Machine Learning una oportunidad para comprender nuestro entorno

El siguiente texto de reflexión analiza el impacto de las tecnologías en los procesos educativos. En una realidad como la nuestra en la que la inteligencia artificial es capaz de procesar millones de datos masivos hace necesaria la implementación del machine learning en la educación básica. El uso de estas herramientas permitirá optimizar nuestro rol de protectores del entorno natural.Postprint (published version

Ventas netas, costo de ventas determinan utilidad neta de la empresa Shougang Perú en los años 1999-2020

El objetivo es determinar que, los niveles de utilidad neta en la empresa Shougang Perú se explica por las ventas netas costo de ventas en el periodo 1999-2020. El método que se empleará es el deductivo. Es un trabajo de investigación no experimental. Es una investigación básica. Es una tesis relacional. La muestra son expedientes financieros de 22 periodos. El R cuadrado que se consigna es 99.30%, que es altísimo y que las variables elegidas si explican a la variable dependiente utilidad neta. El probabilístico de ambos coeficientes es de 0.000, el cual señala que los coeficientes encontrados son significativos. Se concluye que el R cuadrado es 99.30%, el “F” probabilístico estadístico es 0.000, qué significa qué modelo es muy bueno, que el Durwin Watson es 2.01, significa que no hay autocorrelación. La correlación entre utilidad neta y ventas netas es significativa nos genera es 96.8%. Que hay relación entre utilidad neta y patrimonio y es directa 94.8%. Que hay relación inversa costo de ventas menor utilidad. Y es de 82.3% Qué es bastante alto, muy significativo y con una significancia unilateral de 0.0000. Se ha demostrado que los niveles de utilidad neta en la empresa Shougang Perú se explica por las ventas netas y costo de ventas en el periodo 1999-2020

Análisis de la deformación axial en columnas de prototipo de vivienda rural construido con bambú en Bagua Chica, Perú

The UN Sustainable Development Goal 11 promotes the construction of resilient infrastructures. In this sense, the Amazon region is a producer of bamboo, which presents an opportunity to develop the use of this plant and achieve this goal, which is why this research has explored the mechanical properties of bamboo, for this purpose a prototype of a full-scale rural house has been designed and built to evaluate the axial behavior of the columns of this building against an additional permanent load of 0.40 kN/m. It has also been monitored with a mixed system: for temperature and humidity it has been used low cost calibrated sensors mounted on an open source electronic prototyping system that, through an embedded Wifi connection allowed sending the measurements to a database in the cloud; on the other hand, for displacement control it has been used calibrated mechanical comparators, their measurements were performed through a wireless video system. The results indicate that a maximum deformation of Ɛ= 8x10-5 has been reached and that the columns are still at 1.6% of the elastic limit which indicates a good performance and a high safety factor.El objetivo 11 del desarrollo sostenible ONU promueve la construcción de infraestructuras resilientes. En ese sentido, la región Amazonas es productoras de bambú, presenta una oportunidad para desarrollar el uso de esta planta y lograr dicho objetivo, es por ello que la presente investigación ha explorado las propiedades mecánicas del bambú, para ello se ha diseñado y construido un prototipo de vivienda rural a escala real para evaluar el comportamiento axial de las columnas, de esta edificación frente a una carga adicional permanente de 0.40 kN/m. También se ha monitorizado con un sistema mixto: para la temperatura y humedad se ha utilizado sensores de bajo costo calibrados montados sobre un sistema de prototipado electrónico de código abierto que, mediante una conexión Wifi incorporado permitió enviar las mediciones a una base de datos en la nube; por otra parte, para el control de los desplazamientos se ha utilizado comparadores mecánicos calibrados, sus mediciones se realizaron mediante un sistema de video inalámbrica. Los resultados indican que se ha alcanzado una deformación máxima de Ɛ= 8x10-5 y que las columnas aún se encuentran en el 1.6% del límite elástico lo que indica un buen desempeño y un alto factor de seguridad

Análise da deformação axial em colunas de protótipo de habitação rural construído com bambu em Bagua Chica, Peru

The UN Sustainable Development Goal 11 promotes the construction of resilient infrastructures. In this sense, the Amazon region is a producer of bamboo, which presents an opportunity to develop the use of this plant and achieve this goal, which is why this research has explored the mechanical properties of bamboo, for this purpose a prototype of a full-scale rural house has been designed and built to evaluate the axial behavior of the columns of this building against an additional permanent load of 0.40 kN/m. It has also been monitored with a mixed system: for temperature and humidity it has been used low cost calibrated sensors mounted on an open source electronic prototyping system that, through an embedded Wifi connection allowed sending the measurements to a database in the cloud; on the other hand, for displacement control it has been used calibrated mechanical comparators, their measurements were performed through a wireless video system. The results indicate that a maximum strain of e= 8x10-5 has been reached and that the columns are still at 1.6% of the elastic limit which indicates a good performance and a high safety factor.Peer ReviewedObjectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::11 - Ciutats i Comunitats SosteniblesPostprint (published version

