodesy and measurement of terrestrial mass change due to, e.g., climate change, and fundamental science experiments such as tests of the equivalence principle, searches for dark matter, measurements of gravitational waves and tests of quantum mechanics. We review the current status of cold atom technologies and outline the requirements for their space qualification, including the development paths and the corresponding technical milestones, and identifying possible pathfinder missions to pave the way for missions to exploit the full potential of cold atoms in space. Finally, we present a first draft of a possible road-map for achieving these goals, that we propose for discussion by the interested cold atom, Earth Observation, fundamental physics and other prospective scientific user communities, together with the European Space Agency (ESA) and national space and research funding agencies

Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

BACKGROUND: Measurement of changes in health across locations is useful to compare and contrast changing epidemiological patterns against health system performance and identify specific needs for resource allocation in research, policy development, and programme decision making. Using the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016, we drew from two widely used summary measures to monitor such changes in population health: disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and healthy life expectancy (HALE). We used these measures to track trends and benchmark progress compared with expected trends on the basis of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). METHODS: We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 for all-cause mortality, cause-specific mortality, and non-fatal disease burden to derive HALE and DALYs by sex for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2016. We calculated DALYs by summing years of life lost and years of life lived with disability for each location, age group, sex, and year. We estimated HALE using age-specific death rates and years of life lived with disability per capita. We explored how DALYs and HALE differed from expected trends when compared with the SDI: the geometric mean of income per person, educational attainment in the population older than age 15 years, and total fertility rate. FINDINGS: The highest globally observed HALE at birth for both women and men was in Singapore, at 75·2 years (95% uncertainty interval 71·9-78·6) for females and 72·0 years (68·8-75·1) for males. The lowest for females was in the Central African Republic (45·6 years [42·0-49·5]) and for males was in Lesotho (41·5 years [39·0-44·0]). From 1990 to 2016, global HALE increased by an average of 6·24 years (5·97-6·48) for both sexes combined. Global HALE increased by 6·04 years (5·74-6·27) for males and 6·49 years (6·08-6·77) for females, whereas HALE at age 65 years increased by 1·78 years (1·61-1·93) for males and 1·96 years (1·69-2·13) for females. Total global DALYs remained largely unchanged from 1990 to 2016 (-2·3% [-5·9 to 0·9]), with decreases in communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) disease DALYs offset by increased DALYs due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The exemplars, calculated as the five lowest ratios of observed to expected age-standardised DALY rates in 2016, were Nicaragua, Costa Rica, the Maldives, Peru, and Israel. The leading three causes of DALYs globally were ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and lower respiratory infections, comprising 16·1% of all DALYs. Total DALYs and age-standardised DALY rates due to most CMNN causes decreased from 1990 to 2016. Conversely, the total DALY burden rose for most NCDs; however, age-standardised DALY rates due to NCDs declined globally. INTERPRETATION: At a global level, DALYs and HALE continue to show improvements. At the same time, we observe that many populations are facing growing functional health loss. Rising SDI was associated with increases in cumulative years of life lived with disability and decreases in CMNN DALYs offset by increased NCD DALYs. Relative compression of morbidity highlights the importance of continued health interventions, which has changed in most locations in pace with the gross domestic product per person, education, and family planning. The analysis of DALYs and HALE and their relationship to SDI represents a robust framework with which to benchmark location-specific health performance. Country-specific drivers of disease burden, particularly for causes with higher-than-expected DALYs, should inform health policies, health system improvement initiatives, targeted prevention efforts, and development assistance for health, including financial and research investments for all countries, regardless of their level of sociodemographic development. The presence of countries that substantially outperform others suggests the need for increased scrutiny for proven examples of best practices, which can help to extend gains, whereas the presence of underperforming countries suggests the need for devotion of extra attention to health systems that need more robust support. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Background Measurement of changes in health across locations is useful to compare and contrast changing epidemiological patterns against health system performance and identify specific needs for resource allocation in research, policy development, and programme decision making. Using the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016, we drew from two widely used summary measures to monitor such changes in population health: disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and healthy life expectancy (HALE). We used these measures to track trends and benchmark progress compared with expected trends on the basis of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Methods We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 for all-cause mortality, cause-specific mortality, and non-fatal disease burden to derive HALE and DALYs by sex for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2016. We calculated DALYs by summing years of life lost and years of life lived with disability for each location, age group, sex, and year. We estimated HALE using age-specific death rates and years of life lived with disability per capita. We explored how DALYs and HALE differed from expected trends when compared with the SDI: the geometric mean of income per person, educational attainment in the population older than age 15 years, and total fertility rate. Findings The highest globally observed HALE at birth for both women and men was in Singapore, at 75.2 years (95% uncertainty interval 71.9-78.6) for females and 72.0 years (68.8-75.1) for males. The lowest for females was in the Central African Republic (45.6 years [42.0-49.5]) and for males was in Lesotho (41.5 years [39.0-44.0]). From 1990 to 2016, global HALE increased by an average of 6.24 years (5.97-6.48) for both sexes combined. Global HALE increased by 6.04 years (5.74-6.27) for males and 6.49 years (6.08-6.77) for females, whereas HALE at age 65 years increased by 1.78 years (1.61-1.93) for males and 1.96 years (1.69-2.13) for females. Total global DALYs remained largely unchanged from 1990 to 2016 (-2.3% [-5.9 to 0.9]), with decreases in communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) disease DALYs offset by increased DALYs due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The exemplars, calculated as the five lowest ratios of observed to expected age-standardised DALY rates in 2016, were Nicaragua, Costa Rica, the Maldives, Peru, and Israel. The leading three causes of DALYs globally were ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and lower respiratory infections, comprising 16.1% of all DALYs. Total DALYs and age-standardised DALY rates due to most CMNN causes decreased from 1990 to 2016. Conversely, the total DALY burden rose for most NCDs; however, age-standardised DALY rates due to NCDs declined globally. Interpretation At a global level, DALYs and HALE continue to show improvements. At the same time, we observe that many populations are facing growing functional health loss. Rising SDI was associated with increases in cumulative years of life lived with disability and decreases in CMNN DALYs offset by increased NCD DALYs. Relative compression of morbidity highlights the importance of continued health interventions, which has changed in most locations in pace with the gross domestic product per person, education, and family planning. The analysis of DALYs and HALE and their relationship to SDI represents a robust framework with which to benchmark location-specific health performance. Country-specific drivers of disease burden, particularly for causes with higher-than-expected DALYs, should inform health policies, health system improvement initiatives, targeted prevention efforts, and development assistance for health, including financial and research investments for all countries, regardless of their level of sociodemographic development. The presence of countries that substantially outperform others suggests the need for increased scrutiny for proven examples of best practices, which can help to extend gains, whereas the presence of underperforming countries suggests the need for devotion of extra attention to health systems that need more robust support. Copyright (C) The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.Peer reviewe