The ventrolateral medulla and medullary raphe in sudden unexpected death in epilepsy

Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is a leading cause of premature death in patients with epilepsy. One hypothesis proposes that sudden death is mediated by post-ictal central respiratory depression, which could relate to underlying pathology in key respiratory nuclei and/or their neuromodulators. Our aim was to investigate neuronal populations in the ventrolateral medulla (which includes the putative human pre-Bötzinger complex) and the medullary raphe. Forty brainstems were studied comprising four groups: 14 SUDEP, six epilepsy controls, seven Dravet syndrome cases and 13 non-epilepsy controls. Serial sections through the medulla (from obex 1 to 10 mm) were stained for Nissl, somatostatin, neurokinin 1 receptor (for pre-Bötzinger complex neurons) and galanin, tryptophan hydroxylase and serotonin transporter (neuromodulatory systems). Using stereology total neuronal number and densities, with respect to obex level, were measured. Whole slide scanning image analysis was used to quantify immunolabelling indices as well as co-localization between markers. Significant findings included reduction in somatostatin neurons and neurokinin 1 receptor labelling in the ventrolateral medulla in sudden death in epilepsy compared to controls (P < 0.05). Galanin and tryptophan hydroxylase labelling was also reduced in sudden death cases and more significantly in the ventrolateral medulla region than the raphe (P < 0.005 and P < 0.05). With serotonin transporter, reduction in labelling in cases of sudden death in epilepsy was noted only in the raphe (P ≤ 0.01); however, co-localization with tryptophan hydroxylase was significantly reduced in the ventrolateral medulla. Epilepsy controls and cases with Dravet syndrome showed less significant alterations with differences from non-epilepsy controls noted only for somatostatin in the ventrolateral medulla (P < 0.05). Variations in labelling with respect to obex level were noted of potential relevance to the rostro-caudal organization of respiratory nuclear groups, including tryptophan hydroxylase, where the greatest statistical difference noted between all epilepsy cases and controls was at obex 9-10 mm (P = 0.034), the putative level of the pre-Bötzinger complex. Furthermore, there was evidence for variation with duration of epilepsy for somatostatin and neurokinin 1 receptor. Our findings suggest alteration to neuronal populations in the medulla in SUDEP with evidence for greater reduction in neuromodulatory neuropeptidergic and mono-aminergic systems, including for galanin, and serotonin. Other nuclei need to be investigated to evaluate if this is part of more widespread brainstem pathology. Our findings could be a result of previous seizures and may represent a pathological risk factor for SUDEP through impaired respiratory homeostasis during a seizure

SCN1A overexpression, associated with a genomic region marked by a risk variant for a common epilepsy, raises seizure susceptibility

Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis and a history of febrile seizures is associated with common variation at rs7587026, located in the promoter region of SCN1A. We sought to explore possible underlying mechanisms. SCN1A expression was analysed in hippocampal biopsy specimens of individuals with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis who underwent surgical treatment, and hippocampal neuronal cell loss was quantitatively assessed using immunohistochemistry. In healthy individuals, hippocampal volume was measured using MRI. Analyses were performed stratified by rs7587026 type. To study the functional consequences of increased SCN1A expression, we generated, using transposon-mediated bacterial artificial chromosome transgenesis, a zebrafish line expressing exogenous scn1a, and performed EEG analysis on larval optic tecta at 4 day post-fertilization. Finally, we used an in vitro promoter analysis to study whether the genetic motif containing rs7587026 influences promoter activity. Hippocampal SCN1A expression differed by rs7587026 genotype (Kruskal-Wallis test P = 0.004). Individuals homozygous for the minor allele showed significantly increased expression compared to those homozygous for the major allele (Dunn's test P = 0.003), and to heterozygotes (Dunn's test P = 0.035). No statistically significant differences in hippocampal neuronal cell loss were observed between the three genotypes. Among 597 healthy participants, individuals homozygous for the minor allele at rs7587026 displayed significantly reduced mean hippocampal volume compared to major allele homozygotes (Cohen's D = - 0.28, P = 0.02), and to heterozygotes (Cohen's D = - 0.36, P = 0.009). Compared to wild type, scn1lab-overexpressing zebrafish larvae exhibited more frequent spontaneous seizures [one-way ANOVA F(4,54) = 6.95 (P < 0.001)]. The number of EEG discharges correlated with the level of scn1lab overexpression [one-way ANOVA F(4,15) = 10.75 (P < 0.001]. Finally, we showed that a 50 bp promoter motif containing rs7587026 exerts a strong regulatory role on SCN1A expression, though we could not directly link this to rs7587026 itself. Our results develop the mechanistic link between rs7587026 and mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis and a history of febrile seizures. Furthermore, we propose that quantitative precision may be important when increasing SCN1A expression in current strategies aiming to treat seizures in conditions involving SCN1A haploinsufficiency, such as Dravet syndrome

