Effects of land use on local biodiversity on islands and mainlands worldwide

Land-use change is a major driver of biodiversity change; while it increases many species’ extinction risk and often causes a loss of local diversity, it also promotes the establishment of novel alien and native species. All these processes change the species composition of assemblages. Global syntheses rarely compare the effects of land-use change across different ecological systems, limiting our ability to identify which systems are most affected. Islands and mainlands often face different human pressures and harbour very different species assemblages. Importantly, many islands harbour native species that are particularly sensitive to human pressures and they tend to be more vulnerable than mainlands to invasions by alien species. In this thesis, I model a global collation of site-level biodiversity data from sites facing different land uses and related pressures to answer three questions. Does the change in species composition caused by land-use change differ between islands and mainlands? Have land-use change and related pressures decreased biodiversity integrity more on islands than on mainlands? How do land use and related pressures affect the diversity of alien and native species on islands? My results highlight particular cases where land-use change causes a greater change in local species assemblages on islands than on mainlands. Based on the Biodiversity Intactness Index (BII), I also show that, on average, land-use change and related pressures have reduced biotic integrity more on islands than on mainlands, mainly because island species are more sensitive to human pressures. The chapters underpinning these findings represent the first global analyses to include a wide range of taxa while comparing biodiversity responses on islands and mainlands to land-use change. Additionally, through analyses focusing exclusively on islands, I show that land-use change reduces both local richness and total abundance of island native species but increases both the number and abundance of alien species. My results highlight the sensitivity of island natives to human pressures and attest to the establishment of alien species on islands, particularly in disturbed habitats and on more isolated islands. They support calls for stronger efforts to protect islands’ unique biodiversity. This thesis also contributes to the development of a new implementation of BII, improving on the statistical modelling approach used recently to estimate BII globally. In a final analysis integrating results from the different chapters, I show that this improved approach yields estimates that reflect the intactness of native biodiversity more accurately than previous estimates. Most of this improvement is attributable to the use of a more stringent definition for sites whose biota is assumed to have been minimally impacted by people, which was facilitated by a more efficient use of the underlying assemblage data.Open Acces

Propuesta de emprendimiento gastronómico Pinoleros Van en el departamento de Masaya en el segundo semestre del 2022

El presente estudio se realizó en el marco de modalidad de seminario de graduación presentando una propuesta de emprendimiento titulado Pinoleros Van un Bus Bar y Restaurante que se ubicara en los principales atractivos turísticos del departamento de Masaya, el documento contiene la explicación de una idea innovadora que se vincula con el turismo creativo y se caracteriza por ser una oferta basada en experiencias de aprendizajes en torno a actividades recreativas inspiradas en la cultura local y en sus diversas manifestaciones. Tomando en cuenta la situación actual de destinos poco frecuentados por parte de los turistas como lo es el departamento de Masaya, se decidió proponer a Pinoleros Van en el mercado como uno de los mejores negocios de interés en la zona, para brindar un excelente servicio de alimentos y bebidas a turistas nacionales. Con la finalidad de llevar a cabo e1ste proyecto de emprendimiento fue de mucha utilidad la recopilación de información para identificar atractivos potenciales en el departamento de Masaya y así definir a Pinoleros Van, este innovador emprendimiento busca ser un servicio referente de la gastronomía y cultura del departamento de Masaya. Se siguió una metodología que implicó la realización del proceso creativo de esta idea de solución y el proceso de consulta a posibles clientes, también una propuesta de valor para el emprendimiento y un mecanismo de visualización que permite entender mejor el diseño, un modelo CANVA utilizado para especificar mejor aspectos importantes del emprendimiento como: socios claves, relación con el cliente entre otros y por ultimo nuestra frase de valor. Es importante mencionar que se hizo referencia de la clasificación de turismo creativo para lograr establecer generalidades acerca del tema turístico que se ha analizado, mencionando la ubicación geográfica privilegiada que posee el departamento de Masay