Recent studies in microbial degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in hypersaline environments

Many hypersaline environments are often contaminated with petroleum compounds. Among these, oil and natural gas production sites all over the world and hundreds of kilometers of coastlines in the more arid regions of Gulf countries are of major concern due to the extent and magnitude of contamination. Because conventional microbiological processes do not function well at elevated salinities, bioremediation of hypersaline environments can only be accomplished using high salt-tolerant microorganisms capable of degrading petroleum compounds. In the last two decades, there have been many reports on the biodegradation of hydrocarbons in moderate to high salinity environments. Numerous microorganisms belonging to the domain Bacteria and Archaea have been isolated and their phylogeny and metabolic capacity to degrade a variety of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons in varying salinities have been demonstrated. This article focuses on our growing understanding of bacteria and archaea responsible for the degradation of hydrocarbons under aerobic conditions in moderate to high salinity conditions. Even though organisms belonging to various genera have been shown to degrade hydrocarbons, members of the genera Halomonas Alcanivorax, Marinobacter, Haloferax, Haloarcula, and Halobacterium dominate the published literature. Despite rapid advances in understanding microbial taxa that degrade hydrocarbons under aerobic conditions, not much is known about organisms that carry out similar processes in anaerobic conditions. Also, information on molecular mechanisms and pathways of hydrocarbon degradation in high salinity is scarce and only recently there have been a few reports describing genes, enzymes and breakdown steps for some hydrocarbons. These limited studies have clearly revealed that degradation of oxygenated and non-oxygenated hydrocarbons by halophilic and halotolerant microorganisms occur by pathways similar to those found in non-halophiles.Peer reviewedMicrobiology and Molecular Genetic

Arhodomonas sp. strain Seminole and its genetic potential to degrade aromatic compounds under high-salinity conditions

Arhodomonas sp. strain Seminole was isolated from a crude oil-impacted brine soil and shown to degrade benzene, toluene, phenol, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HBA), protocatechuic acid (PCA), and phenylacetic acid (PAA) as the sole sources of carbon at high salinity. Seminole is a member of the genus Arhodomonas in the class Gammaproteobacteria, sharing 96% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with Arhodomonas aquaeolei HA-1. Analysis of the genome predicted a number of catabolic genes for the metabolism of benzene, toluene, 4-HBA, and PAA. The predicted pathways were corroborated by identification of enzymes present in the cytosolic proteomes of cells grown on aromatic compounds using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Genome analysis predicted a cluster of 19 genes necessary for the breakdown of benzene or toluene to acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) and pyruvate. Of these, 12 enzymes were identified in the proteome of toluene-grown cells compared to lactate-grown cells. Genomic analysis predicted 11 genes required for 4-HBA degradation to form the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates. Of these, proteomic analysis of 4-HBA-grown cells identified 6 key enzymes involved in the 4-HBA degradation pathway. Similarly, 15 genes needed for the degradation of PAA to the TCA cycle intermediates were predicted. Of these, 9 enzymes of the PAA degradation pathway were identified only in PAA-grown cells and not in lactate-grown cells. Overall, we were able to reconstruct catabolic steps for the breakdown of a variety of aromatic compounds in an extreme halophile, strain Seminole. Such knowledge is important for understanding the role of Arhodomonas spp. in the natural attenuation of hydrocarbon-impacted hypersaline environments.Peer reviewedMicrobiology and Molecular GeneticsBiochemistry and Molecular Biolog

The potential science and engineering value of samples delivered to Earth by Mars sample return

