Проблема динамики культурного ландшафта (на примере функционирования хвойного дерева в свадебной обрядности Ульяновской области)

This article is relevant due to the current trend of interdisciplinary research in the sphere of socio-humanistic studies. In this case, it is the study of the dynamic cultural landscape developed by cultural (humanitarian) geography, ethnobotany, ethnology, folkloristics and cultural science. An important role in the formation and development of the cultural landscape of Russian rural settlements was played by traditional culture (primarily, wedding and calendar rites). They functioned in typical natural locations: forests, rivers, meadows, fields, etc., while such natural objects as freestanding trees, wild and cultivated plants, fruits, etc. were included in the ritual process and acquired a new semiotic status. In addition to the symbolic aspect, the interaction of traditional culture and nature had a dynamic character caused by the mutual influence of traditional culture and natural landscape on each other. The article presents the results of the study on the dynamics of the cultural landscape as exemplified by the functioning of conifers in wedding rites of the Ulyanovsk Region. The authors have established that their peculiar functioning is associated with landscape characteristics of certain areas and settlements of Ulyanovsk Povolzhye (the Ulyanovsk Volga region), as well as changes caused by deforestation, the emergence of new forest types and the cultivation of more forests. As a result, the plant used in wedding rites was replaced with a new one, or other types of wedding trees were introduced in the existing traditions depending on the season or regardless of it. Conifers were often used the day before a wedding when the bride's female friends or relatives visited the groom's house, and less often on the wedding day during the dower ceremony. The authors of the article have revealed that conifers are one of the variants of a wedding tree, therefore, their pragmatics are determined by the pragmatics and semantics of the wedding ceremony itself. The main functions of a coniferous tree in weddings were informational (to spread the information about a wedding or a certain wedding rite), symbolic (to designate marriage, marriage partners, loss of the bride's virginity, coitus), aesthetic and festive (to decorate a plant with ribbons, beads and colorful rags to make it colorful and turn it into a symbol of the holiday, while wedding songs performed by girls strengthened this effect).La relevancia del trabajo se debe a la tendencia actual de la investigación interdisciplinaria en las ciencias sociales y las humanidades. En este caso, se trata de un estudio de las dinámicas del paisaje cultural, desarrollado por la geografía cultural o humanitaria, la etnobotánica, la etnología, los estudios de folklore y los estudios culturales.La cultura tradicional desempeñó un papel importante en la formación y el desarrollo del paisaje cultural de los asentamientos rurales rusos, principalmente rituales, bodas y calendarios. Su funcionamiento tuvo lugar en loci naturales típicos: bosques, ríos, prados, campos, etc., y objetos naturales: árboles individuales, plantas silvestres y cultivadas, frutas, etc. - Fueron incluidos en el proceso ritual, adquiriendo un nuevo estado semiótico. Además del aspecto simbólico, la interacción de la cultura tradicional y la naturaleza fue dinámica. Se debió tanto a la influencia de la cultura tradicional en el paisaje natural como al paisaje en ella.El artículo presenta los resultados de un estudio de las características de la dinámica del paisaje cultural en el ejemplo del funcionamiento de un árbol conífero en la ceremonia de la boda de la región de Ulyanovsk. Se estableció que la