Metodología para priorizar la inversión en irrigación en zonas rurales deprimidas

La construcción de infraestructura para la pequeña irrigación demanda grandes inversiones de capital que aumentan por desconocimiento de los aspectos sociales, culturales y técnicos de las regiones susceptibles de inversión. La carencia de información hidroclimatológica confiable, sumada a la debilidad organizacional que presentan comunidades deprimidas, dificulta su participación en las labores de planificación y limitan el éxito de muchos proyectos de riego. Para seleccionar predios con las características más favorables de inversión en la infraestructura de riego en la zona norte del departamento del Cauca (Colombia), y determinar aquellos que ofrecían las características sociales y económicas con mayor potencial de éxito, se aplicaron criterios de tipo cualitativo y se construyeron indicadores de tipo cuantitativo para priorizar los recursos financieros disponibles y facilitar la toma de decisiones. El objetivo consistió en maximizar la inversión garantizando su recuperación y beneficiando al mayor número de usuarios. Los predios evaluados fueron 400, de los cuales se seleccionaron 84. El proyecto tuvo duración de 42 meses, periodo durante el cual se realizó el diseño y construcción de la infraestructura básica de riego a los predios escogidos. Se construyeron captaciones directas sobre fuentes de agua superficial y pozos para aprovechar agua subterránea. Los costos de la inversión fueron menores a los estimados por la FAO para este tipo de obras.The infrastructure for small irrigation systems demands costly investment which may become increased as many social and technical aspects related to the concerns of regions susceptible to investment remain unknown. The lack of both information and a social network supporting planning and design tasks constitute factors affecting many irrigation projects, consigning them to failure. Some indicators were prepared for constructing an irrigation system in the north of the Cauca department in Colombia which, in turn, led to determining investment priorities and facilitated decisionmaking. The indicators guaranteed that the construction would benefit the greatest number of users, assuring wider irrigation coverage. The project lasted forty-two months; the basic irrigation system was designed and constructed during this time, alternating direct reception via surface water sources and digging wells to use groundwater. Investment costs were lower than estimated FAO reference ones

Grey water impact on soil physical properties

Debido a la creciente demanda de alimentos producida por el aumento de la población, el agua, como elemento indispensable en el ciclo del crecimiento de las plantas se convierte cada día en un aspecto fundamental de producción. La demanda por el uso de este recurso hace necesario la búsqueda de alternativas que deben ser evaluadas para evitar posibles impactos negativos. En este trabajo se evaluaron las modificaciones en algunas propiedades físicas del suelo regadas con aguas grises sintéticas. Se usó un diseño experimental de un factor: agua gris doméstica y dos tratamientos agua sin tratar (T1) y agua tratada (T2). Las variables de respuesta que se examinaron en el suelo fueron: conductividad eléctrica (CE), porcentaje de sodio intercambiable (PSI), diámetro ponderado medio (DPM) y retención de humedad del suelo (RHS). El agua se utilizó en riego localizado de alta frecuencia, monitoreado por tensiómetros para la producción de un cultivo de fríjol (Phaseolous vulgaris L). Como sistema de filtración se empleó una unidad compuesta por un filtro de arena (FLA) y un humedal artificial de flujo sub-superficial (HFSS). Los tratamientos presentaron diferencias significativas en el PSI y el RHS. El sistema FLA+HFSS es una alternativa para el tratamiento de agua grises debido a la mayor retención de sodio.Due to the increasing demand for food produced by the increase in population, water as an indispensable element in the growth cycle of plants every day becomes a fundamental aspect of production. The demand for the use of this resource is necessary to search for alternatives that should be evaluated to avoid potential negative impacts. In this paper, the changes in some physical properties of soil irrigated with synthetic gray water were evaluated. The experimental design involved: one factor: home water and two treatments; without treated water (T1) and treated water (T2). The variables to consider in the soil were: electrical conductivity (EC), exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), average weighted diameter (MWD) and soil moisture retention (RHS). The water used in drip irrigation high frequency was monitored by tensiometer for producing a bean crop (Phaseolous vulgaris L). As filtration system used was employed a unit composed of a sand filter (FLA) and a subsurface flow wetland artificial (HFSS). The treatments showed significant differences in the PSI and the RHS. The FLA+HFSS system is an alternative to the gray water treatment due to increased sodium retention

