Allozyme variation in Rattus rattus (Rodentia: Muridae) in Turkey, with particular emphasis on the taxonomy

WOS: 000261906600003The Turkish black rat "Rattus rattus" shows variation in coat colour corresponding to the occurrence of three subspecies with intermediate colour stages: Rattus rattus rattus, Rattus r. alexandrinus and Rattus r. frugivorus. Turkish black rat populations were divided geographically into six sub-populations: Rr1 = Northwest Anatolia, Rr2 = Central Anatolia, Rr3 = Eastern Mediterranean, Rr4 = Western Mediterranean, Rr5 = Turkish Thrace, and Rr6 = Black Sea region. Genetic variation was assessed using twenty two isoenzyme systems. Seven of twenty-two loci (Pgm-1, Hk, Ale-M, G3pdh, Gpdh-1, Gpi, Fum-1) were found to be polymorphic. The mean Value of F(ST) is found to be 0.073, indicating 7.3 % genetic variation among groups and suggesting the existence of a moderate differentiation between sub-populations of the Turkish black rat. Overall mean heterozygosity (Ho = direct count) for sub-populations was Ho = 0.020, ranging from 0.008 to 0.031. Nei's measure of genetic distance showed that Rr2 and Rr6 were the most identical and sub-populations Rr1 and Rr5 had diverged the most.BAP of Ankara UniversityAnkara University [97.05.03.04, 2000.07.05.037]We wish to thank Dr Ben BRILOT for comments on the text. This study was supported by BAP (97.05.03.04 and 2000.07.05.037) of Ankara University

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition)

In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. For example, a key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process versus those that measure fl ux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process including the amount and rate of cargo sequestered and degraded). In particular, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation must be differentiated from stimuli that increase autophagic activity, defi ned as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (inmost higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium ) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the fi eld understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. It is worth emphasizing here that lysosomal digestion is a stage of autophagy and evaluating its competence is a crucial part of the evaluation of autophagic flux, or complete autophagy. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. Along these lines, because of the potential for pleiotropic effects due to blocking autophagy through genetic manipulation it is imperative to delete or knock down more than one autophagy-related gene. In addition, some individual Atg proteins, or groups of proteins, are involved in other cellular pathways so not all Atg proteins can be used as a specific marker for an autophagic process. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field

The Effects of Nursing Care Based on Watson's Theory of Human Caring on the Mental Health of Pregnant Women After a Pregnancy Loss

WOS: 000411909500003PubMed ID: 2892750

THE ANALYSIS OF WIND DATA WITH RAYLEIGH DISTRIBUTION AND OPTIMUM TURBINE AND COST ANALYSIS IN ELMADAG, TURKEY

Cam, Ertugrul/0000-0001-6491-9225WOS: 000409774000008In this study, wind energy potential of Elmadag region is analyzed statistically by using the data of wind speed that is measured hourly between 2012-2013 years, then economic analysis of wind investment in the region has been studied. Wind turbine parameters and wind speed distribution in the region play an important role to get energy. Therefore, firstly, Rayleigh statistical method is used for the research of region's wind energy potential. Wind speed data of region, scale parameters value, energy density quantity, the most common wind speed, speed values that have maximum contribution to energy generation are calculated monthly and annually with this method. In the second part of the study, amount of energy generation and capacity factors are calculated annually by using three different turbines. Finally, cost analysis of investment is made by various calculation methods and economic profitability is calculated. According to results, the most convenient and profitable turbine is determined by comparison

New Optimization Algorithms for Application to Environmental Economic Load Dispatch in Power Systems

EKE, ibrahim/0000-0003-4792-238X; AKKAS, OZGE PINAR/0000-0001-5704-4678;WOS: 000441452800002The determination of the most economical generation dispatch in an electrical power system has become a very important issue globally. However, economical dispatch can no longer be considered alone because of environmental problems that are derived from emissions such as nitrogen oxide, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide. In this study, the problem of environmental economic load dispatch (EELD) in a power system of six generators is addressed both by neglecting and including line transmission losses using a modified genetic algorithm and a modified artificial bee colony optimization method. The results of these modified algorithms are compared with those of the unmodified versions. The results demonstrate that the proposed new methods have better economic and environmental distribution performances. Accordingly, it can be concluded that the new methods are more effective and should be adopted

Contribution to the distribution, morphological peculiarities, and karyology of the Greater Noctule, Nyctalus lasiopterus (Chiroptera : Vespertilionidae), in southwestern Turkey

