As contribuições dos clássicos para a discussão sobre o campesinato / Classic contributions to discussion about the peasant

O presente artigo busca apresentar as principais ideias dos autores clássicos, como Alexander Chayanov, Teodor Shanin, Karl Kautsky e Vladimir Lênin, sobre o campesinato num contexto onde a produção capitalista, em ascensão na Europa, era introduzida no campo, implicando em profundas mudanças na estrutura organizacional do homem do campo. Neste sentido, buscou-se localizar estas diferentes ideias e compreensões, considerando-se que têm constituído como importantes referenciais sob os quais as políticas públicas e as novas construções teóricas têm se baseado

Perfil nutricional de crianças cadastradas no Sistema de Vigilância Alimentar e Nutricional da cidade do Crato/CE / Nutritional profile of children enrolled in the Food and Nutrition Surveillance System of the city of Crato / CE

O Brasil tem passado por mudanças epidemiológicas e de demográficas que incluem modificações no consumo alimentar e aumento na prevalência de doenças relacionadas aos hábitos alimentares com marcante redução da desnutrição em crianças e aumento de sobrepeso e obesidade na população geral. Nesse contexto é estratégico o monitoramento e acompanhamento do estado nutricional desde a infância através de políticas públicas e programas de saúde. Objetivou-se conhecer o estado nutricional das crianças cadastradas no SISVAN/WEB nos anos de 2012 a 2016 do município de Crato/CE. Trata-se de um estudo documental e retrospectivo de abordagem quantitativa, com crianças entre 2 a 5 anos, cadastradas na página on line do SISVAN pelo modo público, considerando o estado nutricional pelo Índice de Massa Corpórea/Idade dos anos de 2012 a 2016, com abrangência dos dados para o Brasil, estado do Ceará e município do Crato. O risco de sobrepeso foi um indicador marcantemente presente nos anos de 2012 a 2016 comparado à magreza e obesidade. E apesar de constante, a obesidade apresentou percentual mais elevado na cidade do Crato comparado ao Brasil. A partir do perfil nutricional das crianças vê-se a necessidade da adoção de estratégias voltadas à orientação familiar, com medidas educativas que visam a boa prática alimentar desde a infância

VIABILIDADE ECONÔMICA DE UM SISTEMA AGROFLORESTAL NO MUNICÍPIO DE BREU BRANCO – PA

ECONOMIC VIABILITY OF A AGROFORESTRY SYSTEM IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF BREU BRANCO, PARÁ STATE, BRAZILVIABILIDAD ECONÓMICA DE UN SISTEMA AGROFORESTAL EN EL MUNICIPIO DE BREU BRANCO, ESTADO DE PARÁ, BRASILOs Sistemas Agroflorestais (SAF) surgiram como alternativas contrarias à degradação do meio ambiente, possibilitando a convivência harmônica entre a agricultura e espécies florestais, traduzindo-se em sistemas sustentáveis de produção. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a viabilidade econômica de um sistema agroflorestal, no município de Breu Branco, no estado do Pará. O desempenho econômico foi mensurado por meio da técnica de fluxo de caixa e dos seguintes indicadores de rentabilidade: Valor Presente Líquido (VPL); Relação Benefício-custo (RBC); e Taxa Interna de Retorno (TIR). A mão de obra apresentou maior participação na composição dos custos de implantação e produção do sistema, devido, principalmente, à intensidade e aos custos elevados dos tratos culturais do cacau. Os valores aferidos pelos indicadores propostos demonstraram que o referido SAF se mostrou economicamente viável ao longo do período de análise, revelando-se, dessa maneira, um empreendimento atraente e compensatório.Palavras-chave: Amazônia; Essências Florestais; Rentabilidade; SAF.ABSTRACTAgroforestry systems (AFS) emerged as contrary alternative to environmental degradation generating peaceful coexistence between forest species and agriculture, translating into sustainable systems of production. Hence, the objective of this work is to study the economic viability of agroforestry system in the municipality of Breu Branco, Pará State. The economic performance was measured through cash flow technique and the following profitability indicators: Net Present Value (NPV); Cost-benefit Relation (C/B); and Internal Rate of Return (IRR). The work force had the biggest share in the composition of implantation and maintenance costs, due to the costly cultural treatments of cocoa trees showing to be a attractive and compensatory alternative.Keywords: Amazon; Forest Essences; Profitability; AFS.RESUMENLos sistemas agroforestales surgieron como alternativas contrarias a la degradación del medio ambiente, posibilitando la convivencia armónica entre la agricultura y las actividades forestales, traduciéndose en sistemas de producción sostenible. Por tanto, el objetivo de este trabajo es de analizar la Viabilidad económica de un sistema agroforestal en el municipio paraense de Breu Branco. El desempeño económico haya sido valorado por la técnica de flujo de caja y de los criterios siguientes: Valor Actual Neto (VAN); Relación de Roste-Beneficio (RBC); y Tasa Interna de Retorno (TIR). La mano de obra presentó mayor peso en la composición de los costos de implantación y mantenimiento del sistema, debido principalmente la intensidad y los costes sustanciales de los cuidados culturales del cacau. Los valores de los indicadores propuestos sugieren que el dicho sistema constituye una opción económicamente viable a lo largo de un periodo que se define en 20 años, ha demostrado ser un emprendimiento financieramente atractivo y satisfactorio.Palabras clave: Amazonía; Esencias Forestales; Rentabilidad, SAF

A CRIAÇÃO DO TRIBUNAL PENAL INTERNACIONAL: Um meio para efetivar a proteção dos Direitos Humanos em âmbito internacional

No atual contexto mundial, verificam-se conflitos  que  transgridem Direitos Humanos, originados de diversos  motivos, desde questões  de  credo religioso  até o terrorismo. Independente das motivações, a maior vítima acaba sendo o próprio homem,  que  tem seus direitos extirpados.  Da preocupação em estabelecer uma justiça criminal, surge o Tribunal Penal Internacional (TPI), trazendo per se a função de  realizar julgamentos justos  e  imparciais. A sua existência  se  configura  em  um importante marco para que se possa efetivar a proteção dos Direitos do Homem em âmbito mundial, pois visa punir aqueles que cometem os crimes previstos no Estatuto de Roma. O presente trabalho visa explanar acerca dos aspectos mais importantes do referido Tribunal, iniciando pelos seus antecedentes e chegando à sua criação. Passado esse momento, argumenta-se no sentido do seu caráter protecionista dos Direitos Humano

Comorbidities and causes of death in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients from the Amazon region / Comorbidades e causas de morte em pacientes infectados com SARS-CoV-2 na região amazônica

COVID-19 may be more severe in elder people and/or people presenting comorbidities, possibly leading to death. Therefore, we analyzed the profile of deaths caused by SARS-CoV-2 in part of the Amazon region, associating them to risk factors. 467 cases of death caused by COVID-19 from October 2020 to July 2021 were analyzed and correlated to age group, gender, comorbidities, and other risk factors, using the Chi-squared Test or Fisher's Exact Test as necessary. Deaths occurred in the age group between 17 and 98 years, with a predominance of men (57.4%) and higher concentration in the period between March and April 2021. Systemic arterial hypertension was the most prevalent disease, followed by smoking, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes mellitus. Smoker men and obese women (and/or with cardiovascular disease) presented higher chances to die, as well as obese people under 65 years and people over 65 years with cardiovascular disease, smokers, or hypertensive (p<0.05). The description of risk groups contributes for the adoption of strategies directed to the most vulnerable populations, as disease monitoring and an increase in vaccination rate, reducing the probability of overloading Brazil's Unified Health System

Post-intervention Status in Patients With Refractory Myasthenia Gravis Treated With Eculizumab During REGAIN and Its Open-Label Extension

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether eculizumab helps patients with anti-acetylcholine receptor-positive (AChR+) refractory generalized myasthenia gravis (gMG) achieve the Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America (MGFA) post-intervention status of minimal manifestations (MM), we assessed patients' status throughout REGAIN (Safety and Efficacy of Eculizumab in AChR+ Refractory Generalized Myasthenia Gravis) and its open-label extension. METHODS: Patients who completed the REGAIN randomized controlled trial and continued into the open-label extension were included in this tertiary endpoint analysis. Patients were assessed for the MGFA post-intervention status of improved, unchanged, worse, MM, and pharmacologic remission at defined time points during REGAIN and through week 130 of the open-label study. RESULTS: A total of 117 patients completed REGAIN and continued into the open-label study (eculizumab/eculizumab: 56; placebo/eculizumab: 61). At week 26 of REGAIN, more eculizumab-treated patients than placebo-treated patients achieved a status of improved (60.7% vs 41.7%) or MM (25.0% vs 13.3%; common OR: 2.3; 95% CI: 1.1-4.5). After 130 weeks of eculizumab treatment, 88.0% of patients achieved improved status and 57.3% of patients achieved MM status. The safety profile of eculizumab was consistent with its known profile and no new safety signals were detected. CONCLUSION: Eculizumab led to rapid and sustained achievement of MM in patients with AChR+ refractory gMG. These findings support the use of eculizumab in this previously difficult-to-treat patient population. CLINICALTRIALSGOV IDENTIFIER: REGAIN, NCT01997229; REGAIN open-label extension, NCT02301624. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE: This study provides Class II evidence that, after 26 weeks of eculizumab treatment, 25.0% of adults with AChR+ refractory gMG achieved MM, compared with 13.3% who received placebo

Minimal Symptom Expression' in Patients With Acetylcholine Receptor Antibody-Positive Refractory Generalized Myasthenia Gravis Treated With Eculizumab

The efficacy and tolerability of eculizumab were assessed in REGAIN, a 26-week, phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody-positive (AChR+) refractory generalized myasthenia gravis (gMG), and its open-label extension

Contributions of mean and shape of blood pressure distribution to worldwide trends and variations in raised blood pressure: A pooled analysis of 1018 population-based measurement studies with 88.6 million participants

© The Author(s) 2018. Background: Change in the prevalence of raised blood pressure could be due to both shifts in the entire distribution of blood pressure (representing the combined effects of public health interventions and secular trends) and changes in its high-blood-pressure tail (representing successful clinical interventions to control blood pressure in the hypertensive population). Our aim was to quantify the contributions of these two phenomena to the worldwide trends in the prevalence of raised blood pressure. Methods: We pooled 1018 population-based studies with blood pressure measurements on 88.6 million participants from 1985 to 2016. We first calculated mean systolic blood pressure (SBP), mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and prevalence of raised blood pressure by sex and 10-year age group from 20-29 years to 70-79 years in each study, taking into account complex survey design and survey sample weights, where relevant. We used a linear mixed effect model to quantify the association between (probittransformed) prevalence of raised blood pressure and age-group- and sex-specific mean blood pressure. We calculated the contributions of change in mean SBP and DBP, and of change in the prevalence-mean association, to the change in prevalence of raised blood pressure. Results: In 2005-16, at the same level of population mean SBP and DBP, men and women in South Asia and in Central Asia, the Middle East and North Africa would have the highest prevalence of raised blood pressure, and men and women in the highincome Asia Pacific and high-income Western regions would have the lowest. In most region-sex-age groups where the prevalence of raised blood pressure declined, one half or more of the decline was due to the decline in mean blood pressure. Where prevalence of raised blood pressure has increased, the change was entirely driven by increasing mean blood pressure, offset partly by the change in the prevalence-mean association. Conclusions: Change in mean blood pressure is the main driver of the worldwide change in the prevalence of raised blood pressure, but change in the high-blood-pressure tail of the distribution has also contributed to the change in prevalence, especially in older age groups

An embedding technique to determine ττ backgrounds in proton-proton collision data

An embedding technique is presented to estimate standard model tau tau backgrounds from data with minimal simulation input. In the data, the muons are removed from reconstructed mu mu events and replaced with simulated tau leptons with the same kinematic properties. In this way, a set of hybrid events is obtained that does not rely on simulation except for the decay of the tau leptons. The challenges in describing the underlying event or the production of associated jets in the simulation are avoided. The technique described in this paper was developed for CMS. Its validation and the inherent uncertainties are also discussed. The demonstration of the performance of the technique is based on a sample of proton-proton collisions collected by CMS in 2017 at root s = 13 TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 41.5 fb(-1).Peer reviewe

Measurement of t(t)over-bar normalised multi-differential cross sections in pp collisions at root s=13 TeV, and simultaneous determination of the strong coupling strength, top quark pole mass, and parton distribution functions

Peer reviewe