peculiaridad de este funcionamiento está relacionada con las características del paisaje de las regiones y los asentamientos individuales de la región del Volga Ulyanovsk, así como con los cambios que se produjeron como resultado de la deforestación, el cambio del tipo de bosque y el cultivo de nuevos bosques. El resultado de tales cambios fue el cambio del objeto vegetal utilizado en la boda o la fijación de otros tipos de árboles de bodas según la estación o independientemente de esta.Se ha establecido que un árbol de coníferas en una boda se usaba con mayor frecuencia el día anterior a la boda cuando las niñas o los parientes de la novia visitaban la casa del novio y mucho menos, en la mañana del día de la boda para su redención.Se revela que un árbol de coníferas en una boda es una de las variantes de un árbol de bodas, por lo tanto, su pragmática se debe a la pragmática y la semántica de la ceremonia nupcial. Se determinó que las funciones principales de un árbol de coníferas en una boda eran informativas (para informar sobre una boda o una ceremonia de boda por separado), simbólicas (para designar matrimonio, parejas matrimoniales, pérdida del estado de la novia, acto de coito), estética y festiva (vestir una planta con cintas, cuentas, etc.). los trapos de colores lo hicieron colorido y lo convirtieron en un símbolo de la fiesta, y las canciones de boda realizadas por las niñas intensificaron este efecto).Актуальность работы обусловлена современной тенденцией междисциплинарных исследований в социогуманитарных науках. В данном случае – это изучение динамики культурного ландшафта, разрабатываемое культурной или гуманитарной географией, этноботаникой, этнологией, фольклористикой, культурологией.Важную роль в формировании и развитии культурного ландшафта русских сельских поселений играла традиционная культура – в первую очередь ритуалы, свадебные и календарные. Их функционирование происходило в типичных для них природных локусах: лесных массивах, реках, лугах, полях и т.п., а природные объекты: отдельные деревья, дикие и культурные растения, плоды и т.п. – включались в ритуальный процесс, приобретая новый семиотический статус. Помимо символического аспекта взаимодействие традиционной культуры и природы обладало динамическим характером. Он был обусловлен как влиянием традиционной культуры на природный ландшафт, так и ландшафта на нее.В статье представлены результаты исследования особенностей динамики культурного ландшафта на примере функционирования хвойного дерева в свадебной обрядности Ульяновской области. Установлено, что своеобразие этого функционирования связано с ландшафтными особенностями районов и отдельных населенных пунктов Ульяновского Поволжья, а также с изменениями в нем, происшедшими в результате вырубки лесов, сменой типа леса, выращиванием новых лесов. Результатом таких изменений стала смена используемого в свадьбе растительного объекта или закрепление других типов свадебного деревца в зависимости от сезона или независимо от него.Установлено, что хвойное дерево в свадьбе чаще всего его применяли за день до венчания при посещении дома жениха девушками или родными невесты и гораздо меньше – утром в день венчания на выкупе.Выявлено, что хвойное дерево в свадьбе – это один из вариантов свадебного деревца, поэтому его прагматика обусловлена прагматикой и семантикой свадебного обряда. Определено, что основными функциями хвойного деревца в свадьбе были информационная (информировать о свадьбе или отдельном свадебном обряде), символическая (обозначать брак, брачных партнеров, утрату невестой девического статуса, акт coitus’a), эстетическая и праздничная (наряжение растения лентами, бусами, разноцветными тряпочками делало его красочным и превращало в символ праздника, а свадебные песни, исполняемые девушками, усиливало этот эффект). &nbsp