WOS: 000255744200007The Greater Noctule, Nyctalus lasiopterus, was recorded from southwestern Turkey for the third time. The dorsal fur of the Greater Noctule, which also covers the underpart of the wing membrane, along with the forearm and propatagium, is uniformly dark brown. The cranium shows typical characteristics of the noctule bats. In addition to these, the exoccipital is convex and is markedly visible in the planar view of the skull. There is a small depression mid braincase. The dental formula is i: 2, c: 1, pm: 1, m: 3/i: 3, c: 1, pm: 2, m: 3 = 32. The diploid number of chromosomes and the number of chromosomal arms are 2n = 42 and FN = 54, respectively

Optimal Site Selection for a Solar Power Plant in the Central Anatolian Region of Turkey

Primary energy sources are running out due to the increase in electrical energy consumption. Environmental problems caused by primary energy sources are also increasing. Using more renewable energy resources (RES) can be considered as one of the most powerful solutions to address these problems. Today, required photovoltaic power systems (PVPS) and wind energy systems (WES) are widely used as RES for addressing these problems. Because of their high costs, feasibility studies are required for locating large systems associated with these resources. In this study, various suggestions are determined about location selection, which is an important stage in the PVPS’s establishment. Hence, the criteria for selecting the appropriate location are analyzed by the multicriteria decision making (MCDM) methods and the results are evaluated for 5 cities in the Central Anatolian Region of Turkey. In conclusion, it is determined which city is the most suitable place for installation of solar power plants

Peripherally Inserted Intravenous Catheters in Children: One Year

Aim: Intravascular catheters are used in intensive care units as well as the services with increased frequency in the management of children. The aim of this study is to evaluate the complications and risk factors associated with intravascular catheterization. Material and Method: Between the years 2014-2015 Augusts, in Medical Faculty of Cerrahpasa, University of Istanbul, Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, 105 patients and placed 171 intravascular catheters analyzed retrospectively by the patients' medical records. Results: Average age of catheter insertion was 4,45 +/- 5,48 years, ranging between 3 days-228 months. 78 of the patients (45.6%) were female, 93 (54.4%) were male. One hundred and fifteen catheters (67.3%) were used 7 days or more, the average length of usage was 20.33 +/- 38.80. The most common underlying disease was metabolic disease (n = 43, 25.1%). Catheters were inserted most often because of the absence of a peripheral venous route (n = 77, 45%). The most common catheter types were central venous catheter (n = 110, 64.3%) and hemodialysis catheters (n = 51, 29.8%), respectively. Ninety eight femoral (57.3%), 48 jugular (28.1%) and 22 subclavian (12.9%) catheters were placed. Hundred and seven of the catheters (62.6%) were used only in intensive care unit, 30 (17.5%) in services after intensive care unit and 34 catheters (19.9%) were placed for the usage in services. Catheter related infections were observed in 13 patients (7.6%). Noninfectious complications were observed in 6 cases (3.5%) during or after insertion. Ninety five catheters (55.6%) withdrew due to no more remaining requirement. As catheter type, size and location had no risk for catheter related infections (p> 0.05), increased time length for the usage of catheters showed a significant increase in infection incidence (p < 0.05). The frequency of infection of catheters followed in services was significantly higher (p < 0.05). Discussion: The insertion and care of catheters by skilled persons reduce the complication rates

Fruit Weight, Total Phenolics, Acidity and Sugar Content of Edible Wild Pear (Pyrus elaeagnifolia Pall.) Fruits [Fruchtgewicht, Gesamt-Phenolgehalt, Säure- und Zuckergehalt zum Verzehr geeigneter Früchte der Wildbirne (Pyrus elaeagnifolia Pall. = Ölweidenblättrige Birne)]

Wild pear (Pyrus eleagnifolia) is a naturally grown species mainly in inner Anatolia and its edible small fruits are traditionally consumed by local peoples and are called “Ahlat” in Turkey. Its seedlings are also used as rootstock for commercial pear cultivars. In this study, we reported first time pomological characteristics and biochemical compositions in fruits of a wide number selected wild pears genotypes (Pyrus eleagnifolia Pall.) from inner Anatolia. The obtained results revealed that there were significant differences among wild pear genotypes for all analyzed parameters. Fruit weight, total phenolics, total acidity and total sugar contents of the fruits varied from 4.71 to 27.09 g, 42.79 to 119.14 mg GAE/100 g, 0.20 to 1.40 g/100 g and 8.36 to 19.31 g/100 g, respectively. Considering these values, it was concluded that naturally grown wild pears of Anatolia with their rich salubrious biochemical compounds could reliably be used as a food source for humans. © 2015, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg