44 research outputs found
Congenital and childhood atrioventricular blocks: pathophysiology and contemporary management
Atrioventricular block is classified as congeni-
tal if diagnosed in utero, at birth, or within the first
month of life. The pathophysiological process is believed
to be due to immune-mediated injury of the conduction
system, which occurs as a result of transplacental pas-
sage of maternal anti-SSA/Ro-SSB/La antibodies.
Childhood atrioventricular block is therefore diagnosed
between the first month and the 18th year of life.
Genetic variants in multiple genes have been described
to date in the pathogenesis of inherited progressive car-
diac conduction disorders. Indications and techniques of
cardiac pacing have also evolved to allow safe perma-
nent cardiac pacing in almost all patients, including
those with structural heart abnormalities
Large expert-curated database for benchmarking document similarity detection in biomedical literature search
Document recommendation systems for locating relevant literature have mostly relied on methods developed a decade ago. This is largely due to the lack of a large offline gold-standard benchmark of relevant documents that cover a variety of research fields such that newly developed literature search techniques can be compared, improved and translated into practice. To overcome this bottleneck, we have established the RElevant LIterature SearcH consortium consisting of more than 1500 scientists from 84 countries, who have collectively annotated the relevance of over 180 000 PubMed-listed articles with regard to their respective seed (input) article/s. The majority of annotations were contributed by highly experienced, original authors of the seed articles. The collected data cover 76% of all unique PubMed Medical Subject Headings descriptors. No systematic biases were observed across different experience levels, research fields or time spent on annotations. More importantly, annotations of the same document pairs contributed by different scientists were highly concordant. We further show that the three representative baseline methods used to generate recommended articles for evaluation (Okapi Best Matching 25, Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency and PubMed Related Articles) had similar overall performances. Additionally, we found that these methods each tend to produce distinct collections of recommended articles, suggesting that a hybrid method may be required to completely capture all relevant articles. The established database server located at https://relishdb.ict.griffith.edu.au is freely available for the downloading of annotation data and the blind testing of new methods. We expect that this benchmark will be useful for stimulating the development of new powerful techniques for title and title/abstract-based search engines for relevant articles in biomedical research.Peer reviewe
Material-specific high-resolution table-top extreme ultraviolet microscopy
Microscopy with extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation holds promise for
high-resolution imaging with excellent material contrast, due to the short
wavelength and numerous element-specific absorption edges available in this
spectral range. At the same time, EUV radiation has significantly larger
penetration depths than electrons. It thus enables a nano-scale view into
complex three-dimensional structures that are important for material science,
semiconductor metrology, and next-generation nano-devices. Here, we present
high-resolution and material-specific microscopy at 13.5 nm wavelength. We
combine a highly stable, high photon-flux, table-top EUV source with an
interferometrically stabilized ptychography setup. By utilizing structured EUV
illumination, we overcome the limitations of conventional EUV focusing optics
and demonstrate high-resolution microscopy at a half-pitch lateral resolution
of 16 nm. Moreover, we propose mixed-state orthogonal probe relaxation
ptychography, enabling robust phase-contrast imaging over wide fields of view
and long acquisition times. In this way, the complex transmission of an
integrated circuit is precisely reconstructed, allowing for the classification
of the material composition of mesoscopic semiconductor systems