36 research outputs found

    Projet de conservation de la biodiversité dans la moyenne vallée du ZambÚze aprÚs éradication de la mouche tsé-tsé (Zimbabwé). Etude de faisabilité d'un microprojet : le ranch communal de gibier de Gonono (Gonono communal game ranch)

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    Le "ranch communal de gibier de Gonono" s'inscrit dans le cadre des micro-projets proposĂ©s de maniĂšre consensuelle au ComitĂ© exĂ©cutif du "Projet de Conservation de la BiodiversitĂ© dans la Moyenne VallĂ©e du ZambĂšze aprĂšs l'Eradication. de la Mouche TsĂ©-tsĂ©". Dans le but global d'amĂ©liorer durablement les conditions de vie de la population du Ward de Gonono, l'objectif spĂ©cifique de ce micro-projet est de mettre au point un mode local de production alternative de viande Ă  bas prix Ă  partir de la faune sauvage. DĂ©cidĂ© et conçu avec les autoritĂ©s du Ward, le ranch doit ĂȘtre progressivement gĂ©rĂ© par et pour la population du Ward. Il doit d'abord produire sur place une viande de gibier recherchĂ©e par les communautĂ©s locales qui n'y avaient accĂšs jusqu'Ă  prĂ©sent que de maniĂšre illĂ©gale. Cette viande doit ĂȘtre produite Ă  un coĂ»t modĂ©rĂ© accessible Ă  la population. Le ranch doit aussi permettre de conserver un espace Ă©tendu encore faiblement anthropisĂ© en le valorisant par des productions Ă  faible impact Ă©cologique. En phase de croisiĂšre, l'exploitation sur 3.000 hectares du peuplement multispĂ©cifique de gibier devrait permettre la fourniture annuelle de 3 0 tonnes carcasse de viande d'impala et 10. tonnes carcasse de viande d'autres espĂšces, soit une productivitĂ© de 13 kg carcasse de venaison par hectare. Quelques productions annexes sont aussi prĂ©vues. L'objectif Ă©conomique est la couverture du prix de revient de la viande et non pas la recherche d'un profit financier. La crĂ©ation de ce ranch communal de gibier est une entreprise Ă  caractĂšre hautement innovant aux plans institutionnel et technique. Il doit donc ĂȘtre considĂ©rĂ© comme une opĂ©ration pilote Ă  part entiĂšre et, Ă  ce titre, doit pouvoir bĂ©nĂ©ficier d'un encadrement serrĂ© et d'un appui scientifique consĂ©quent, tout au moins les premiĂšres annĂ©es. (RĂ©sumĂ© d'auteur

    Applying the Cry of Pain model as a predictor of deliberate self-harm in an early-stage adult male prison population

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    Purpose: Deliberate self-harming behaviour is more prevalent within the prison environment than in community samples, with those in the first weeks of imprisonment at greatest risk. Research in this area has been largely atheoretical and a unifying model may improve the predictability of assessment and the development of intervention approaches. This study applied William and Pollock’s (2001) Cry of Pain model as the theoretical process of deliberate self-harm in the early stages of imprisonment. Method: A prospective study of new arrivals at an adult male prison. Participants (n =181) completed questionnaires and it was hypothesised that the factors derived from the model (perceived stress, defeat, entrapment and absence of rescue factors) would be predictive of future deliberate self-harm. Prisoners with active psychosis and non-English speakers were excluded. All participants were followed up for four months for instances of self-harm. Eighteen participants engaged in self-harm during this period. Results: The Cry of Pain Model was supported in the analysis. Hierarchical binary logistic regression confirmed that all features of the model were supported as predictive of future self-harm in prison, even after controlling for previous self-harm, depression and hopelessness. Conclusion: The Cry of Pain model is supported as a predictive model for deliberate self-harm in prison. Suggestions are offered as to the impact on assessment and intervention directions in prison

    Improving risk management for violence in mental health services: a multimethods approach

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    As Far as the Eye Can See: Relationship between Psychopathic Traits and Pupil Response to Affective Stimuli

