Cellules souches pluripotentes induites (iPSc) différenciées en motoneurones spinaux : vers des modèles cellulaires de neuropathies périphériques d'origine génétique

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSc) are a highly interesting tool to create and observe the behavior of specific and unattainable cells from a patient. Our team is interested in genetic peripheral nerves disorders and especially in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT). One of our objectives is the development of motor neurons models from patients using the iPSc strategy in order to better understand the pathophysiology of GDAP1-related neuropathies. This gene was found in 1998 to be mutated in an axonal form of CMT and encodes a mitochondrial outer membrane protein, which function remains unclear. We first obtained dermal fibroblasts (DF) from skin biopsies of a healthy person and of a homozygous patient carrying GDAP1 non-sense mutation (p.Gln163*). Then, we reprogrammed DFs into iPSc using non-integrative plasmids (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and l-Myc). After amplification, all quality controls were performed to conclude that our iPSc had the same properties and capacities than embryonic stem cells and a normal karyotype. Finally, we optimized protocols to successfully differentiate these iPSc into rosettes (structures full of neural progenitors), then into neurons and finally into motor neurons for control and GDAP1 patients. The first differences between control and patient cells were observed during the rosette formation, where a lot of patient cells were full of lipid droplets, and the rosette proportion was lower than the control cells. Mitochondria morphology was totally different in motor neurons between control and patient, where mitochondria had the same morphology than the mitochondria observed in patient nerve biopsies (round and accumulated). In order to reduce the time of differentiation, a cell sorting method was used (SdFFF). It allowed us to sort different progenitors (neural / endothelial). Generation of motor neurons using axonal CMT-patient-derived iPSc was a first crucial step to better understand the role of GDAP1 in this pathology. This cellular model of CMT4A should ultimately allow us to perform preclinical drug screening in order to identify candidate pharmacological treatments for CMT patients.Les cellules souches induites à la pluripotence (iPSc) apparaissent comme une solution très intéressante pour créer et observer le comportement de cellules spécifiques et inaccessibles d'un patient. Notre équipe travaille sur les pathologies génétiques des nerfs périphériques et en particulier la maladie de Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT). Un de nos objectifs est le développement de modèles de motoneurones de patients utilisant la stratégie des iPSc afin de mieux comprendre la physiopathologie des neuropathies liées au gène GDAP1. Ce gène a été décrit en 1998 pour être responsable d'une forme axonale de CMT ; il code une protéine de la membrane externe mitochondriale dont la fonction précise reste encore méconnue. Des fibroblastes dermiques (FD) ont été obtenus après une biopsie de peau d'une personne saine (témoin) et d'un patient homozygote porteur de la mutation non-sens p.Gln163* dans le gène GDAP1. Par la suite, les FDs ont été reprogrammés en cellules iPSc en utilisant le cocktail de Yamanaka (plasmides non intégratifs composés d’Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 et l-Myc). Après amplification, tous les contrôles ont été effectués pour conclure que nos iPSc avaient les mêmes propriétés et les mêmes capacités que les cellules souches embryonnaires ainsi qu’un caryotype normal. Enfin, nous avons optimisé le protocole de différenciation avec succès de manière à obtenir à partir des iPSc des rosettes (structures pleines de progéniteurs neuronaux), puis des neurones et finalement des motoneurones pour le contrôle et le patient. Les premières différences entre le contrôle et le patient ont été observées lors de l’obtention de rosettes. Les cellules du patient présentaient de nombreuses gouttelettes lipidiques et la proportion de rosettes obtenue était plus faible. Une fois les motoneurones obtenus, des tests de microscopie confocale et électroniques ont montré des différences du réseau mitochondrial entre le témoin et le patient, ainsi qu’une morphologie des mitochondries se rapprochant de celle observée lors de biopsie de nerf de patient (rondes / accumulées). De manière à réduire la durée de différenciation, une méthode de tri cellulaire a été utilisée la SdFFF. Cette méthode nous a permis de trier différents progéniteurs (neuraux / endothéliaux). La génération de motoneurones à partir de fibroblastes dermiques de patient atteint de CMT axonale via les iPSc était une première étape cruciale pour mieux comprendre le rôle de GDAP1 dans cette pathologie. Ce modèle cellulaire de CMT4A est un premier pas pour réaliser des tests précliniques de médicaments afin d'identifier de futurs candidats pharmacologiques

Tuareg ethnoveterinary treatments of camel diseases in Agadez area (Niger)

peer reviewedFor generations, nomadic herders have been learning to manage herd health, particularly in dromedaries because of their great value. Owing to the unavailability of veterinary services, camel herders in remote areas have been developing their own pharmacopoeia and veterinary techniques. The bleeding of sick animals is a common treatment, as Tuareg herders believe that 'tainted blood' (izni) is the cause of many conditions. Several surgical techniques are also used, such as excision of calcified sublingual cord. The remedies mentioned in this survey are derived from Maerua crassifolia, Boscia senegalensis, Acacia raddiana, Cucumis prophetarum, Calotropis procera, Ricinus communis, Citrullus colocynthis, green tea, millet, tobacco and onions. Artificial elements are also used for treatment of animals: Powders collected from batteries, various haircare or skincare creams, crushed glass, insecticides or motor oil belong to their pharmacopoeia. This broadmindedness allows the introduction of modern veterinary medicine. Factors such as the lack of real production objectives constitute limits to this progress, however

Focus on 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the Peripheral Nervous System

In this review, we draw attention to the roles of calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) in the trophicity of the peripheral nervous system. Calcitriol has long been known to be crucial in phosphocalcium homeostasis. However, recent discoveries concerning its involvement in the immune system, anti-cancer defenses, and central nervous system development suggest a more pleiotropic role than previously thought. Several studies have highlighted the impact of calcitriol deficiency as a promoting factor of various central neurological diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease. Based on these findings and recent publications, a greater role for calcitriol may be envisioned in the peripheral nervous system. Indeed, calcitriol is involved in myelination, axonal homogeneity of peripheral nerves, and neuronal-cell differentiation. This may have useful clinical consequences, as calcitriol supplementation may be a simple means to avoid the onset and/or development of peripheral nervous-system disorders

Large expert-curated database for benchmarking document similarity detection in biomedical literature search

Document recommendation systems for locating relevant literature have mostly relied on methods developed a decade ago. This is largely due to the lack of a large offline gold-standard benchmark of relevant documents that cover a variety of research fields such that newly developed literature search techniques can be compared, improved and translated into practice. To overcome this bottleneck, we have established the RElevant LIterature SearcH consortium consisting of more than 1500 scientists from 84 countries, who have collectively annotated the relevance of over 180 000 PubMed-listed articles with regard to their respective seed (input) article/s. The majority of annotations were contributed by highly experienced, original authors of the seed articles. The collected data cover 76% of all unique PubMed Medical Subject Headings descriptors. No systematic biases were observed across different experience levels, research fields or time spent on annotations. More importantly, annotations of the same document pairs contributed by different scientists were highly concordant. We further show that the three representative baseline methods used to generate recommended articles for evaluation (Okapi Best Matching 25, Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency and PubMed Related Articles) had similar overall performances. Additionally, we found that these methods each tend to produce distinct collections of recommended articles, suggesting that a hybrid method may be required to completely capture all relevant articles. The established database server located at https://relishdb.ict.griffith.edu.au is freely available for the downloading of annotation data and the blind testing of new methods. We expect that this benchmark will be useful for stimulating the development of new powerful techniques for title and title/abstract-based search engines for relevant articles in biomedical research.Peer reviewe