Institute for Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN)
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    PASTELS project - overall progress of the project on experimental and numerical activities on passive safety systems

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    International audienceNuclear accidents such as Fukushima Daiichi have highlighted the potential of passive safety systems to replace or complement active safety systems as part of the overall prevention and/or mitigation strategies. In addition, passive systems are key features of Small Modular Reactors (SMRs), for which they are becoming almost unavoidable and are part of the basic design of many reactors available in today’s nuclear market. Nevertheless, their potential to significantly increase the safety of nuclear power plants still needs to be strengthened, in particular the ability of computer codes to determine their performance and reliability in industrial applications and support the safety demonstration. The PASTELS project (September 2020–February 2024), funded by the European Commission “Euratom H2020” programme, is devoted to the study of passive systems relying on natural circulation. The project focuses on two types, namely the SAfety COndenser (SACO) for the evacuation of the core residual power and the Containment Wall Condenser (CWC) for the reduction of heat and pressure in the containment vessel in case of accident. A specific design for each of these systems is being investigated in the project. Firstly, a straight vertical pool type of SACO has been implemented on the Framatome’s PKL loop at Erlangen. It represents a tube bundle type heat exchanger that transfers heat from the secondary circuit to the water pool in which it is immersed by condensing the vapour generated in the steam generator. Secondly, the project relies on the CWC installed on the PASI test loop at LUT University in Finland. This facility reproduces the thermal-hydraulic behaviour of a Passive Containment Cooling System (PCCS) mainly composed of a CWC, a heat exchanger in the containment vessel connected to a water tank at atmospheric pressure outside the vessel which represents the ultimate heat sink. Several activities are carried out within the framework of the project. Different tests are conducted on these integral test facilities to produce new and relevant experimental data allowing to better characterize the physical behaviours and the performances of these systems for various thermo-hydraulic conditions. These test programmes are simulated by different codes acting at different scales, mainly system and CFD codes. New “system/ CFD” coupling approaches are also considered to evaluate their potential to benefit both from the accuracy of CFD in regions where local 3D effects are dominant and system codes whose computational speed, robustness and general level of physical validation are particularly appreciated in industrial studies. In parallel, the project includes the study of single and two-phase natural circulation loops through a bibliographical study and the simulations of the PERSEO and HERO-2 experimental facilities. After a synthetic presentation of the project and its objectives, this article provides the reader with findings related to the physical analysis of the test results obtained on the PKL and PASI installations as well an overall evaluation of the capability of the different numerical tools to simulate passive systems

    The ICRP, MELODI, and ALLIANCE workshop on effects of ionizing radiation exposure in offspring and next generations: a summary of discussions

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    International audiencePurpose: Task Group 121 – Effects of ionizing radiation exposure in offspring and next generations– is a task group under the Committee 1 of the International Commission on RadiologicalProtection (ICRP), approved by the Main Commission on 18th November 2021. The main goals ofTask Group 121 are to (1) review and update the scientific literature of relevance to radiationrelatedeffects in the offspring of parent(s) exposed to ionizing radiation in both human and nonhumanbiota; (2) to assess preconceptional and intrauterine effects of radiation exposure andrelated morbidity and mortality; and, (3) to provide advice about the level of evidence and howto consider these preconceptional and postconceptional effects in the system of radiological protectionfor humans and non-human biota.Methods: The Task Group is reviewing relevant literature since Publication 90 ‘Biological effectsafter prenatal irradiation (embryo and fetus)’ (2003) and will include radiation-related effects onfuture generations in humans, animals, and plants. This review will be conducted to account forthe health effects on offspring and subsequent generations in the current system of radiologicalprotection. Radiation detriment calculation will also be reviewed. Finally, preliminary recommendationswill be made to update the integration of health effects in offspring and next generations inthe system of radiological protection.Results: A Workshop, jointly organized by ICRP Task Group 121 and European RadiationProtection Research Platforms MELODI and ALLIANCE was held in Budapest, Hungary, from 31stMay to 2nd June 2022. Participants discussed four important topics: (1) hereditary and epigeneticeffects due to exposure of the germ cell line (preconceptional exposure), (2) effects arising fromexposure of the embryo and fetus (intrauterine exposure), (3) transgenerational effects on biota,and (4) its potential impact on the system of radiological protection.Conclusions: Based on the discussions and presentations during the breakout sessions, newerpublications, and gaps on the current scientific literature were identified. For instance, there aresome ongoing systematic reviews and radiation epidemiology reviews of intrauterine effects.There are newer methods of Monte Carlo simulation for fetal dosimetry, and advances in radiationgenetics, epigenetics, and radiobiology studies. While the current impact of hereditary effects onthe global detriment was reported as small, the questions surrounding the effects of radiationexposure on offspring and the next generation are crucial, recurring, and with a major focus onexposed populations. This article summarizes the workshop discussions, presentations, and conclusionsof each topic and introduces the special issue of the International Journal of RadiationBiology resulting from the discussions of the meeting