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    Psychopathic individuals show a range of affective processing deficits, typically associated with the interpersonal/affective component of psychopathy. However, previous research has been inconsistent as to whether psychopathy, within both offender and community populations, is associated with deficient autonomic responses to the simple presentation of affective stimuli. Changes in pupil diameter occur in response to emotionally arousing stimuli and can be used as an objective indicator of physiological reactivity to emotion. This study used pupillometry to explore whether psychopathic traits within a community sample were associated with hypo-responsivity to the affective content of stimuli. Pupil activity was recorded for 102 adult (52 female) community participants in response to affective (both negative and positive affect) and affectively neutral stimuli, that included images of scenes, static facial expressions, dynamic facial expressions and sound-clips. Psychopathic traits were measured using the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure. Pupil diameter was larger in response to negative stimuli, but comparable pupil size was demonstrated across pleasant and neutral stimuli. A linear relationship between subjective arousal and pupil diameter was found in response to sound-clips, but was not evident in response to scenes. Contrary to predictions, psychopathy was unrelated to emotional modulation of pupil diameter across all stimuli. The findings were the same when participant gender was considered. This suggests that psychopathy within a community sample is not associated with autonomic hypo-responsivity to affective stimuli, and this effect is discussed in relation to later defensive/appetitive mobilisation deficits

    The abilities of improved schizophrenia patients to work and live independently in the community: a 10-year long-term outcome study from Mumbai, India

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    Background: The outcome of schizophrenia has several determinants. Socioecological factors, particularly living conditions, migration, community and culture, not only affect the level of risk but also the outcome. Mega cities around the world show a unique socioecological condition that has several challenges for mental health. The present study reports on the long-term status of patients with schizophrenia in such a mega city: Mumbai, India. Aim This study aims to reveal the long-term outcome of patients suffering from schizophrenia with special reference to clinical symptoms and social functioning. Methods: The cohort for this study was drawn from a 10-year follow-up of first episode schizophrenia. Patients having completed 10 years of consistent treatment after first hospitalisation were assessed on psychopathological and recovery criteria. Clinical as well as social parameters of recovery were evaluated. Descriptive statistics with 95% confidence intervals are provided. Results: Of 200 patients recruited at the beginning of this study, 122 patients (61%) were present in the city of Mumbai at the end of 10-year follow-up study period. Among 122 available patients, 101 patients (50.5%) were included in the assessment at the end of 10-year follow-up study period, 6 patients (3.0%) were excluded from the study due to changed diagnosis, and 15 patients (7.5%) were excluded due to admission into long-term care facilities. This indicates that 107 out of 122 available patients (87.7%) were living in the community with their families. Out of 101 (50.5%) patients assessed at the end of 10 years, 61 patients (30.5%) showed improved recovery on the Clinical Global Impression Scale, 40 patients (20%) revealed no improvement in the recovery, 43 patients (72.9%) were able to live independently, and 24 patients (40%) were able to find employment. Conclusions: With 10 years of treatment, the recovery rate among schizophrenia patients in Mumbai was 30.5%. Among the patients, 87.7% of patients lived in the community, 72.9% of patients lived independently, and 40% of patients obtained employment. However, 60% of patients were unable to return to work, which highlights the need for continued monitoring and support to prevent the deterioration of health in these patients. It is likely that socioecological factors have played a role in this outcome

    Barriers to participation in mental health research: are there specific gender, ethnicity and age related barriers?

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    <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>It is well established that the incidence, prevalence and presentation of mental disorders differ by gender, ethnicity and age, and there is evidence that there is also differential representation in mental health research by these characteristics. The aim of this paper is to a) review the current literature on the nature of barriers to participation in mental health research, with particular reference to gender, age and ethnicity; b) review the evidence on the effectiveness of strategies used to overcome these barriers.</p> <p>Method</p> <p>Studies published up to December 2008 were identified using MEDLINE, PsycINFO and EMBASE using relevant mesh headings and keywords.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Forty-nine papers were identified. There was evidence of a wide range of barriers including transportation difficulties, distrust and suspicion of researchers, and the stigma attached to mental illness. Strategies to overcome these barriers included the use of bilingual staff, assistance with travel, avoiding the use of stigmatising language in marketing material and a focus on education about the disorder under investigation. There were very few evaluations of such strategies, but there was evidence that ethnically matching recruiters to potential participants did not improve recruitment rates. Educational strategies were helpful and increased recruitment.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Mental health researchers should consider including caregivers in recruitment procedures where possible, provide clear descriptions of study aims and describe the representativeness of their sample when reporting study results. Studies that systematically investigate strategies to overcome barriers to recruitment are needed.</p

    Incidence of Schizophrenia and Other Psychoses in England, 1950–2009: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses

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    Background We conducted a systematic review of incidence rates in England over a sixty-year period to determine the extent to which rates varied along accepted (age, sex) and less-accepted epidemiological gradients (ethnicity, migration and place of birth and upbringing, time). Objectives To determine variation in incidence of several psychotic disorders as above. Data Sources Published and grey literature searches (MEDLINE, PSycINFO, EMBASE, CINAHL, ASSIA, HMIC), and identification of unpublished data through bibliographic searches and author communication. Study Eligibility Criteria Published 1950–2009; conducted wholly or partially in England; original data on incidence of non-organic adult-onset psychosis or one or more factor(s) pertaining to incidence. Participants People, 16–64 years, with first -onset psychosis, including non-affective psychoses, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, psychotic depression and substance-induced psychosis. Study Appraisal and Synthesis Methods Title, abstract and full-text review by two independent raters to identify suitable citations. Data were extracted to a standardized extraction form. Descriptive appraisals of variation in rates, including tables and forest plots, and where suitable, random-effects meta-analyses and meta-regressions to test specific hypotheses; rate heterogeneity was assessed by the I2-statistic. Results 83 citations met inclusion. Pooled incidence of all psychoses (N = 9) was 31.7 per 100,000 person-years (95%CI: 24.6–40.9), 23.2 (95%CI: 18.3–29.5) for non-affective psychoses (N = 8), 15.2 (95%CI: 11.9–19.5) for schizophrenia (N = 15) and 12.4 (95%CI: 9.0–17.1) for affective psychoses (N = 7). This masked rate heterogeneity (I2: 0.54–0.97), possibly explained by socio-environmental factors; our review confirmed (via meta-regression) the typical age-sex interaction in psychosis risk, including secondary peak onset in women after 45 years. Rates of most disorders were elevated in several ethnic minority groups compared with the white (British) population. For example, for schizophrenia: black Caribbean (pooled RR: 5.6; 95%CI: 3.4–9.2; N = 5), black African (pooled RR: 4.7; 95%CI: 3.3–6.8; N = 5) and South Asian groups in England (pooled RR: 2.4; 95%CI: 1.3–4.5; N = 3). We found no evidence to support an overall change in the incidence of psychotic disorder over time, though diagnostic shifts (away from schizophrenia) were reported. Limitations Incidence studies were predominantly cross-sectional, limiting causal inference. Heterogeneity, while evidencing important variation, suggested pooled estimates require interpretation alongside our descriptive systematic results. Conclusions and Implications of Key Findings Incidence of psychotic disorders varied markedly by age, sex, place and migration status/ethnicity. Stable incidence over time, together with a robust socio-environmental epidemiology, provides a platform for developing prediction models for health service planning

    Mission d'appui au refoulement des éléphants en périphérie du parc national de Waza, Cameroun : Mission du 14 mai au 10 juin 1999

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    Une partie des Ă©lĂ©phants du Parc National de Waza migre au dĂ©but de la saison des pluies vers le dĂ©partement du Mayo Kani, dans la Province de l'ExtrĂȘme Nord, au Cameroun. Une fois sur place les Ă©lĂ©phants occasionnent des dĂ©gĂąts aux cultures et mettent en danger les populations locales. Les causes de cette migration sont encore trĂšs incertaines. Une Ă©quipe franco-zimbabwĂ©enne est intervenue au dĂ©but de Ici saison des pluies en pĂ©riphĂ©rie du Parc pour maintenir les Ă©lĂ©phants Ă  l'intĂ©rieur du Parc. Cependant, les pluies n'arrivant pas, la sortie des Ă©lĂ©phants a Ă©tĂ© retardĂ©e (I.), et l'Ă©quipe s'est concentrĂ©e sur la formation du personnel de refoulement et la fourniture d'Ă©quipement (II.). Une aide d'urgence a aussi Ă©tĂ© proposĂ©e pour que le MinistĂšre de l'Environnement et des ForĂȘts puisse faire face aux dĂ©penses de refoulement jusqu'Ă  la fin de la saison. Ces difficultĂ©s liĂ©es Ă  l'imprĂ©visibilitĂ© des Ă©lĂ©phants permettent de reposer le problĂšme de leur gestion Ă  long terme (III.). En effet, l'approche adoptĂ©e jusqu'ici, qui consistait Ă  bloquer les Ă©lĂ©phants en bordure du Parc, suppose de procĂ©der Ă  moyen terme Ă  un abattage d'une part des animaux devenus trop nombreux. L'alternative consiste Ă  accompagner tout ou- une partie du troupeau pendant la migration, et Ă  le controler plus Ă©troitement que par le systĂšme actuel des battues administratives. Le choix politique revient donc Ă  dĂ©cider Ă  quel niveau l'Ă©lĂ©phant peut ĂȘtre tolĂ©rĂ© en zone rurale, en valorisant ses produits, ou bien si il doit etre confinĂ© aux zones protĂ©gĂ©es et abattu lorsqu'il met celles-ci en danger. (RĂ©sumĂ© d'auteur
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