Широкополосный волноводно-микрополосковый переход для частотного диапазона 60 ГГЦ

Introduction. The frequency band around 60 GHz is one of the most promising to realize new generation communication systems with high data rate due to the utilization of a wide operational frequency band that significantly exceeds traditional frequency bands below 6 GHz. High interest in the development of 60 GHz communication systems is related to the recent evolution of MMIC technology that allows creating effective components for this band and the variety of planar devices. Both are typically realized on printed circuit boards and have interfaces that are based on microstrip lines. The wideband waveguide-to-microstrip transition is required to test various active and passive planar devices with microstrip interfaces in order to provide an effective interconnection between the standard waveguide interface of measurement equipment and planar microstrip structures.Objective. The paper deals with the design of planar wideband waveguide-to-microstrip transition with low insertion loss level in the 60 GHz frequency band.Materials and methods. The main objective is achieved by analyzing of discontinuities in waveguide-tomicrostrip transition structure and their influence on transition characteristics. The transition characteristics are analyzed using full-wave electromagnetic simulation and confirmed with experimental investigation of designed wideband waveguide-to-microstrip transition samples.Results. The designed transition is based on an electromagnetic coupling through a slot aperture in a microstrip line ground plane. The transition is performed without using blind vias in its structure that provides low production cost and al-lows integrating the WR-15 rectangular waveguide in a simple manner without any modifications in the waveguide structure. Results of the electromagnetic simulation are confirmed with experimental investigations of the fabricated waveguide-to-microstrip transition samples. The designed transition provides operation in the nominal bandwidth of the WR-15 waveguide, namely, 50…75 GHz with the insertion loss level of 2 dB and with less than 0.8 dB insertion loss level at the 60 GHz frequency.Conclusion. The designed waveguide-to-microstrip transition can be considered as an effective solution for interconnection between various waveguide and microstrip millimeter-wave devices due to its wideband performance, low insertion loss level, simple integration and robustness to the manufacturing tolerances structure.Введение. Частотный диапазон вблизи 60 ГГц – один из наиболее перспективных для создания высокоскоростных систем связи нового поколения за счет использования широкой полосы частот передаваемых сигналов, существенно превышающей доступные значения до 6 ГГц в традиционных частотных диапазонах. Активное развитие систем связи диапазона около 60 ГГц подкрепляется расширением многообразия соответствующих полупроводниковых компонентов и планарных устройств, реализуемых на СВЧ печатных платах и имеющих интерфейс на основе микрополосковых линий передачи. Для измерения и отладки полупроводниковых компонентов и планарных устройств возникает необходимость их соединения с волноводным интерфейсом измерительного оборудования, что может быть выполнено с помощью волноводно-микрополоскового перехода.Цель работы. Разработка и исследование планарного широкополосного волноводно-микрополоскового перехода для частотного диапазона около 60 ГГц, обеспечивающего малый уровень вносимых потерь.Материалы и методы. Для достижения поставленной цели проанализировано влияние неоднородностей в структуре перехода на его характеристики, а также исследованы методы устранения таких неоднородностей. Анализ влияния неоднородностей и расчет характеристик разработанного перехода выполнены с помощью электродинамического моделирования и подтверждены результатами экспериментального исследования изготовленных образцов широкополосного волноводно-микрополоскового перехода.Результаты. Разработанный переход основан на электромагнитном взаимодействии через щелевую апертуру в экране микрополосковой линии и не содержит в своей структуре слепых переходных отверстий, часто применяемых для переходов миллиметрового диапазона частот, но значительно увеличивающих сложность и стоимость изготовления. Переход выполнен с возможностью непосредственного подсоединения к отрезку прямоугольного волновода стандартного сечения WR-15 без дополнительных модификаций в структуре волновода. По результатам моделирования и экспериментального исследования полоса пропускания перехода равна полной полосе пропускания волновода WR-15, а именно 50...75 ГГц по уровню –2 дБ коэффициента прохождения, а потери, вносимые в передаваемый сигнал, не превышают 0.8 дБ на частоте 60 ГГц.Заключение. Широкая полоса пропускания сигнала, небольшие потери, устойчивость к неточностям изготовления и простота интеграции позволяют использовать волноводно-микрополосковый переход для соединения различных микрополосковых и волноводных устройств миллиметрового диапазона длин волн

Jet energy measurement with the ATLAS detector in proton-proton collisions at root s=7 TeV

