Political Harvests: Transnational Farmers\u27 Movements in North Dakota and Saskatchewan, 1905-1950

This research uses as a case study farmers\u27 movements in North Dakota and Saskatchewan, two identical locales in terms of wheat monoculture, demographics, and agrarian ideology, and traces the differing Social, economic, and political outcomes between 1905 and 1950. The research, however, moves beyond this and also investigates the transnational integration, connections, and engagements among agrarian groups across the broader North American northern plains and across the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, to Europe, the Soviet Union, and Australia. Methodologically, this study applies Social movement theory, pioneered by sociologists Doug McAdam, Sidney Tarrow, and Charles Tilley, which seeks to replace a static view of Social movements with a more dynamic one and allows for baseline comparison and elucidation of cross-border interactions. This investigation utilizes personal and organizational papers, along with movement newspapers and other movement publications from archives in the United States and Canada. For the first time, this research delves deeply into the shared histories of the U.S.-Canadian northern plains--and movements\u27 relationships with similar agrarian histories around the globe--and takes the story from the late nineteenth century through the tumult of the Great Depression, when the divergent paths of farmers\u27 movements began, and into the early Cold War period, when two distinct political outcomes became apparent

The Effects Of Cationic Charges In Metal-Ligand Cooperativity

The utility of metal ligand cooperativity has demonstrated great promise in the ability to activate strong bonds under mild conditions. The work described below endeavors to contribute to this field through two thrusts: 1. Exploiting a chelating phosphinimine ligand designed to take advantage of the electron density at the phosphinimine nitrogens, caused by zwitterionic character of the phosphinimine, to aid in catalytic applications. 2. The development of ligands that can pre-form heterobimetallic clusters for combined action toward strong-bond activation chemistry. To this end, two ligand designs were studied. The first is a set of novel tren-based tris(phosphinimine) ligands (P3tren; tren = tri(2 aminoethyl)amine). The P3tren ligands were designed to maintain the primary coordination sphere observed in other tetradentate ligands such as tren and tmpa, while providing a convenient means for varying the donor strength of the terminal nitrogens. Poor π-overlap between nitrogen and phosphorous results in significant ylidic character, thereby enhancing the basicity of the nitrogen donor atom while maintaining an overall neutral charge. The second was through a collaboration with the Walsh group, where Chen Wu experimentally found that DavePhos(Pd) can activate aryl fluorides in similar yields and rates as aryl chlorides for the coupling with phenyl Grignard. DFT calculations were performed to probe the possible reaction mechanism, suggesting the key factor was the coordination of a magnesium cation by the biphenyl system of DavePhos. The magnesium ion was proposed to aid aryl halide activation through a heterobimetallic pathway

Source-Material on New Technology for Engineering Education

Monographs are being prepared from research reports for use as supplementary source material in engineering classrooms. Each Monograph contains and develops one central idea and Is planned for use in one to three class periods of a course. The three prominent engineering science subject areas of thermodynamics, heat transfer, and control systems were selected in which to establish a pilot program for creation and testing of these documents. The main objective is to speed the results of new technology resulting from research into the classroom. This NASA Pilot Program is an experiment of the College of Engineering at Oklahoma State University supported by a contract with NASA Office of Technology Utilization. The results of 18 months in the pilot program to create, disseminate, and evaluate the effectiveness of the Monographs as source material in engineering education are very encouraging. Several different modes for generating the Monographs by senior professors, junior professors, and graduate assistants have been found that are satisfactory and some that are not very effective. Sufficient experience has been obtained to provide confidence in extrapolating the program to a broader system of production for the Monographs. A sufficient number of evaluations have been obtained from. classroom use by professors to assure that the product is a useful one. An initial Investigation into industrial interest in these same Monographs has produced a very positive response as well

Incorporation of Nitrogen into Organics Produced by Fischer-Tropsch Type Chemistry