Neurologic phenotypes associated with COL4A1/2 mutations

Objective: To characterize the neurologic phenotypes associated with COL4A1/2 mutations and to seek genotype–phenotype correlation. Methods: We analyzed clinical, EEG, and neuroimaging data of 44 new and 55 previously reported patients with COL4A1/COL4A2 mutations. Results: Childhood-onset focal seizures, frequently complicated by status epilepticus and resistance to antiepileptic drugs, was the most common phenotype. EEG typically showed focal epileptiform discharges in the context of other abnormalities, including generalized sharp waves or slowing. In 46.4% of new patients with focal seizures, porencephalic cysts on brain MRI colocalized with the area of the focal epileptiform discharges. In patients with porencephalic cysts, brain MRI frequently also showed extensive white matter abnormalities, consistent with the finding of diffuse cerebral disturbance on EEG. Notably, we also identified a subgroup of patients with epilepsy as their main clinical feature, in which brain MRI showed nonspecific findings, in particular periventricular leukoencephalopathy and ventricular asymmetry. Analysis of 15 pedigrees suggested a worsening of the severity of clinical phenotype in succeeding generations, particularly when maternally inherited. Mutations associated with epilepsy were spread across COL4A1 and a clear genotype–phenotype correlation did not emerge. Conclusion: COL4A1/COL4A2 mutations typically cause a severe neurologic condition and a broader spectrum of milder phenotypes, in which epilepsy is the predominant feature. Early identification of patients carrying COL4A1/COL4A2 mutations may have important clinical consequences, while for research efforts, omission from large-scale epilepsy sequencing studies of individuals with abnormalities on brain MRI may generate misleading estimates of the genetic contribution to the epilepsies overall

Reduced Mature MicroRNA Levels in Association with Dicer Loss in Human Temporal Lobe Epilepsy with Hippocampal Sclerosis

Hippocampal sclerosis (HS) is a common pathological finding in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and is associated with altered expression of genes controlling neuronal excitability, glial function, neuroinflammation and cell death. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small non-coding RNAs, function as post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression and are critical for normal brain development and function. Production of mature miRNAs requires Dicer, an RNAase III, loss of which has been shown to cause neuronal and glial dysfunction, seizures, and neurodegeneration. Here we investigated miRNA biogenesis in hippocampal and neocortical resection specimens from pharmacoresistant TLE patients and autopsy controls. Western blot analysis revealed protein levels of Dicer were significantly lower in certain TLE patients with HS. Dicer levels were also reduced in the hippocampus of mice subject to experimentally-induced epilepsy. To determine if Dicer loss was associated with altered miRNA processing, we profiled levels of 380 mature miRNAs in control and TLE-HS samples. Expression of nearly 200 miRNAs was detected in control human hippocampus. In TLE-HS samples there was a large-scale reduction of miRNA expression, with 51% expressed at lower levels and a further 24% not detectable. Primary transcript (pri-miRNAs) expression levels for several tested miRNAs were not different between control and TLE-HS samples. These findings suggest loss of Dicer and failure of mature miRNA expression may be a feature of the pathophysiology of HS in patients with TLE

Dysregulation of specialized delay/interference-dependent working memory following loss of dysbindin-1A in schizophrenia-related phenotypes

Dysbindin-1, a protein that regulates aspects of early and late brain development, has been implicated in the pathobiology of schizophrenia. As the functional roles of the three major isoforms of dysbindin-1, (A, B, and C) remain unknown, we generated a novel mutant mouse, dys-1A -/-, with selective loss of dysbindin-1A and investigated schizophrenia-related phenotypes in both males and females. Loss of dysbindin-1A resulted in heightened initial exploration and disruption in subsequent habituation to a novel environment, together with heightened anxiety-related behavior in a stressful environment. Loss of dysbindin-1A was not associated with disruption of either long-term (olfactory) memory or spontaneous alternation behavior. However, dys-1A -/-showed enhancement in delay-dependent working memory under high levels of interference relative to controls, ie, impairment in sensitivity to the disruptive effect of such interference. These findings in dys-1A -/-provide the first evidence for differential functional roles for dysbindin-1A vs dysbindin-1C isoforms among phenotypes relevant to the pathobiology of schizophrenia. Future studies should investigate putative sex differences in these phenotypic effects

A multi-country test of brief reappraisal interventions on emotions during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic has increased negative emotions and decreased positive emotions globally. Left unchecked, these emotional changes might have a wide array of adverse impacts. To reduce negative emotions and increase positive emotions, we tested the effectiveness of reappraisal, an emotion-regulation strategy that modifies how one thinks about a situation. Participants from 87 countries and regions (n = 21,644) were randomly assigned to one of two brief reappraisal interventions (reconstrual or repurposing) or one of two control conditions (active or passive). Results revealed that both reappraisal interventions (vesus both control conditions) consistently reduced negative emotions and increased positive emotions across different measures. Reconstrual and repurposing interventions had similar effects. Importantly, planned exploratory analyses indicated that reappraisal interventions did not reduce intentions to practice preventive health behaviours. The findings demonstrate the viability of creating scalable, low-cost interventions for use around the world

Blood-brain barrier impairment and autoimmunity in epilepsy : role of Immunoglobulins G and biomarkers identification.