© The Meteoritical Society, 2019. Executive Summary: Return of samples from the surface of Mars has been a goal of the international Mars science community for many years. Affirmation by NASA and ESA of the importance of Mars exploration led the agencies to establish the international MSR Objectives and Samples Team (iMOST). The purpose of the team is to re-evaluate and update the sample-related science and engineering objectives of a Mars Sample Return (MSR) campaign. The iMOST team has also undertaken to define the measurements and the types of samples that can best address the objectives. Seven objectives have been defined for MSR, traceable through two decades of previously published international priorities. The first two objectives are further divided into sub-objectives. Within the main part of the report, the importance to science and/or engineering of each objective is described, critical measurements that would address the objectives are specified, and the kinds of samples that would be most likely to carry key information are identified. These seven objectives provide a framework for demonstrating how the first set of returned Martian samples would impact future Martian science and exploration. They also have implications for how analogous investigations might be conducted for samples returned by future missions from other solar system bodies, especially those that may harbor biologically relevant or sensitive material, such as Ocean Worlds (Europa, Enceladus, Titan) and others. Summary of Objectives and Sub-Objectives for MSR Identified by iMOST: Objective 1 Interpret the primary geologic processes and history that formed the Martian geologic record, with an emphasis on the role of water. Intent To investigate the geologic environment(s) represented at the Mars 2020 landing site, provide definitive geologic context for collected samples, and detail any characteristics that might relate to past biologic processesThis objective is divided into five sub-objectives that would apply at different landing sites. 1.1 Characterize the essential stratigraphic, sedimentologic, and facies variations of a sequence of Martian sedimentary rocks. Intent To understand the preserved Martian sedimentary record. Samples A suite of sedimentary rocks that span the range of variation. Importance Basic inputs into the history of water, climate change, and the possibility of life 1.2 Understand an ancient Martian hydrothermal system through study of its mineralization products and morphological expression. Intent To evaluate at least one potentially life-bearing “habitable” environment Samples A suite of rocks formed and/or altered by hydrothermal fluids. Importance Identification of a potentially habitable geochemical environment with high preservation potential. 1.3 Understand the rocks and minerals representative of a deep subsurface groundwater environment. Intent To evaluate definitively the role of water in the subsurface. Samples Suites of rocks/veins representing water/rock interaction in the subsurface. Importance May constitute the longest-lived habitable environments and a key to the hydrologic cycle. 1.4 Understand water/rock/atmosphere interactions at the Martian surface and how they have changed with time. Intent To constrain time-variable factors necessary to preserve records of microbial life. Samples Regolith, paleosols, and evaporites. Importance Subaerial near-surface processes could support and preserve microbial life. 1.5 Determine the petrogenesis of Martian igneous rocks in time and space. Intent To provide definitive characterization of igneous rocks on Mars. Samples Diverse suites of ancient igneous rocks. Importance Thermochemical record of the planet and nature of the interior. Objective 2 Assess and interpret the potential biological history of Mars, including assaying returned samples for the evidence of life. Intent To investigate the nature and extent of Martian habitability, the conditions and processes that supported or challenged life, how different environments might have influenced the preservation of biosignatures and created nonbiological “mimics,” and to look for biosignatures of past or present life.This objective has three sub-objectives: 2.1 Assess and characterize carbon, including possible organic and pre-biotic chemistry. Samples All samples collected as part of Objective 1. Importance Any biologic molecular scaffolding on Mars would likely be carbon-based. 2.2 Assay for the presence of biosignatures of past life at sites that hosted habitable environments and could have preserved any biosignatures. Samples All samples collected as part of Objective 1. Importance Provides the means of discovering ancient life. 2.3 Assess the possibility that any life forms detected are alive, or were recently alive. Samples All samples collected as part of Objective 1. Importance Planetary protection, and arguably the most important scientific discovery possible. Objective 3 Quantitatively determine the evolutionary timeline of Mars. Intent To provide a radioisotope-based time scale for major events, including magmatic, tectonic, fluvial, and impact events, and the formation of major sedimentary deposits and geomorphological features. Samples Ancient igneous rocks that bound critical stratigraphic intervals or correlate with crater-dated surfaces. Importance Quantification of Martian geologic history. Objective 4 Constrain the inventory of Martian volatiles as a function of geologic time and determine the ways in which these volatiles have interacted with Mars as a geologic system. Intent To recognize and quantify the major roles that volatiles (in the atmosphere and in the hydrosphere) play in Martian geologic and possibly biologic evolution. Samples Current atmospheric gas, ancient atmospheric gas trapped in older rocks, and minerals that equilibrated with the ancient atmosphere. Importance Key to understanding climate and environmental evolution. Objective 5 Reconstruct the processes that have affected the origin and modification of the interior, including the crust, mantle, core and the evolution of the Martian dynamo. Intent To quantify processes that have shaped the planet's crust and underlying structure, including planetary differentiation, core segregation and state of the magnetic dynamo, and cratering. Samples Igneous, potentially magnetized rocks (both igneous and sedimentary) and impact-generated samples. Importance Elucidate fundamental processes for comparative planetology. Objective 6 Understand and quantify the potential Martian environmental hazards to future human exploration and the terrestrial biosphere. Intent To define and mitigate an array of health risks related to the Martian environment associated with the potential future human exploration of Mars. Samples Fine-grained dust and regolith samples. Importance Key input to planetary protection planning and astronaut health. Objective 7 Evaluate the type and distribution of in-situ resources to support potential future Mars exploration. Intent To quantify the potential for obtaining Martian resources, including use of Martian materials as a source of water for human consumption, fuel production, building fabrication, and agriculture. Samples Regolith. Importance Production of simulants that will facilitate long-term human presence on Mars. Summary of iMOST Findings: Several specific findings were identified during the iMOST study. While they are not explicit recommendations, we suggest that they should serve as guidelines for future decision making regarding planning of potential future MSR missions. The samples to be collected by the Mars 2020 (M-2020) rover will be of sufficient size and quality to address and solve a wide variety of scientific questions. Samples, by definition, are a statistical representation of a larger entity. Our ability to interpret the source geologic units and processes by studying sample sub sets is highly dependent on the quality of the sample context. In the case of the M-2020 samples, the context is expected to be excellent, and at multiple scales. (A) Regional and planetary context will be established by the on-going work of the multi-agency fleet of Mars orbiters. (B) Local context will be established at field area- to outcrop- to hand sample- to hand lens scale using the instruments carried by M-2020. A significant fraction of the value of the MSR sample collection would come from its organization into sample suites, which are small groupings of samples designed to represent key aspects of geologic or geochemical variation. If the Mars 2020 rover acquires a scientifically well-chosen set of samples, with sufficient geological diversity, and if those samples were returned to Earth, then major progress can be expected on all seven of the objectives proposed in this study, regardless of the final choice of landing site. The specifics of which parts of Objective 1 could be achieved would be different at each of the final three candidate landing sites, but some combination of critically important progress could be made at any of them. An aspect of the search for evidence of life is that we do not know in advance how evidence for Martian life would be preserved in the geologic record. In order for the returned samples to be most useful for both understanding geologic processes (Objective 1) and the search for life (Objective 2), the sample collection should contain BOTH typical and unusual samples from the rock units explored. This consideration should be incorporated into sample selection and the design of the suites. The retrieval missions of a MSR campaign should (1) minimize stray magnetic fields to which the samples would be exposed and carry a magnetic witness plate to record exposure, (2) collect and return atmospheric gas sample(s), and (3) collect additional dust and/or regolith sample mass if possible