    Experimental and numerical study of an elevated pool fire scenario in a confined and mechanically ventilated compartment

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    International audienceThe present work deals with an experimental and numerical investigation of an elevated pool fire scenarioin a confined and forced ventilated compartment. Although often encountered in industrial installations or incommon buildings, this type of configuration is rarely studied in the literature. This study is supported by a setof two large-scale fire experiments performed in the framework of the OECD-PRISME3 project and numericalsimulations (RANS and LES methods) carried out with the CALIF3S-Isis software. The objective is to improvethe physical understanding of the phenomena that are experimentally highlighted and to assess the capabilitiesof Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) on this type of configuration. First, the comparison between the twolarge-scale fire tests (one elevated and its equivalent on the ground) exhibits a strong modification of thefuel mass loss rate associated with a change in the thermal and species stratifications. Then, a preliminarysimulation using a predictive approach commonly used and efficient for the case of a ground fire scenarioshows by contrast its limitations when applied to the case of the elevated fire. Therefore, in addition to theessential step consisting in the validation of the code with a prescribed approach on this type of elevated fire,the simulations also reveal a specific phenomenology (smoke filling, strong vitiation, oxygen-pumping, .. .).Finally, taking into account these particularities allows in fine, for the studied case, the improvement of theprediction of the mass loss rate of the fire

    EURADOS Intercomparison of age-dependent thyroid phantoms for thyroid monitoring in nuclear or radiological emergencies

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    International audienceDirect in-vivo measurement of radioiodine in the thyroid by gamma spectrometry is usually thepreferred method for assessing intake of 131I. To obtain reliable values of the committed doses relatedto these accidental intakes, detector systems have to be properly calibrated, using age-dependentthyroid phantoms for simulating the internal contamination for individuals of different age groups.In-vivo monitoring laboratories all over the world usually use adult thyroid phantoms for calibratingpurposes, however, only a few of them have age-dependent thyroid phantoms. For improving andharmonizing the calibration procedures for in-vivo thyroid monitoring, particularly for children incase of radiological or nuclear emergencies, members of the EURADOS WG7 “Internal Dosimetry”have organized and carried out an intercomparison exercise aimed at comparing different agedependentthyroid phantoms. Intercomparison measurements were conducted at the Whole BodyCounter Laboratory (WBC) of CIEMAT. This paper presents the design and development of thecampaign as well as a summary of the most relevant results obtained and conclusions

    Health-related quality of life and radioiodine therapy in thyroid cancer patients: a before-and-after study

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    International audienceObjective Thyroid cancers are on the rise, but the associated vital prognosis and long-term survival rates are very good. Therefore, treated patients’ quality of life and psychological well-being are important considerations. The treatment usually involves surgery and radioactive iodine (radioiodine) ablation. This study aims to investigate potential effects of radioiodine ablation therapy on health-related quality of life, anxiety and depression symptoms, and nutritional status at 6 months post-therapy.Methods This study included 136 patients diagnosed with thyroid cancer. Absorbed doses to the salivary glands were estimated from dosimeters worn by patients. Patient health-related quality of life, psychological status and nutritional status were assessed before and 6 months after therapy using standardized questionnaires (including SF-36, Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale). Statistical analyses included random-effects logistic and linear regressions adjusted for potential confounders.Results While no significant association was found between radioiodine exposure and anxiety or depression symptoms, or nutritional status, a significant increase in the SF-36 role physical sub- score was observed in relation with the salivary gland dose (β= 6.54, 95%CI 2.71;10.36 for a 1-Gy increase).Conclusions The findings suggest an improved physical health-related quality of life, namely reduced pain and functional impairment, 6 months after radioiodine therapy in thyroid cancer patients. No significant association was found between radioiodine exposure and mental health-related quality of life, anxiety or depression scores nor nutritional status. This study does not provide any evidence that radioiodine therapy has a potentially adverse effect on patient health-related quality of lif