Estudios de marcado y recaptura de especies marinas

Los resultados obtenidos del marcado y posterior recaptura de los ejemplares son una herramienta muy valiosa para contribuir a mejorar el conocimiento de la biología y ecología de una especie, examinando ciertos aspectos como son: el crecimiento, los movimientos o migraciones, la mortalidad o supervivencia, la abundancia y distribución de la especie, el hábitat y diferenciación de poblaciones o stocks. Actualmente la técnica de marcado se aplica a muchas especies, tanto terrestres como marinas, pertenecientes a diversos grupos zoológicos: peces, crustáceos, reptiles, moluscos y mamíferos. Este libro repasa algunos ejemplos de marcado de especies marinas de interés comercial. No todas las especies pueden ser marcadas, porque es necesario cumplir una serie de requisitos para poder llevar a cabo con éxito un experimento de marcado. En uno de los apartados de esta guía, se describen los distintos aspectos a tener en cuenta para obtener buenos resultados. Se describen los principales proyectos de marcado actualmente en ejecución o en marcha llevados a cabo por el Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO). En primer lugar, se describe brevemente la especie, su distribución, crecimiento, reproducción, alimentación, etc. A continuación, se presenta la información del marcado, es decir, campañas realizadas, número de ejemplares marcados y algunos de los resultados obtenidos hasta la fecha a partir de las recapturas disponibles. En algunas especies, los programas de marcado se llevan realizando desde hace más de 20 años, como es el caso del atún rojo, por lo que la información disponible es bastante amplia. En otros casos por el contrario como la merluza, los proyectos son relativamente recientes, no obstante los resultados son bastante interesantes y prometedores.Nowadays many different marine animals are being tagged. This book summarizes recent tagging programs carried out by the Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO). Although the objectives of these various studies mainly depend on the species and each project in particular, the general aim is to better understand the biology and ecology of these animals the structure and dynamics of their populations and their capacity to respond to human activities. This book provides an overview of different aspects of this technique such as a brief history of tagging, the types of tags currently used, including both conventional and electronic tags, where and how to put them on the marine animals, some recommendations regarding how to perform a tagging survey and where to go or what to do if anyone recovers a tagged fish or marine animal. The book then summarizes the main species tagged by the IEO, making a short description of their biology followed by some of the results obtained from tagging studies undertaken until now. Other applications are to know the spatial distribution (spawning or feeding areas), estimate growth parameters, mortality and survival rates, longevity, the size of the population or identifying stocks. Nowadays the advances in electronics have also open new fields such us the possibility of tracking an animal and knowing its habitat preferences and behaviour. Besides some of these tags have the capacity of recording this information during long periods and sending the data from long distances even without the need to recover the animal. Tagging activities constitute a very useful tool to improve the knowledge of many species and contribute to their management and conservation. For that reason this methodology is included in many IEO projects in which other activities like the monitoring of the fishery (landings, fishing effort, fleet characteristics, fishing areas, biological sampling, etc.) are carried out. Some projects are related with coastal pelagic fisheries including anchovy, sardine and mackerel or oceanic pelagic fisheries like tuna and billfish species and pelagic sharks. Others are focused on benthic and demersal species such as hake, black spot seabream, anglerfish, flatfish, etc. Nevertheless not all species can be tagged, as they have to survive being caught and handled before being release. For this reason, tagging techniques may not easily be applied to some species.Versión del edito

The global retinoblastoma outcome study : a prospective, cluster-based analysis of 4064 patients from 149 countries