Análisis estructural avanzado del Templo de Huaytará-Huancavelica, Perú

Edificado por AstoHuarakac por orden del Inca Pachacutec como una estructura que permita expandir la influencia del naciente imperio Inca sobre poblaciones rebeldes, la construcción de la estructura de este estudio termino en el año 1497. Con el paso de los años y la casi nula conservación, los daños que afectan la estructurase han hecho más evidentes. Estas patologías se concentran en el los muros de adobe de la nave manifestándose mediante grietas. De la misma forma en el muro Inca se presentan asentamientos y perdida de sección por erosión e incendios anteriores y daños por goteras en las fachadas. El presente trabajo se centra en el análisis estructural no lineal de la iglesia San Juan Bautista de Huaytara para evaluar su comportamiento bajo acciones sísmicas. En la primera parte se presenta el estado de arte seguido por una investigación histórica sobre las fases de construcción de la iglesia. La tercera parte abarca la obtención de un modelo geométrico 3D aplicando técnicas fotogramétricas. A continuación, se presenta una detallada descripción de los componentes estructurales y materiales durante los trabajos de campo in-situ. La quinta sección trata sobre la caracterización mecánica de los materiales de la estructura mediante ensayos de laboratorio en Lima y Barcelona. Para la evaluación de comportamiento estructural se ha elaborado un modelo numérico 3D de elementos finitos que se ha analizado frente a cargas gravitatorias y de sismo. Para ello se ha aplicado el método estático no lineal (Pushover) permitiendo evaluar los efectos del sismo en la iglesia, así como la identificación de las causas de daño estructural actual existentes y de los elementos más vulnerables.The church was built by AstoHuaraca by order of the Inca Pachacutec as a structure that allowed expanding the influence of the nascent Inca empire on rebel populations, the construction of the structure finished in 1497. The structure was built by AstoHuaraca by order of the Inca Pachacutec as a structure that allowed expanding the influence of the nascent Inca empire on rebel populations, the construction of the structure finished in 1497. Over the years and almost no conservation, the damages that affect the structure have become more evident. These pathologies are concentrated in the adobe walls of the nave, manifesting through cracks. In the same way in the Inca wall settlements are presented and section loss due to erosion and previous fires and damage from leaks in the facades. This work focuses on the non-linear structural analysis of the San Juan Bautista church in Huaytara to evaluate its behavior under seismic actions. In the first part, the state of the art is presented, followed by a historical investigation into the construction phases of the church. The third part covers obtaining a 3D geometric model applying photogrammetric techniques. The following is a detailed description of the structural and material components during on-site field work. The fifth section deals with the mechanical characterization of the materials of the structure through laboratory tests in Lima and Barcelona. For the evaluation of structural behavior, a 3D finite element numerical model has been developed. The 3D model has been analyzed against gravitational and earthquake loads. For this, the non-linear static method (Pushover) has been applied, allowing the evaluation of the effects of the earthquake in the church, as well as the identification of the causes of existing structural damage and the most vulnerable elements