75 research outputs found
Simulating Social Media Using Large Language Models to Evaluate Alternative News Feed Algorithms
Social media is often criticized for amplifying toxic discourse and
discouraging constructive conversations. But designing social media platforms
to promote better conversations is inherently challenging. This paper asks
whether simulating social media through a combination of Large Language Models
(LLM) and Agent-Based Modeling can help researchers study how different news
feed algorithms shape the quality of online conversations. We create realistic
personas using data from the American National Election Study to populate
simulated social media platforms. Next, we prompt the agents to read and share
news articles - and like or comment upon each other's messages - within three
platforms that use different news feed algorithms. In the first platform, users
see the most liked and commented posts from users whom they follow. In the
second, they see posts from all users - even those outside their own network.
The third platform employs a novel "bridging" algorithm that highlights posts
that are liked by people with opposing political views. We find this bridging
algorithm promotes more constructive, non-toxic, conversation across political
divides than the other two models. Though further research is needed to
evaluate these findings, we argue that LLMs hold considerable potential to
improve simulation research on social media and many other complex social
settings
Sur les frontiĂšres de la reconnaissance
Faisant appel aux Ă©tudes rĂ©centes portant sur la reconnaissance et lâidentitĂ© sociale, nous analysons les changements dans la catĂ©gorisation de lâidentitĂ© collective des groupes stigmatisĂ©s en IsraĂ«l, en Irlande du Nord, au QuĂ©bec et au BrĂ©sil. Alors que la littĂ©rature sur la reconnaissance tend Ă prĂ©sumer une opposition nette entre « nous » et « eux », lâanalyse de la littĂ©rature empirique dĂ©montre la complexification et la multiplication des catĂ©gories dâidentitĂ©. Dans les quatre cas nous avons observĂ© le processus de reconnaissance, en explorant les transformations de la signification des frontiĂšres internes et externes de lâidentitĂ© collective pour ses membres ainsi que pour ceux qui lui sont extĂ©rieurs. Nous soutenons que la nature conditionnelle de la reconnaissance devrait conduire les chercheurs Ă considĂ©rer non seulement les composantes normatives du conflit ethnique mais aussi, en leur accordant une importance particuliĂšre, le langage et la catĂ©gorisation qui fondent ce type de dĂ©bat.On the Boundaries of Recognition. Internal and External Categories of Collective Identity.Drawing upon recent advances in the study of recognition and social identity, we trace changes in the categorization of collective identity among stigmatized groups in Israel, Northern reland, QuĂ©bec, and Brazil. While the recognition literature commonly assumes an opposition between « Us » and « Them », a review of these empirical cases illustrates the full complexity of identity categories in each of the four cases. We focus on the process of recognition in each case while highlighting the significance of internal and external boundaries of collective identity. We argue that the contingent nature of recognition should lead scholars to consider not only the normative components of ethnic conflict, but more importantly the language and categories which form the basis for such debates.En las fronteras del reconocimiento. Las categorĂas internas y externas de la identidad colectiva.FundĂĄndonos en estudios recientes sobre el reconocimiento y la identidad social analizamos los cambios de categorizaciĂłn de la identidad colectiva de grupos estigmatizados en Israel, en Irlanda del Norte, en el QuĂ©bec canadiense y en Brasil. Cuando la literatura sobre reconocimiento presume una oposiciĂłn neta entre ânosotrosâ y âellosâ el anĂĄlisis de los estudios empĂricos demuestra la complicaciĂłn y la multiplicaciĂłn de las categorĂas de identidad. En los cuatro casos que hemos observado el proceso de reconocimiento, explorando las transforÂmaciones la significaciĂłn de la las fronteras internas y externas de la identidad colectiva para sus miembros como para los que son exteriores a ella. Consideramos que la naturaleza condicional del reconocimiento debe llevar a los investigadores a analizar no solo a los componentes normativos des conflicto Ă©tnico sino tambiĂ©n, dĂĄndoles una importancia particular, el lenguaje y la categorizaciĂłn que fundan este tipo de debate
AI Chat Assistants can Improve Conversations about Divisive Topics
A rapidly increasing amount of human conversation occurs online. But
divisiveness and conflict can fester in text-based interactions on social media
platforms, in messaging apps, and on other digital forums. Such toxicity
increases polarization and, importantly, corrodes the capacity of diverse
societies to develop efficient solutions to complex social problems that impact
everyone. Scholars and civil society groups promote interventions that can make
interpersonal conversations less divisive or more productive in offline
settings, but scaling these efforts to the amount of discourse that occurs
online is extremely challenging. We present results of a large-scale experiment
that demonstrates how online conversations about divisive topics can be
improved with artificial intelligence tools. Specifically, we employ a large
language model to make real-time, evidence-based recommendations intended to
improve participants' perception of feeling understood in conversations. We
find that these interventions improve the reported quality of the conversation,
reduce political divisiveness, and improve the tone, without systematically
changing the content of the conversation or moving people's policy attitudes.
