Fuzzy zero divisor graph in a commutative ring

Let R be a commutative ring and let Γ(Zn) be the zero divisor graph of a commutative ring R, whose vertices are non-zero zero divisors of Zn, and such that the two vertices u, v are adjacent if n divides uv. In this paper, we introduce the concept of fuzzy zero zivisor graph in a commutative ring and also discuss the some special cases of Γf (Z2p), Γf (Z3p), Γf (Z5p), Γf (Z7p) and Γf (Zpq). Throughout this paper we denote the Fuzzy Zero Divisor Graph(FZDG) by Γf (Zn).Publisher's Versio

Evaluation of Wound Healing Properties of Bioactive Fractions from the Extract of Butea monosperma (Lam) Stem Bark.

The study aims to evaluate the wound healing properties of bioactive fractions from the extract of Butea monosperma (Lam) stem bark. In this study the stem bark powder was extracted with ethanol, further the ethanolic extract was fractionated with different solvents (petroleum ether, benzene, chloroform and acetone) in increasing order of polarity. Thus prepared extracts were subjected to preliminary phytochemical analysis. The wound healing activity of the ethanolic extract and the fractions isolated from the stem bark of Butea monosperma were evaluated in excision, incision and dead space wound healing models using Albino wistar rats. The wound healing activity was assessed by the breaking strength in case of incision wounds, epithelialization and wound contraction in case of excision wound and granulation tissue dry weight, breaking strength and hydroxyproline content in case of dead space wound. The ethanolic extract and the acetone fraction showed the significant wound healing activity on all three wound models. The phytochemical investigations revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, phenolic compounds and steroids. The increased rate of wound contraction and hydroxyproline content in the ethanolic extract and the acetone fraction treated animals provides a scientific base to the ethno medicinal use of Butea monosperma, which is largely attributable to the additive or synergistic effect of their constituents. Keywords: Butea monosperma, Dead space wound, Excision wound, Incision wound

Evaluation of Wound Healing Properties of Bioactive Fractions from the Extract of Butea monosperma (Lam) Stem Bark.

The study aims to evaluate the wound healing properties of bioactive fractions from the extract of Butea monosperma (Lam) stem bark. In this study the stem bark powder was extracted with ethanol, further the ethanolic extract was fractionated with different solvents (petroleum ether, benzene, chloroform and acetone) in increasing order of polarity. Thus prepared extracts were subjected to preliminary phytochemical analysis. The wound healing activity of the ethanolic extract and the fractions isolated from the stem bark of Butea monosperma were evaluated in excision, incision and dead space wound healing models using Albino wistar rats. The wound healing activity was assessed by the breaking strength in case of incision wounds, epithelialization and wound contraction in case of excision wound and granulation tissue dry weight, breaking strength and hydroxyproline content in case of dead space wound. The ethanolic extract and the acetone fraction showed the significant wound healing activity on all three wound models. The phytochemical investigations revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, phenolic compounds and steroids. The increased rate of wound contraction and hydroxyproline content in the ethanolic extract and the acetone fraction treated animals provides a scientific base to the ethno medicinal use of Butea monosperma, which is largely attributable to the additive or synergistic effect of their constituents. Keywords: Butea monosperma, Dead space wound, Excision wound, Incision wound

The Binding Number of a Zero Divisor Graph

Abstract In this paper, we evaluate b(Γ(Z n )). Our main result is, we give maximum value of b(Γ(Z n )) is 0.99999999796427626489236243072661, where n is any positive integer upto fiftieth million. Mathematics Subject Classification: 05C25, 05C35, 05C7

A framework for human microbiome research

A variety of microbial communities and their genes (the microbiome) exist throughout the human body, with fundamental roles in human health and disease. The National Institutes of Health (NIH)-funded Human Microbiome Project Consortium has established a population-scale framework to develop metagenomic protocols, resulting in a broad range of quality-controlled resources and data including standardized methods for creating, processing and interpreting distinct types of high-throughput metagenomic data available to the scientific community. Here we present resources from a population of 242 healthy adults sampled at 15 or 18 body sites up to three times, which have generated 5,177 microbial taxonomic profiles from 16S ribosomal RNA genes and over 3.5 terabases of metagenomic sequence so far. In parallel, approximately 800 reference strains isolated from the human body have been sequenced. Collectively, these data represent the largest resource describing the abundance and variety of the human microbiome, while providing a framework for current and future studies

Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome

Author Posting. © The Authors, 2012. This article is posted here by permission of Nature Publishing Group. The definitive version was published in Nature 486 (2012): 207-214, doi:10.1038/nature11234.Studies of the human microbiome have revealed that even healthy individuals differ remarkably in the microbes that occupy habitats such as the gut, skin and vagina. Much of this diversity remains unexplained, although diet, environment, host genetics and early microbial exposure have all been implicated. Accordingly, to characterize the ecology of human-associated microbial communities, the Human Microbiome Project has analysed the largest cohort and set of distinct, clinically relevant body habitats so far. We found the diversity and abundance of each habitat’s signature microbes to vary widely even among healthy subjects, with strong niche specialization both within and among individuals. The project encountered an estimated 81–99% of the genera, enzyme families and community configurations occupied by the healthy Western microbiome. Metagenomic carriage of metabolic pathways was stable among individuals despite variation in community structure, and ethnic/racial background proved to be one of the strongest associations of both pathways and microbes with clinical metadata. These results thus delineate the range of structural and functional configurations normal in the microbial communities of a healthy population, enabling future characterization of the epidemiology, ecology and translational applications of the human microbiome.This research was supported in part by National Institutes of Health grants U54HG004969 to B.W.B.; U54HG003273 to R.A.G.; U54HG004973 to R.A.G., S.K.H. and J.F.P.; U54HG003067 to E.S.Lander; U54AI084844 to K.E.N.; N01AI30071 to R.L.Strausberg; U54HG004968 to G.M.W.; U01HG004866 to O.R.W.; U54HG003079 to R.K.W.; R01HG005969 to C.H.; R01HG004872 to R.K.; R01HG004885 to M.P.; R01HG005975 to P.D.S.; R01HG004908 to Y.Y.; R01HG004900 to M.K.Cho and P. Sankar; R01HG005171 to D.E.H.; R01HG004853 to A.L.M.; R01HG004856 to R.R.; R01HG004877 to R.R.S. and R.F.; R01HG005172 to P. Spicer.; R01HG004857 to M.P.; R01HG004906 to T.M.S.; R21HG005811 to E.A.V.; M.J.B. was supported by UH2AR057506; G.A.B. was supported by UH2AI083263 and UH3AI083263 (G.A.B., C. N. Cornelissen, L. K. Eaves and J. F. Strauss); S.M.H. was supported by UH3DK083993 (V. B. Young, E. B. Chang, F. Meyer, T. M. S., M. L. Sogin, J. M. Tiedje); K.P.R. was supported by UH2DK083990 (J. V.); J.A.S. and H.H.K. were supported by UH2AR057504 and UH3AR057504 (J.A.S.); DP2OD001500 to K.M.A.; N01HG62088 to the Coriell Institute for Medical Research; U01DE016937 to F.E.D.; S.K.H. was supported by RC1DE0202098 and R01DE021574 (S.K.H. and H. Li); J.I. was supported by R21CA139193 (J.I. and D. S. Michaud); K.P.L. was supported by P30DE020751 (D. J. Smith); Army Research Office grant W911NF-11-1-0473 to C.H.; National Science Foundation grants NSF DBI-1053486 to C.H. and NSF IIS-0812111 to M.P.; The Office of Science of the US Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231 for P.S. C.; LANL Laboratory-Directed Research and Development grant 20100034DR and the US Defense Threat Reduction Agency grants B104153I and B084531I to P.S.C.; Research Foundation - Flanders (FWO) grant to K.F. and J.Raes; R.K. is an HHMI Early Career Scientist; Gordon&BettyMoore Foundation funding and institutional funding fromthe J. David Gladstone Institutes to K.S.P.; A.M.S. was supported by fellowships provided by the Rackham Graduate School and the NIH Molecular Mechanisms in Microbial Pathogenesis Training Grant T32AI007528; a Crohn’s and Colitis Foundation of Canada Grant in Aid of Research to E.A.V.; 2010 IBM Faculty Award to K.C.W.; analysis of the HMPdata was performed using National Energy Research Scientific Computing resources, the BluBioU Computational Resource at Rice University

Large expert-curated database for benchmarking document similarity detection in biomedical literature search

Document recommendation systems for locating relevant literature have mostly relied on methods developed a decade ago. This is largely due to the lack of a large offline gold-standard benchmark of relevant documents that cover a variety of research fields such that newly developed literature search techniques can be compared, improved and translated into practice. To overcome this bottleneck, we have established the RElevant LIterature SearcH consortium consisting of more than 1500 scientists from 84 countries, who have collectively annotated the relevance of over 180 000 PubMed-listed articles with regard to their respective seed (input) article/s. The majority of annotations were contributed by highly experienced, original authors of the seed articles. The collected data cover 76% of all unique PubMed Medical Subject Headings descriptors. No systematic biases were observed across different experience levels, research fields or time spent on annotations. More importantly, annotations of the same document pairs contributed by different scientists were highly concordant. We further show that the three representative baseline methods used to generate recommended articles for evaluation (Okapi Best Matching 25, Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency and PubMed Related Articles) had similar overall performances. Additionally, we found that these methods each tend to produce distinct collections of recommended articles, suggesting that a hybrid method may be required to completely capture all relevant articles. The established database server located at https://relishdb.ict.griffith.edu.au is freely available for the downloading of annotation data and the blind testing of new methods. We expect that this benchmark will be useful for stimulating the development of new powerful techniques for title and title/abstract-based search engines for relevant articles in biomedical research.Peer reviewe

Nations within a nation: variations in epidemiological transition across the states of India, 1990–2016 in the Global Burden of Disease Study

18% of the world's population lives in India, and many states of India have populations similar to those of large countries. Action to effectively improve population health in India requires availability of reliable and comprehensive state-level estimates of disease burden and risk factors over time. Such comprehensive estimates have not been available so far for all major diseases and risk factors. Thus, we aimed to estimate the disease burden and risk factors in every state of India as part of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2016

Efficacy of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of inflammatory swellings of odontogenic origin

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of ultrasound in the diagnosis of inflammatory swellings of odontogenic origin. Study design: The study group consisted of 25 patients with inflammatory swellings of odontogenic origin. Only patients with unilateral swellings were considered for inclusion in the pathologic study group and normal contralateral side was taken as control. Results: Clinically, four cases were diagnosed as cellulitis and 21 cases as abscesses. Under ultrasonography (USG) diagnosis, six cases were diagnosed as edema and two cases as cellulitis and 15 cases as preabscess and two cases as abscesses, considering the intra operative diagnosis as the gold standard technique. The ultrasonography technique presented sensitivity of 92%. Conclusion: USG can differentiate facial edema, facial cellulitis, and dentoalveolar abscess. USG can also evaluate the extension of these swellings. It is prudent to subject patients with inflammatory swellings of the maxillofacial region to USG in order to determine the appropriate treatment plan