Dynamical Backaction Cooling with Free Electrons

The ability to cool single ions, atomic ensembles, and more recently macroscopic degrees of freedom down to the quantum groundstate has generated considerable progress and perspectives in Basic and Technological Science. These major advances have been essentially obtained by coupling mechanical motion to a resonant electromagnetic degree of freedom in what is generally known as laser cooling. In this work, we experimentally demonstrate the first self-induced coherent cooling mechanism that is not mediated by the electromagnetic field. Using a focused electron beam, we report a 50-fold reduction of the motional temperature of a nanowire. Our result primarily relies on the sub-nanometer confinement of the electron beam and generalizes to any delayed and topologically confined interaction, with important consequences for near-field microscopy and fundamental nanoscale dissipation mechanisms.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figure

Probing optomechanical correlations between two optical beams down to the quantum level

Quantum effects of radiation pressure are expected to limit the sensitivity of second-generation gravitational-wave interferometers. Though ubiquitous, such effects are so weak that they haven't been experimentally demonstrated yet. Using a high-finesse optical cavity and a classical intensity noise, we have demonstrated radiation-pressure induced correlations between two optical beams sent into the same moving mirror cavity. Our scheme can be extended down to the quantum level and has applications both in high-sensitivity measurements and in quantum optics

Real-time measurement of nanotube resonator fluctuations in an electron microscope

Mechanical resonators based on low-dimensional materials provide a unique platform for exploring a broad range of physical phenomena. The mechanical vibrational states are indeed extremely sensitive to charges, spins, photons, and adsorbed masses. However, the roadblock is often the readout of the resonator, because the detection of the vibrational states becomes increasingly difficult for smaller resonators. Here, we report an unprecedentedly sensitive method to detect nanotube resonators with effective masses in the 10–20 kg range. We use the beam of an electron microscope to resolve the mechanical fluctuations of a nanotube in real-time for the first time. We obtain full access to the thermally driven Brownian motion of the resonator, both in space and time domains. Our results establish the viability of carbon nanotube resonator technology at room temperature and pave the way toward the observation of novel thermodynamics regimes and quantum effects in nanomechanics

Mass Sensing for the Advanced Fabrication of Nanomechanical Resonators

We report on a nanomechanical engineering method to monitor matter growth in real time via e-beam electromechanical coupling. This method relies on the exceptional mass sensing capabilities of nanomechanical resonators. Focused electron beam-induced deposition (FEBID) is employed to selectively grow platinum particles at the free end of singly clamped nanotube cantilevers. The electron beam has two functions: it allows both to grow material on the nanotube and to track in real time the deposited mass by probing the noise-driven mechanical resonance of the nanotube. On the one hand, this detection method is highly effective as it can resolve mass deposition with a resolution in the zeptogram range; on the other hand, this method is simple to use and readily available to a wide range of potential users because it can be operated in existing commercial FEBID systems without making any modification. The presented method allows one to engineer hybrid nanomechanical resonators with precisely tailored functionalities. It also appears as a new tool for studying the growth dynamics of ultrathin nanostructures, opening new opportunities for investigating so far out-of-reach physics of FEBID and related methods

Optomechanics with a hybrid carbon nanotube resonator

© 2018 The Author(s). In just 20 years of history, the field of optomechanics has achieved impressive progress, stepping into the quantum regime just 5 years ago. Such remarkable advance relies on the technological revolution of nano-optomechanical systems, whose sensitivity towards thermal decoherence is strongly limited due to their ultra-low mass. Here we report a hybrid approach pushing nano-optomechanics to even lower scales. The concept relies on synthesising an efficient optical scatterer at the tip of singly clamped carbon nanotube resonators. We demonstrate high signal-to-noise motion readout and record force sensitivity, two orders of magnitude below the state of the art. Our work opens the perspective to extend quantum experiments and applications at room temperature

Fluctuations, dissipation and the dynamical Casimir effect

Vacuum fluctuations provide a fundamental source of dissipation for systems coupled to quantum fields by radiation pressure. In the dynamical Casimir effect, accelerating neutral bodies in free space give rise to the emission of real photons while experiencing a damping force which plays the role of a radiation reaction force. Analog models where non-stationary conditions for the electromagnetic field simulate the presence of moving plates are currently under experimental investigation. A dissipative force might also appear in the case of uniform relative motion between two bodies, thus leading to a new kind of friction mechanism without mechanical contact. In this paper, we review recent advances on the dynamical Casimir and non-contact friction effects, highlighting their common physical origin.Comment: 39 pages, 4 figures. Review paper to appear in Lecture Notes in Physics, Volume on Casimir Physics, edited by Diego Dalvit, Peter Milonni, David Roberts, and Felipe da Rosa. Minor changes, a reference adde

Large expert-curated database for benchmarking document similarity detection in biomedical literature search