DATA SHARING : The study data will become available online once all analyses are complete.BACKGROUND : Retinoblastoma is the most common intraocular cancer worldwide. There is some evidence to suggest that major differences exist in treatment outcomes for children with retinoblastoma from different regions, but these differences have not been assessed on a global scale. We aimed to report 3-year outcomes for children with retinoblastoma globally and to investigate factors associated with survival. METHODS : We did a prospective cluster-based analysis of treatment-naive patients with retinoblastoma who were diagnosed between Jan 1, 2017, and Dec 31, 2017, then treated and followed up for 3 years. Patients were recruited from 260 specialised treatment centres worldwide. Data were obtained from participating centres on primary and additional treatments, duration of follow-up, metastasis, eye globe salvage, and survival outcome. We analysed time to death and time to enucleation with Cox regression models. FINDINGS : The cohort included 4064 children from 149 countries. The median age at diagnosis was 23·2 months (IQR 11·0–36·5). Extraocular tumour spread (cT4 of the cTNMH classification) at diagnosis was reported in five (0·8%) of 636 children from high-income countries, 55 (5·4%) of 1027 children from upper-middle-income countries, 342 (19·7%) of 1738 children from lower-middle-income countries, and 196 (42·9%) of 457 children from low-income countries. Enucleation surgery was available for all children and intravenous chemotherapy was available for 4014 (98·8%) of 4064 children. The 3-year survival rate was 99·5% (95% CI 98·8–100·0) for children from high-income countries, 91·2% (89·5–93·0) for children from upper-middle-income countries, 80·3% (78·3–82·3) for children from lower-middle-income countries, and 57·3% (52·1-63·0) for children from low-income countries. On analysis, independent factors for worse survival were residence in low-income countries compared to high-income countries (hazard ratio 16·67; 95% CI 4·76–50·00), cT4 advanced tumour compared to cT1 (8·98; 4·44–18·18), and older age at diagnosis in children up to 3 years (1·38 per year; 1·23–1·56). For children aged 3–7 years, the mortality risk decreased slightly (p=0·0104 for the change in slope). INTERPRETATION : This study, estimated to include approximately half of all new retinoblastoma cases worldwide in 2017, shows profound inequity in survival of children depending on the national income level of their country of residence. In high-income countries, death from retinoblastoma is rare, whereas in low-income countries estimated 3-year survival is just over 50%. Although essential treatments are available in nearly all countries, early diagnosis and treatment in low-income countries are key to improving survival outcomes.The Queen Elizabeth Diamond Jubilee Trust and the Wellcome Trust.https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/homeam2023Paediatrics and Child Healt

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022 : a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

A list of authors and their affiliations appears online. A supplementary appendix is herewith attached.Background: Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods: We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI 2 SD above the median). Findings: From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation: The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesity.peer-reviewe

Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions

Metodología para priorizar la inversión en irrigación en zonas rurales deprimidas

The infrastructure for small irrigation systems demands costly investment which may become increased as many social and technical aspects related to the concerns of regions susceptible to investment remain unknown. The lack of both information and a social network supporting planning and design tasks constitute factors affecting many irrigation projects, consigning them to failure. Some indicators were prepared for constructing an irrigation system in the north of the Cauca department in Colombia which, in turn, led to determining investment priorities and facilitated decisionmaking. The indicators guaranteed that the construction would benefit the greatest number of users, assuring wider irrigation coverage. The project lasted forty-two months; the basic irrigation system was designed and constructed during this time, alternating direct reception via surface water sources and digging wells to use groundwater. Investment costs were lower than estimated FAO reference ones.La construcción de infraestructura para la pequeña irrigación demanda grandes inversiones de capital que aumentan por desconocimiento de los aspectos sociales, culturales y técnicos de las regiones susceptibles de inversión. La carencia de información hidroclimatológica confiable, sumada a la debilidad organizacional que presentan comunidades deprimidas, dificulta su participación en las labores de planificación y limitan el éxito de muchos proyectos de riego. Para seleccionar predios con las características más favorables de inversión en la infraestructura de riego en la zona norte del departamento del Cauca (Colombia), y determinar aquellos que ofrecían las características sociales y económicas con mayor potencial de éxito, se aplicaron criterios de tipo cualitativo y se construyeron indicadores de tipo cuantitativo para priorizar los recursos financieros disponibles y facilitar la toma de decisiones. El objetivo consistió en maximizar la inversión garantizando su recuperación y beneficiando al mayor número de usuarios. Los predios evaluados fueron 400, de los cuales se seleccionaron 84. El proyecto tuvo duración de 42 meses, periodo durante el cual se realizó el diseño y construcción de la infraestructura básica de riego a los predios escogidos. Se construyeron captaciones directas sobre fuentes de agua superficial y pozos para aprovechar agua subterránea. Los costos de la inversión fueron menores a los estimados por la FAO para este tipo de obras