L'épilepsie est une maladie neurologique chronique caractérisée par des crises spontanées et récurrentes. Les crises sont générées par un déséquilibre dans le fonctionnement des neurotransmetteurs et des canaux ioniques qui contrôlent l'excitabilité. L'épileptogenèse est majoritairement associée à des pertes neuronales, une gliose, une inflammation plus ou moins importants. Un tiers des patients deviennent réfractaires. Récemment, plusieurs équipes ont montré une association entre les épilepsies focales pharmacorésistantes et la rupture de la barrière hémato-encéphalique (BHE). De plus, une implication du système immunitaire ainsi qu'une cause auto-immune de l'épilepsie ont été suggérées. Dans cette thèse, nous avons observé dans le tissu de patients atteints d'épilepsie pharmacorésistante du lobe temporal (ELT), des fuites d'Immunoglobulines G (IgG) dans le parenchyme et leur accumulation dans les neurones présentant des signes de neurodégénérescence. Le récepteur d'IgG de grande affinité FcyRI est surexprimé sur les cellules ayant une morphologie de type microglie/ macrophages, tandis que le récepteur de faible affinité FcyRIII et le récepteur inhibiteur FcγRII sont moins présents. Dans ce même tissu nous avons noté que les protéines du complément C3c et C5b9 sont exprimées. Ensuite, nous avons étudié si le modèle murin d'épilepsie focale induite par injection intra-amygdalienne de kaïnate reproduit la physiopathologie de l'ELT associée à une rupture de la BHE. ZO-1, la principale protéine des jonctions serrées, présente un marquage discontinu indiquant que la BHE a été affectée. Nous avons remarqué des fuites d'IgGs et d'albumine ainsi que leur accumulation dans le parenchyme coïncidant avec la survenue des crises. La présence d‘IgG dans l'épilepsie pourrait également avoir une cause auto-immune. Nous avons utilisé des puces à protéines pour identifier des antigènes qui induisent une réponse immunitaire, dans le plasma des patients atteints d'ELT, Nous avons sélectionné 19 auto-anticorps spécifiques qui peuvent servir de potentiels biomarqueurs diagnostiques L'ensemble de ces résultats suggère que les fuites d'IgG sont associées à une déficience neuronale, conduisant à des changements immunologiques dans le foyer épileptique qui participent à la pathogénèse de l'ELT. Nous pensons qu'une meilleure interprétation des profils de ces auto-anticorps pourrait offrir de nouvelles perspectives thérapeutiques.Epilepsy is a chronic neurologic disorder characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures. Seizures are generated by an imbalance in the functioning of neurotransmitters and ion channels that control excitability. Epileptogenesis is mostly associated with neuronal loss, gliosis, and inflammation more or less important. A third of patients become drug refractory. Recently, several teams have shown an association between drug-resistant focal epilepsy and disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In addition, a possible role of the immune system and an autoimmune nature in epilepsy has been suggested. In this thesis, in the tissue of patients with drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), leakage of immunoglobulin G (IgG) into the parenchyma and IgG accumulation in neurons with attendant signs of neurodegeneration was observed. In addition, the high affinity IgG receptor, FcγRI was expressed on microglia/macrophage shaped cells. The expression of the low affinity IgG receptor, FcγRIII and the inhibitory IgG receptor, FcγRII was decreased. In the same tissue the complement proteins C3c and C5b9 were present on astrocyte/ microglia and macrophage/ microglia shaped cells respectively. Then, we evaluated whether the mouse model of focal epilepsy induced by intra-amygdala microinjection of kainic acid reproduced a pathophysiology of TLE associated with BBB impairment. ZO-1, the main tight junction protein presented discontinuous staining indicating that BBB was affected. Both IgG and albumin extravasations from blood vessels were noted and its parenchymal accumulation was concomitant with seizure occurrence. Another hypothesis of IgG presence in epilepsy incriminates an auto-immune cause. Protein microarray technology was used for identification in pooled plasma samples, of antigens that bind plasma antibody from TLE patients. 19 potential autoantibodies were identified as potential diagnostic biomarkers. Together, these observations suggest that IgG leakage is associated with neuronal impairment, leading to immunological changes in epileptic focus involved in the pathogenesis of TLE. A better interpretation of the profiles of these autoantibodies could offer new therapeutic and diagnostic perspectives

Application of Biosorption in the Production of Innovative Feed Supplements: A Novel Method

A novel method of biosorption was used in the production of innovative feed supplements using microelements based on common feed ingredients (triticale, oat, barley, corn beans, soy beans, wheat and rye). A new insight into the application of biomasses as the biological carriers of microelements was proposed to reduce the production costs of new supplements. Chromium(III) ions were used as a model cation in kinetic and equilibrium studies. The experimental conditions were as follows: pH 5.0, temperature 25 °C, biomass concentration 1 g l −1 . The reaction mixture attained the equilibrium point within minutes and all of the biomasses demonstrated good biosorption properties. Barley had the highest biosorption capacity (45.9 mg g −1 ), whereas wheat (19.1 mg g −1 ) had the lowest. Costs of the producing new supplements were related to the biosorption of microelement ions and drying of enriched biomass. However, no additional costs were associated with obtaining and preparing additional raw materials