    Simulation de la propagation de fissure lors d'essais de rupture de type mini-C(T) dans le domaine de transition ductile-fragile à partir d'une approche cohésive : application aux aciers de cuves de réacteurs

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    National audienceLe but de cette étude est de simuler la propagation de fissure lors d’essais de rupture réaliséssur des éprouvettes mini-C(T) afin d’estimer la ténacité d’acier de cuve de réacteur nucléaire dans ledomaine de transition ductile-fragile. Un modèle de zones cohésives est utilisé pour modéliser la propagation de fissure. L’évolution des paramètres cohésifs avec la probabilité de rupture et la températureest calibrée à partir d’essais à basse température et à température proche de la température de référencede la courbe maîtresse. Une très bonne concordance est observée entre les résultats des simulations etl’approche par la courbe maîtresse

    Artificial intelligence in biology and medicine, and radioprotection research: perspectives from Jerusalem

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    International audienceWhile AI is widely used in biomedical research and medical practice, its use is constrained to few specific practical areas, e.g., radiomics. Participants of the workshop on “Artificial Intelligence in Biology and Medicine” (Jerusalem, Feb 14–15, 2023), both researchers and practitioners, aimed to build a holistic picture by exploring AI advancements, challenges and perspectives, as well as to suggest new fields for AI applications. Presentations showcased the potential of large language models (LLMs) in generating molecular structures, predicting protein-ligand interactions, and promoting democratization of AI development. Ethical concerns in medical decision making were also addressed. In biological applications, AI integration of multi-omics and clinical data elucidated the health relevant effects of low doses of ionizing radiation. Bayesian latent modeling identified statistical associations between unobserved variables. Medical applications highlighted liquid biopsy methods for non-invasive diagnostics, routine laboratory tests to identify overlooked illnesses, and AI's role in oral and maxillofacial imaging. Explainable AI and diverse image processing tools improved diagnostics, while text classification detected anorexic behavior in blog posts. The workshop fostered knowledge sharing, discussions, and emphasized the need for further AI development in radioprotection research in support of emerging public health issues. The organizers plan to continue the initiative as an annual event, promoting collaboration and addressing issues and perspectives in AI applications with a focus on low-dose radioprotection research. Researchers involved in radioprotection research and experts in relevant public policy domains are invited to explore the utility of AI in low-dose radiation research at the next workshop

    Effects of Salinity and Alkalinity on the Volumetric Deformation of the Opalinus Clay from the Lower Sandy Facies (LSF) of Mont Terri Site

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    International audienceIn this study, the impact of salinity and alkalinity on the volumetric deformation of the Opalinus Clay from the lower sandy facies (LSF) of Mont Terri site was investigated. Series of samples were exposed in parallel to alkaline solutions at four different pHs (8.8, 11.5, 12.5 and 13.5) or to saline solutions at three different osmotic suctions (π = 10, 15 and 34 MPa). As a reference, samples were also exposed to synthetic water at pH 7.5 and π = 1 MPa. It was found that the protocol followed above (“parallel testing”) was not suitable for the LSF Opalinus Clay due to the high mineralogy variability. Therefore, a new protocol (“gradual testing”) consisting of gradually exposing the same sample to diferent saline or alkaline solutions was adopted. It was found that the volumetric swelling strain increased with alkalinity and decreased with salinity. In the first case, the acid-base attack resulted in a dispersed structure with higher repulsive forces. Also, the precipitation of new compounds composed of the products of the dissolution of clay minerals and the species present in the alkaline solution contributed to the observed increase in swelling strain. For the saline solutions, the decrease of the thickness of diffuse double layer and the osmotically induced consolidation explained the observed decrease of swelling strain