Metodología para priorizar la inversión en irrigación en zonas rurales deprimidas

La construcción de infraestructura para la pequeña irrigación demanda grandes inversiones de capital que aumentan por desconocimiento de los aspectos sociales, culturales y técnicos de las regiones susceptibles de inversión. La carencia de información hidroclimatológica confiable, sumada a la debilidad organizacional que presentan comunidades deprimidas, dificulta su participación en las labores de planificación y limitan el éxito de muchos proyectos de riego. Para seleccionar predios con las características más favorables de inversión en la infraestructura de riego en la zona norte del departamento del Cauca (Colombia), y determinar aquellos que ofrecían las características sociales y económicas con mayor potencial de éxito, se aplicaron criterios de tipo cualitativo y se construyeron indicadores de tipo cuantitativo para priorizar los recursos financieros disponibles y facilitar la toma de decisiones. El objetivo consistió en maximizar la inversión garantizando su recuperación y beneficiando al mayor número de usuarios. Los predios evaluados fueron 400, de los cuales se seleccionaron 84. El proyecto tuvo duración de 42 meses, periodo durante el cual se realizó el diseño y construcción de la infraestructura básica de riego a los predios escogidos. Se construyeron captaciones directas sobre fuentes de agua superficial y pozos para aprovechar agua subterránea. Los costos de la inversión fueron menores a los estimados por la FAO para este tipo de obras

Impacto de aguas grises en propiedades físicas del suelo

Due to the increasing demand for food produced by the increase in population, water as an indispensable element in the growth cycle of plants every day becomes a fundamental aspect of production. The demand for the use of this resource is necessary to search for alternatives that should be evaluated to avoid potential negative impacts. In this paper, the changes in some physical properties of soil irrigated with synthetic gray water were evaluated. The experimental design involved: one factor: home water and two treatments; without treated water (T1) and treated water (T2). The variables to consider in the soil were: electrical conductivity (EC), exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), average weighted diameter (MWD) and soil moisture retention (RHS). The water used in drip irrigation high frequency was monitored by tensiometer for producing a bean crop (Phaseolous vulgaris L). As filtration system used was employed a unit composed of a sand filter (FLA) and a subsurface flow wetland artificial (HFSS). The treatments showed significant differences in the PSI and the RHS. The FLA+HFSS system is an alternative to the gray water treatment due to increased sodium retention.Debido a la creciente demanda de alimentos producida por el aumento de la población, el agua, como elemento indispensable en el ciclo del crecimiento de las plantas se convierte cada día en un aspecto fundamental de producción. La demanda por el uso de este recurso hace necesario la búsqueda de alternativas que deben ser evaluadas para evitar posibles impactos negativos. En este trabajo se evaluaron las modificaciones en algunas propiedades físicas del suelo regadas con aguas grises sintéticas. Se usó un diseño experimental de un factor: agua gris doméstica y dos tratamientos agua sin tratar (T1) y agua tratada (T2). Las variables de respuesta que se examinaron en el suelo fueron: conductividad eléctrica (CE), porcentaje de sodio intercambiable (PSI), diámetro ponderado medio (DPM) y retención de humedad del suelo (RHS). El agua se utilizó en riego localizado de alta frecuencia, monitoreado por tensiómetros para la producción de un cultivo de fríjol (Phaseolous vulgaris L). Como sistema de filtración se empleó una unidad compuesta por un filtro de arena (FLA) y un humedal artificial de flujo sub-superficial (HFSS). Los tratamientos presentaron diferencias significativas en el PSI y el RHS. El sistema FLA+HFSS es una alternativa para el tratamiento de agua grises debido a la mayor retención de sodio