Galletea

De acuerdo con la investigación realizada por nuestro equipo, hemos podido identificar situaciones que preocupan a los padres de nuestro segmento de análisis; padres de familia con hijos entre 3 a 10 años del sector socioeconómico A y B de Lima metropolitana. La practicidad de los medios digitales que interfieren en un óptimo crecimiento de sus hijos, la falta de comunicación efectiva y la generación de hábitos poco saludables para ellos. Adicionalmente, se debe mencionar que la pandemia ocasionada por el Covid – 19 ha alterado la vida familiar cerrando las escuelas para los niños y creando un estilo de trabajo remoto desde casa para los padres. Es por este motivo que un grupo de estudiantes de la Facultad de Negocios de la Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas ha visto oportuna la creación de Galletea, un modelo de negocio que busca llegar a los niños, desarrollando el lado creativo y motivando su aprendizaje e imaginación, compartiendo momentos de creatividad y momentos en familia. Todo esto basándose en un análisis previo del modelo de negocio, centrándose en los resultados del plan financiero el cual indica con determinación de que este proyecto tiene la capacidad de generar efectivo lo cual le permitirá tener un panorama de rentabilidad positiva tanto para el proyecto en si como generadora de valor y también para los inversionistas.According to the research conducted by our team, we have been able to identify situations that concern the parents of our analysis segment; parents with children between 3 and 10 years of age in the socio-economic sector A and B of metropolitan Lima. The practicality of digital media that interferes with optimal growth of their children, the lack of effective communication and the generation of unhealthy habits for them. In addition, it should be mentioned that the pandemic caused by the Covid – 19 has altered family life by closing schools for children and creating a remote work style from home for parents. It’s for this reason that a group of students from the Faculty of Business of the Peruvian University of Applied Sciences has seen the creation of Galletea, a business model that seeks to reach children, developing the creative side and motivating their learning and imagination, sharing moments of creativity and moments as a family. All these factors based on a previous analysis of the business model, focusing on the results of the financial plan, which indicates with right determination that this project has the capacity to generate cash which will allow it to have a positive profitability outlook for both the project itself, as a generator of value and also for shareholders.Trabajo de investigació

SELNET clinical practice guidelines for bone sarcoma

Bone sarcoma are infrequent diseases, representing < 0.2% of all adult neoplasms. A multidisciplinary management within reference centers for sarcoma, with discussion of the diagnostic and therapeutic strategies within an expert multidisciplinary tumour board, is essential for these patients, given its heterogeneity and low frequency. This approach leads to an improvement in patient's outcome, as demonstrated in several studies. The Sarcoma European Latin-American Network (SELNET), aims to improve clinical outcome in sarcoma care, with a special focus in Latin-American countries. These Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPG) have been developed and agreed by a multidisciplinary expert group (including medical and radiation oncologist, surgical oncologist, orthopaedic surgeons, radiologist, pathologist, molecular biologist and representatives of patients advocacy groups) of the SELNET consortium, and are conceived to provide the standard approach to diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of bone sarcoma patients in the Latin-American context

Volteando la tortilla. Género y maíz en la alimentación actual de México.

Ante escenarios complejos, patriarcales y desoladores que dejan ver el neoliberalismo, la globalización agroalimentaria, el calentamiento global y las contaminaciones de granos nativos por la imposición de transgénicos, nos cuestionamos si existen algunas alternativas para preservar el maíz nativo como un recurso multiestratégico (alimentario, económico, cultural, ecológico y tecnológico) tomando en cuenta las condiciones actuales de desigualdades sociales de género, etnia, clases y edad que predominan en el campo mexicano. Para responder a algunos cuestionamientos, este libro presenta algunas alternativas a través de diversas experiencias femeninas y de relaciones de género en torno al maíz y la alimentación. Todas ellas muestran que es posible construir una masa crítica para salvaguardar el maíz nativo bajo esas condiciones desoladoras, pero siempre y cuando se “voltee la tortilla”, metáfora que da pie al inicio de otra realidad humanizada y en sincronía con la naturaleza.Proyecto realizado con financiamiento Conacy

Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol

High blood cholesterol is typically considered a feature of wealthy western countries(1,2). However, dietary and behavioural determinants of blood cholesterol are changing rapidly throughout the world(3) and countries are using lipid-lowering medications at varying rates. These changes can have distinct effects on the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol, which have different effects on human health(4,5). However, the trends of HDL and non-HDL cholesterol levels over time have not been previously reported in a global analysis. Here we pooled 1,127 population-based studies that measured blood lipids in 102.6 million individuals aged 18 years and older to estimate trends from 1980 to 2018 in mean total, non-HDL and HDL cholesterol levels for 200 countries. Globally, there was little change in total or non-HDL cholesterol from 1980 to 2018. This was a net effect of increases in low- and middle-income countries, especially in east and southeast Asia, and decreases in high-income western countries, especially those in northwestern Europe, and in central and eastern Europe. As a result, countries with the highest level of non-HDL cholesterol-which is a marker of cardiovascular riskchanged from those in western Europe such as Belgium, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Malta in 1980 to those in Asia and the Pacific, such as Tokelau, Malaysia, The Philippines and Thailand. In 2017, high non-HDL cholesterol was responsible for an estimated 3.9 million (95% credible interval 3.7 million-4.2 million) worldwide deaths, half of which occurred in east, southeast and south Asia. The global repositioning of lipid-related risk, with non-optimal cholesterol shifting from a distinct feature of high-income countries in northwestern Europe, north America and Australasia to one that affects countries in east and southeast Asia and Oceania should motivate the use of population-based policies and personal interventions to improve nutrition and enhance access to treatment throughout the world.Peer reviewe

Early mobilisation in critically ill COVID-19 patients: a subanalysis of the ESICM-initiated UNITE-COVID observational study

Background Early mobilisation (EM) is an intervention that may improve the outcome of critically ill patients. There is limited data on EM in COVID-19 patients and its use during the first pandemic wave. Methods This is a pre-planned subanalysis of the ESICM UNITE-COVID, an international multicenter observational study involving critically ill COVID-19 patients in the ICU between February 15th and May 15th, 2020. We analysed variables associated with the initiation of EM (within 72 h of ICU admission) and explored the impact of EM on mortality, ICU and hospital length of stay, as well as discharge location. Statistical analyses were done using (generalised) linear mixed-effect models and ANOVAs. Results Mobilisation data from 4190 patients from 280 ICUs in 45 countries were analysed. 1114 (26.6%) of these patients received mobilisation within 72 h after ICU admission; 3076 (73.4%) did not. In our analysis of factors associated with EM, mechanical ventilation at admission (OR 0.29; 95% CI 0.25, 0.35; p = 0.001), higher age (OR 0.99; 95% CI 0.98, 1.00; p ≤ 0.001), pre-existing asthma (OR 0.84; 95% CI 0.73, 0.98; p = 0.028), and pre-existing kidney disease (OR 0.84; 95% CI 0.71, 0.99; p = 0.036) were negatively associated with the initiation of EM. EM was associated with a higher chance of being discharged home (OR 1.31; 95% CI 1.08, 1.58; p = 0.007) but was not associated with length of stay in ICU (adj. difference 0.91 days; 95% CI − 0.47, 1.37, p = 0.34) and hospital (adj. difference 1.4 days; 95% CI − 0.62, 2.35, p = 0.24) or mortality (OR 0.88; 95% CI 0.7, 1.09, p = 0.24) when adjusted for covariates. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that a quarter of COVID-19 patients received EM. There was no association found between EM in COVID-19 patients' ICU and hospital length of stay or mortality. However, EM in COVID-19 patients was associated with increased odds of being discharged home rather than to a care facility. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04836065 (retrospectively registered April 8th 2021)

Global variations in diabetes mellitus based on fasting glucose and haemogloblin A1c

Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) are both used to diagnose diabetes, but may identify different people as having diabetes. We used data from 117 population-based studies and quantified, in different world regions, the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes, and whether those who were previously undiagnosed and detected as having diabetes in survey screening had elevated FPG, HbA1c, or both. We developed prediction equations for estimating the probability that a person without previously diagnosed diabetes, and at a specific level of FPG, had elevated HbA1c, and vice versa. The age-standardised proportion of diabetes that was previously undiagnosed, and detected in survey screening, ranged from 30% in the high-income western region to 66% in south Asia. Among those with screen-detected diabetes with either test, the agestandardised proportion who had elevated levels of both FPG and HbA1c was 29-39% across regions; the remainder had discordant elevation of FPG or HbA1c. In most low- and middle-income regions, isolated elevated HbA1c more common than isolated elevated FPG. In these regions, the use of FPG alone may delay diabetes diagnosis and underestimate diabetes prevalence. Our prediction equations help allocate finite resources for measuring HbA1c to reduce the global gap in diabetes diagnosis and surveillance.peer-reviewe