The jet energy scale and its systematic uncertainty are determined for jets measured with the ATLAS detector at the LHC in proton-proton collision data at a centre-of-mass energy of √s = 7TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 38 pb-1. Jets are reconstructed with the anti-kt algorithm with distance parameters R=0. 4 or R=0. 6. Jet energy and angle corrections are determined from Monte Carlo simulations to calibrate jets with transverse momenta pT≥20 GeV and pseudorapidities {pipe}η{pipe}<4. 5. The jet energy systematic uncertainty is estimated using the single isolated hadron response measured in situ and in test-beams, exploiting the transverse momentum balance between central and forward jets in events with dijet topologies and studying systematic variations in Monte Carlo simulations. The jet energy uncertainty is less than 2. 5 % in the central calorimeter region ({pipe}η{pipe}<0. 8) for jets with 60≤pT<800 GeV, and is maximally 14 % for pT<30 GeV in the most forward region 3. 2≤{pipe}η{pipe}<4. 5. The jet energy is validated for jet transverse momenta up to 1 TeV to the level of a few percent using several in situ techniques by comparing a well-known reference such as the recoiling photon pT, the sum of the transverse momenta of tracks associated to the jet, or a system of low-pT jets recoiling against a high-pT jet. More sophisticated jet calibration schemes are presented based on calorimeter cell energy density weighting or hadronic properties of jets, aiming for an improved jet energy resolution and a reduced flavour dependence of the jet response. The systematic uncertainty of the jet energy determined from a combination of in situ techniques is consistent with the one derived from single hadron response measurements over a wide kinematic range. The nominal corrections and uncertainties are derived for isolated jets in an inclusive sample of high-pT jets. Special cases such as event topologies with close-by jets, or selections of samples with an enhanced content of jets originating from light quarks, heavy quarks or gluons are also discussed and the corresponding uncertainties are determined. © 2013 CERN for the benefit of the ATLAS collaboration

Measurement of the inclusive and dijet cross-sections of b-jets in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV with the ATLAS detector

The inclusive and dijet production cross-sections have been measured for jets containing b-hadrons (b-jets) in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of sqrt(s) = 7 TeV, using the ATLAS detector at the LHC. The measurements use data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 34 pb^-1. The b-jets are identified using either a lifetime-based method, where secondary decay vertices of b-hadrons in jets are reconstructed using information from the tracking detectors, or a muon-based method where the presence of a muon is used to identify semileptonic decays of b-hadrons inside jets. The inclusive b-jet cross-section is measured as a function of transverse momentum in the range 20 < pT < 400 GeV and rapidity in the range |y| < 2.1. The bbbar-dijet cross-section is measured as a function of the dijet invariant mass in the range 110 < m_jj < 760 GeV, the azimuthal angle difference between the two jets and the angular variable chi in two dijet mass regions. The results are compared with next-to-leading-order QCD predictions. Good agreement is observed between the measured cross-sections and the predictions obtained using POWHEG + Pythia. MC@NLO + Herwig shows good agreement with the measured bbbar-dijet cross-section. However, it does not reproduce the measured inclusive cross-section well, particularly for central b-jets with large transverse momenta.Comment: 10 pages plus author list (21 pages total), 8 figures, 1 table, final version published in European Physical Journal

Measurement of the cross-section and charge asymmetry of WW bosons produced in proton-proton collisions at s=8\sqrt{s}=8 TeV with the ATLAS detector

This paper presents measurements of the $W^+ \rightarrow \mu^+\nu$ and $W^- \rightarrow \mu^-\nu$ cross-sections and the associated charge asymmetry as a function of the absolute pseudorapidity of the decay muon. The data were collected in proton--proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV with the ATLAS experiment at the LHC and correspond to a total integrated luminosity of 20.2~\mbox{fb^{-1}}. The precision of the cross-section measurements varies between 0.8% to 1.5% as a function of the pseudorapidity, excluding the 1.9% uncertainty on the integrated luminosity. The charge asymmetry is measured with an uncertainty between 0.002 and 0.003. The results are compared with predictions based on next-to-next-to-leading-order calculations with various parton distribution functions and have the sensitivity to discriminate between them.Comment: 38 pages in total, author list starting page 22, 5 figures, 4 tables, submitted to EPJC. All figures including auxiliary figures are available at https://atlas.web.cern.ch/Atlas/GROUPS/PHYSICS/PAPERS/STDM-2017-13

Observation of associated near-side and away-side long-range correlations in √sNN=5.02 TeV proton-lead collisions with the ATLAS detector