These findings have important implications for future research on social media,
political deliberation, and the growing community of scholars interested in the
place of artificial intelligence within computational social science
An online experiment during the 2020 US-Iran crisis shows that exposure to common enemies can increase political polarization
A longstanding theory indicates that the threat of a common enemy can mitigate conflict between members of rival groups. We tested this hypothesis in a pre-registered experiment where 1670 Republicans and Democrats in the United States were asked to complete an online social learning task with a bot that was labeled as a member of the opposing party. Prior to this task, we exposed respondents to primes about (a) a common enemy (involving Iran and Russia); (b) a patriotic event; or (c) a neutral, apolitical prime. Though we observed no significant differences in the behavior of Democrats as a result of priming, we found that Republicans-and particularly those with very strong conservative views-were significantly less likely to learn from Democrats when primed about a common enemy. Because our study was in the field during the 2020 Iran Crisis, we were able to further evaluate this finding via a natural experiment-Republicans who participated in our study after the crisis were even less influenced by the beliefs of Democrats than those Republicans who participated before this event. These findings indicate common enemies may not reduce inter-group conflict in highly polarized societies, and contribute to a growing number of studies that find evidence of asymmetric political polarization in the United States. We conclude by discussing the implications of these findings for research in social psychology, political conflict, and the rapidly expanding field of computational social science
REFORMS: Reporting Standards for Machine Learning Based Science
Machine learning (ML) methods are proliferating in scientific research.
However, the adoption of these methods has been accompanied by failures of
validity, reproducibility, and generalizability. These failures can hinder
scientific progress, lead to false consensus around invalid claims, and
undermine the credibility of ML-based science. ML methods are often applied and
fail in similar ways across disciplines. Motivated by this observation, our
goal is to provide clear reporting standards for ML-based science. Drawing from
an extensive review of past literature, we present the REFORMS checklist
(porting Standards achine Learning
Based cience). It consists of 32 questions and a paired set of
guidelines. REFORMS was developed based on a consensus of 19 researchers across
computer science, data science, mathematics, social sciences, and biomedical
sciences. REFORMS can serve as a resource for researchers when designing and
implementing a study, for referees when reviewing papers, and for journals when
enforcing standards for transparency and reproducibility
The neutron and its role in cosmology and particle physics
Experiments with cold and ultracold neutrons have reached a level of
precision such that problems far beyond the scale of the present Standard Model
of particle physics become accessible to experimental investigation. Due to the
close links between particle physics and cosmology, these studies also permit a
deep look into the very first instances of our universe. First addressed in
this article, both in theory and experiment, is the problem of baryogenesis ...
The question how baryogenesis could have happened is open to experimental
tests, and it turns out that this problem can be curbed by the very stringent
limits on an electric dipole moment of the neutron, a quantity that also has
deep implications for particle physics. Then we discuss the recent spectacular
observation of neutron quantization in the earth's gravitational field and of
resonance transitions between such gravitational energy states. These
measurements, together with new evaluations of neutron scattering data, set new
constraints on deviations from Newton's gravitational law at the picometer
scale. Such deviations are predicted in modern theories with extra-dimensions
that propose unification of the Planck scale with the scale of the Standard
Model ... Another main topic is the weak-interaction parameters in various
fields of physics and astrophysics that must all be derived from measured
neutron decay data. Up to now, about 10 different neutron decay observables
have been measured, much more than needed in the electroweak Standard Model.
This allows various precise tests for new physics beyond the Standard Model,
competing with or surpassing similar tests at high-energy. The review ends with
a discussion of neutron and nuclear data required in the synthesis of the
elements during the "first three minutes" and later on in stellar
nucleosynthesis.Comment: 91 pages, 30 figures, accepted by Reviews of Modern Physic
Large expert-curated database for benchmarking document similarity detection in biomedical literature search
Document recommendation systems for locating relevant literature have mostly relied on methods developed a decade ago. This is largely due to the lack of a large offline gold-standard benchmark of relevant documents that cover a variety of research fields such that newly developed literature search techniques can be compared, improved and translated into practice. To overcome this bottleneck, we have established the RElevant LIterature SearcH consortium consisting of more than 1500 scientists from 84 countries, who have collectively annotated the relevance of over 180 000 PubMed-listed articles with regard to their respective seed (input) article/s. The majority of annotations were contributed by highly experienced, original authors of the seed articles. The collected data cover 76% of all unique PubMed Medical Subject Headings descriptors. No systematic biases were observed across different experience levels, research fields or time spent on annotations. More importantly, annotations of the same document pairs contributed by different scientists were highly concordant. We further show that the three representative baseline methods used to generate recommended articles for evaluation (Okapi Best Matching 25, Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency and PubMed Related Articles) had similar overall performances. Additionally, we found that these methods each tend to produce distinct collections of recommended articles, suggesting that a hybrid method may be required to completely capture all relevant articles. The established database server located at https://relishdb.ict.griffith.edu.au is freely available for the downloading of annotation data and the blind testing of new methods. We expect that this benchmark will be useful for stimulating the development of new powerful techniques for title and title/abstract-based search engines for relevant articles in biomedical research.Peer reviewe
Bridging Boundaries: The Equalization Strategies of Stigmatized Ethno-racial Groups Compared. CES Working Papers No. 154, 2008
This article offers a framework for analyzing variations in how members of stigmatized ethnoracial groups establish equivalence with dominant groups through the comparative study of âequalization strategies.â Whereas extant scholarship on anti-racism has focused on the struggle of social movements against institutional and political exclusion and social justice, we are concerned with the âeverydayâ anti-racist strategies deployed by members of stigmatized groups. We seek to compare how these strategies vary according to the permeability of inter-group boundaries. The first section defines our research problem and the second section locates our agenda within the current literature. The third section sketches an empirical context for the comparative analysis of equalization strategies across four cases: Palestinian citizens of Israel, Catholics in Northern Ireland, blacks in Brazil, and QuĂ©bĂ©cois in Canada. Whereas the first two cases are examples of ethnic conflict where group boundaries are tightly policed, the second cases exemplify more permeable boundaries. We conclude by offering tentative hypotheses about the relationship between the permeability of inter-group boundaries and the salience and range of equalization strategies used by members of stigmatized ethno-racial groups to establish equivalence with their counterparts in dominant majority groups
Replication Data for "Assessing the Russian Internet Agency's Impact on the Political Attitudes and Behaviors of U.S. Twitter Users in Late 2017" Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
This repository includes data from Bail et al.'s 2019 study "Assessing the Russian Internet Research Agency's Impact on the Political Attitudes and Behaviors of U.S. Twitter Users in Late 2017." The data describe six outcomes (four attitude measures and two behavioral measures) that were collected from surveys fielded for the authors by YouGov in October and November 2017 as well as a measure that describes whether respondents had direct or indirect interaction with accounts associated with the Russian Internet Research Agency by Twitter
Exposure to Opposing Views can Increase Political Polarization
Replication materials for Bail et al. 2018 "Exposure to Opposing Views on Social Media can Increase Political Polarization." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
***NOTE: Some variables were coarsened using Statistical Disclosure Control Methods in order to protect anonymity of respondents because of risk of identification via social media meta data merged with survey responses***
ABSTRACT
There is mounting concern that social media sites contribute to
political polarization by creating âecho chambersâ that insulate
people from opposing views about current events. We surveyed
a large sample of Democrats and Republicans who visit Twitter
at least three times each week about a range of social policy
issues. One week later, we randomly assigned respondents to a
treatment condition in which they were offered financial incentives
to follow a Twitter bot for 1 mo that exposed them to
messages from those with opposing political ideologies (e.g.,
elected officials, opinion leaders, media organizations, and nonprofit
groups). Respondents were resurveyed at the end of the
month to measure the effect of this treatment, and at regular
intervals throughout the study period to monitor treatment
compliance. We find that Republicans who followed a liberal
Twitter bot became substantially more conservative posttreatment.
Democrats exhibited slight increases in liberal attitudes
after following a conservative Twitter bot, although these effects
are not statistically significant. Notwithstanding important limitations
of our study, these findings have significant implications
for the interdisciplinary literature on political polarization and the
emerging field of computational social science
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