Laboratory simulations have demonstrated that hydrothermal systems have the potential to produce a range of organic compounds through Fischer-Tropsch type (FTT) chemistry. The distribution of products depends on several factors, including the abundance and composition of feed-stock molecules, reaction temperature, and the physical and chemical characteristics of catalytic materials included in the reactions. The majority of studies per-formed to date have focused solely on inclusion of CO2 or CO and H2 as the carbon, oxygen and hydrogen sources, which limits the possible products to hydro-carbons, alcohols and carboxylic acids. A few studies have included nitrogen in the form of ammonia, which led to the production of amino acids and nitrogenous bases; and a separate suite of studies included sulfur as sulfide minerals or H2S, which yielded products such as thiols and amino acids. Although these demonstrations provide compelling evidence that FTT reactions can produce compounds of interest for the origins of life, such reactions have been conducted under a very limited range of conditions and the synthetic reaction mechanisms have generally not been well-characterized. As a consequence, it is difficult to extrapolate these results to geologic systems or to evaluate how variations in reactant compositions would affect the distribution of products over time. We have begun a series of laboratory experiments that will incorporate a range of precursor molecules in varying compositions to determine how these variables affect the relative amounts and speciation of life-essential elements in organic molecules produced under FTT conditions. In the present work, we focus on systems containing C, H, O and N

Variola and Varicella

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From serpentinization to carbonation : new insights from a CO2 injection experiment

Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2013. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Elsevier for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Earth and Planetary Science Letters 379 (2013): 137-145, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2013.08.017.We injected a CO2-rich hydrous fluid of seawater chlorinity into an ongoing, mildly reducing (H2(aq) ≈ 3 mmol/kg) serpentinization experiment at 230°C and 35 MPa to examine the changes in fluid chemistry and mineralogy during mineral carbonation. The chemistry of 11 fluid samples was measured, speciated, and compared with MgO-SiO2-H2O-CO2 (MSHC) phase equilibria to approximate the reaction pathway from serpentinization to carbonation. Although the overall system was in apparent disequilibrium, the speciated activities of dissolved silica (aSiO2(aq)) and carbon dioxide (aCO2(aq)) evolved roughly along MSHC equilibrium phase boundaries, indicative of 4 distinct mineral assemblages over time: 1) serpentine22 brucite (± magnesite) before the injection, to 2) serpentine-talc-magnesite 2 hours after the injection, to 3) quartz-magnesite (48h after injection), and 4) metastable olivine – magnesite (623h after injection) until the experiment was terminated. Inspection of the solid reaction products revealed the presence of serpentine, magnesite, minor talc, and magnetite, in addition to relict olivine. Although quartz was saturated over a short segment of the experiment, it was not found in the solid reaction products. A marked and rapid change in fluid chemistry suggests that serpentinization ceased and precipitation of magnesite initiated immediately after the injection. A sharp decrease in pH after the injection promoted the dissolution of brucite and olivine, which liberated SiO2(aq) and dissolved Mg. Dissolved Mg was efficiently removed from the solution via magnesite precipitation, whereas the formation of talc was relatively sluggish. This process accounts for an increase in aSiO2(aq) to quartz saturation shortly after the injection of the CO2-rich fluid. Molecular dihydrogen (H2(aq)) was generated during serpentinization of olivine by oxidation of ferrous iron before the injection; however, no additional H2(aq) was generated after the injection. Speciation calculations suggest a strong affinity for the formation of methane (CH4(aq)) at the expense of CO2(aq) and H2(aq) after the injection, but increased CH4(aq) formation was not observed. These findings suggest that kinetically fast mineral carbonation dominates over sluggish CH4(aq) formation in mildly reducing serpentinization systems affected by injection of CO2-rich fluids.This work was supported by an Ocean Ridge Initiative Research Award at WHOI (to FK) and NSF Marine Geology and Geophysics award OCE-0927744 (TMM)

Development of informed consent forms for three contact lens fitting modes

Contact lens materials and fitting techniques are evolving rapidly, and with this evolution comes new potentially unforeseen problems. The clinics are in need of contemporary consent forms in order to protect Pacific University and its students from potential lawsuits. The forms would also serve as a useful education tool for each patient prior to the fitting and dispensing of contact lenses. Therefore, our project will serve not only as a legal protective mechanism, but will also serve as an important educational tool for both the patient and intern regarding the potential risks associated with contact lens use