Two-particle correlations in relative azimuthal angle (Δϕ) and pseudorapidity (Δη) are measured in √sNN=5.02  TeV p+Pb collisions using the ATLAS detector at the LHC. The measurements are performed using approximately 1  μb-1 of data as a function of transverse momentum (pT) and the transverse energy (ΣETPb) summed over 3.1<η<4.9 in the direction of the Pb beam. The correlation function, constructed from charged particles, exhibits a long-range (2<|Δη|<5) “near-side” (Δϕ∼0) correlation that grows rapidly with increasing ΣETPb. A long-range “away-side” (Δϕ∼π) correlation, obtained by subtracting the expected contributions from recoiling dijets and other sources estimated using events with small ΣETPb, is found to match the near-side correlation in magnitude, shape (in Δη and Δϕ) and ΣETPb dependence. The resultant Δϕ correlation is approximately symmetric about π/2, and is consistent with a dominant cos⁡2Δϕ modulation for all ΣETPb ranges and particle pT

Search for direct production of charginos and neutralinos in events with three leptons and missing transverse momentum in √s = 7 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

A search for the direct production of charginos and neutralinos in final states with three electrons or muons and missing transverse momentum is presented. The analysis is based on 4.7 fb−1 of proton–proton collision data delivered by the Large Hadron Collider and recorded with the ATLAS detector. Observations are consistent with Standard Model expectations in three signal regions that are either depleted or enriched in Z-boson decays. Upper limits at 95% confidence level are set in R-parity conserving phenomenological minimal supersymmetric models and in simplified models, significantly extending previous results

Search for new phenomena in final states with an energetic jet and large missing transverse momentum in pp collisions at √ s = 8 TeV with the ATLAS detector

Results of a search for new phenomena in final states with an energetic jet and large missing transverse momentum are reported. The search uses 20.3 fb−1 of √ s = 8 TeV data collected in 2012 with the ATLAS detector at the LHC. Events are required to have at least one jet with pT > 120 GeV and no leptons. Nine signal regions are considered with increasing missing transverse momentum requirements between Emiss T > 150 GeV and Emiss T > 700 GeV. Good agreement is observed between the number of events in data and Standard Model expectations. The results are translated into exclusion limits on models with either large extra spatial dimensions, pair production of weakly interacting dark matter candidates, or production of very light gravitinos in a gauge-mediated supersymmetric model. In addition, limits on the production of an invisibly decaying Higgs-like boson leading to similar topologies in the final state are presente

Search for displaced vertices arising from decays of new heavy particles in 7 TeV pp collisions at ATLAS

We present the results of a search for new, heavy particles that decay at a significant distance from their production point into a final state containing charged hadrons in association with a high-momentum muon. The search is conducted in a pp-collision data sample with a center-of-mass energy of 7 TeV and an integrated luminosity of 33 pb^-1 collected in 2010 by the ATLAS detector operating at the Large Hadron Collider. Production of such particles is expected in various scenarios of physics beyond the standard model. We observe no signal and place limits on the production cross-section of supersymmetric particles in an R-parity-violating scenario as a function of the neutralino lifetime. Limits are presented for different squark and neutralino masses, enabling extension of the limits to a variety of other models.Comment: 8 pages plus author list (20 pages total), 8 figures, 1 table, final version to appear in Physics Letters

Evidence for the Higgs-boson Yukawa coupling to tau leptons with the ATLAS detector

Results of a search for H → τ τ decays are presented, based on the full set of proton-proton collision data recorded by the ATLAS experiment at the LHC during 2011 and 2012. The data correspond to integrated luminosities of 4.5 fb−1 and 20.3 fb−1 at centre-of-mass energies of √s = 7 TeV and √s = 8 TeV respectively. All combinations of leptonic (τ → `νν¯ with ` = e, µ) and hadronic (τ → hadrons ν) tau decays are considered. An excess of events over the expected background from other Standard Model processes is found with an observed (expected) significance of 4.5 (3.4) standard deviations. This excess provides evidence for the direct coupling of the recently discovered Higgs boson to fermions. The measured signal strength, normalised to the Standard Model expectation, of µ = 1.43 +0.43 −0.37 is consistent with the predicted Yukawa coupling strength in the Standard Model