Document recommendation systems for locating relevant literature have mostly relied on methods developed a decade ago. This is largely due to the lack of a large offline gold-standard benchmark of relevant documents that cover a variety of research fields such that newly developed literature search techniques can be compared, improved and translated into practice. To overcome this bottleneck, we have established the RElevant LIterature SearcH consortium consisting of more than 1500 scientists from 84 countries, who have collectively annotated the relevance of over 180 000 PubMed-listed articles with regard to their respective seed (input) article/s. The majority of annotations were contributed by highly experienced, original authors of the seed articles. The collected data cover 76% of all unique PubMed Medical Subject Headings descriptors. No systematic biases were observed across different experience levels, research fields or time spent on annotations. More importantly, annotations of the same document pairs contributed by different scientists were highly concordant. We further show that the three representative baseline methods used to generate recommended articles for evaluation (Okapi Best Matching 25, Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency and PubMed Related Articles) had similar overall performances. Additionally, we found that these methods each tend to produce distinct collections of recommended articles, suggesting that a hybrid method may be required to completely capture all relevant articles. The established database server located at https://relishdb.ict.griffith.edu.au is freely available for the downloading of annotation data and the blind testing of new methods. We expect that this benchmark will be useful for stimulating the development of new powerful techniques for title and title/abstract-based search engines for relevant articles in biomedical research.Peer reviewe

Etude des effets de pression de radiation et des limites quantiques du couplage optomécanique

In quantum mechanics, the measurement is responsible for a back-action on the measured system, which generally limits the measurement sensitivity. It is so for interferometric measurement, where the mirrors of the interferometer are likely to move under the effect of the radiation pressure exerted by the light. We present an experiment dedicated to the study of these limits, based upon a ultrasensitive detection of the displacements of a moving mirror, which is inserted in a Fabry-Perot cavity. With the improvements we brought to our setup, we have been able to observe correlations between a classical intensity noise and the phase of the measurement beam, that are induced by the optomechanical coupling with the moving mirror. We describe the experimental conditions that have to be gathered to extend these experiments down to the quantum level, in order to observe the optomechanical correlations caused by the quantum fluctuations of radiation pressure, but also to be able to perform a quantum non demolition measurement of light by purely mechanical means. We also present several consequences of radiation pressure that our setup allowed us to highlight: cancellation of the back-action in length or force measurements, laser cooling of the mirror in a detuned cavity, and finally a dynamical effect of the back-action, that leads to signal amplification by setting the mirror into motion. This effect, predicted in the framework of the interferometric detection of gravitational waves, should allow a sensitivity improvement beyond the standard quantum limit, which should be reached in the second generation gravitational antennae.En mécanique quantique, toute mesure est responsable d'une action en retour sur le système mesuré, qui limite en général la sensibilité de la mesure. Il en est ainsi dans les mesures interférométriques, où les miroirs de l'interféromètre sont susceptibles de se déplacer sous l'effet de la pression de radiation exercée par la lumière. Nous présentons une expérience visant à mettre en évidence ces limites, basée sur la détection ultra-sensible des déplacements d'un miroir mobile inséré dans une cavité Fabry-Perot de très grande finesse. Grâce aux améliorations que nous avons apportées à ce dispositif, nous avons observé des corrélations entre un bruit classique d'intensité et la phase de faisceaux lumineux, induites par couplage optomécanique avec le miroir mobile. Nous décrivons les conditions expérimentales nécessaires pour prolonger ces expériences au niveau quantique, afin d'observer les corrélations optomécaniques produites par les fluctuations quantiques de la pression de radiation, mais aussi pour réaliser une mesure quantique non destructive de la lumière par des moyens purement mécaniques. Nous présentons également plusieurs conséquences de la pression de radiation que notre montage nous a permis de mettre en évidence : annulation de l'action en retour dans les mesures de longueur ou de force, refroidissement laser du miroir dans une cavité désaccordée, et enfin un effet dynamique de l'action en retour qui conduit à l'amplification d'un signal par la mise en mouvement du miroir. Cet effet, prédit dans le cadre de la détection interférométrique des ondes gravitationnelles, devrait permettre d'améliorer la sensibilité au-delà de la limite quantique standard, qui devrait être atteinte dans les antennes gravitationnelles de seconde génération

Piezo-orbital backaction force in a rare-earth-doped crystal

We investigate a system composed of an ensemble of room-temperature rare-earth ions embedded in a bulk crystal, intrinsically coupled to internal strain via their sensitivity to the surrounding crystal field. We evidence the generation of a mechanical response under resonant atomic excitation. We find this motion to be the sum of two fundamental, resonant optomechanical backaction processes: a conservative, piezo-orbital mechanism, resulting from the modification of the crystal field associated with the promotion of the ions to their excited state, and a dissipative, nonradiative photothermal process related to the phonons generated throughout the atomic population relaxation. Our work expands the horizons of research in hybrid optomechanics, and unveils unexplored interactions that may be key for understanding the dephasing dynamics of ultracoherent rare-earth ions

Optomechanical coupling in high-finesse cavities: towards the observation of quantum effects

In quantum mechanics, every measurement induces a back-action on the measured system which usually implies a limit in the sensitivity of the measurement. Our goal is to demonstrate such quantum effects, with an experimental setup based on a high-finesse optical cavity to detect very small displacements of the mirrors. We recently observed a cancellation of the back-action induced by the radiation pressure exerted on the mirrors. Such a cancellation effect may greatly enhance the sensitivity of gravitational-waves detection by dual resonators