    : 2004-2024: 20 ans de REX

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    International audienceL’exposition médicale d’un patient aux rayonnements ionisants, à visée diagnostique (radiologie, scanographie, médecine nucléaire) ou pour les pratiques interventionnelles radioguidées (radiologie interventionnelle), présente la spécificité de ne pas être encadrée par une limitation de la dose du fait du bénéfice attendu. Aussi, l’application des principes de justification et d’optimisation sont un enjeu pour les instances régulatrices. Le concept de Niveau de Référence Diagnostique (NRD), introduit dans la publication 73 de la Commission Internationale pour la Protection Radiologique (CIPR, 1996) et repris par la Commission Européenne dans la Directive Euratom 97/43, permet d’apporter aux professionnels de santé un outil pour contribuer à l’application du principe d’optimisation.Les NRD sont établis pour les actes diagnostiques qui présentent un enjeu de radioprotection (examens fréquents et/ou irradiants) : ce sont des niveaux de dose (pour différents types d’actes radiologiques et de pratiques interventionnelles radioguidées) ou des niveaux d’activités administrées (dans le cas de médicaments radiopharmaceutiques) établis pour des procédures standardisées, et pour des patients-types ou objets test-types. L’application du principe d’optimisation de la dose délivrée dans le cadre des expositions médicales est indissociable de la qualité d’image requise pour répondre au besoin des cliniciens. Dans ce contexte, les NRD ne sont ni des « limites de dose » ni des « doses optimales ». La définition de NRD dans la réglementation française a nécessité, dans un premier temps, d’une part de choisir les grandeurs dosimétriques de référence, d’autre part d’y associer des valeurs numériques. Ces travaux, initiés au début des années 2000, ont abouti à la publication du premier « arrêté NRD » en février 2004 : •en radiologie diagnostique et en scanographie, et en l’absence de données françaises statistiquement robustes, les NRD européens ont été retranscrits pour une liste définie d’examens ;•en médecine nucléaire, l’arrêté fixe une liste des examens pouvant faire l’objet d’un relevé d’activités réellement administrées. Dans son premier bilan d’analyse, l’Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN) a proposé des valeurs de référence, en s’appuyant sur les données d’Autorisation de Mise sur le Marché (AMM) des médicaments radiopharmaceutiques et avec comparaison systématique aux données proposées par la Société Française de Médecine Nucléaire (SFMN).La CIPR recommande de réaliser régulièrement une analyse statistique de la distribution des indicateurs dosimétriques au niveau national, permettant ainsi d’étudier l’impact de la démarche et de s’appuyer sur la valeur du 75è centile de cette distribution pour proposer d’éventuelles nouvelles valeurs de référence.La lecture cumulée des données de sept bilans publiés par l’IRSN depuis 2004 permet d’obtenir aujourd’hui une vision consolidée de l’évolution de cet outil, notamment au regard :-de la participation des professionnels (cf. figure 1 ci-après) ;-des indicateurs de dose retenus.En parallèle, le dispositif réglementaire a évolué et abouti à la publication de deux autres « arrêtés NRD » en octobre 2011 puis en mai 2019.De manière synthétique, les évolutions majeures de cet outil d’optimisation ont concerné de façon progressive les points suivants :•digitalisation du recueil sur une base de données relationnelle via une interface web sécurisée (2011),•élargissement des domaines concernés avec ajout progressif de NRD pour la pédiatrie (2011), puis pour la radiologie interventionnelle (2019),•calculs statistiques avec le passage de la valeur moyenne à la valeur médiane (2019),•renforcement de la démarche d’optimisation avec l’ajout d’une Valeur Guide Diagnostique (VGD, 2019).Globalement, l'analyse des données recueillies sur la période 2019-2021 montre une diminution des valeurs des indicateurs dosimétriques dans tous les domaines par rapport à la période précédente d'analyse (2016-2018). Chez l'adulte, les valeurs des indicateurs dosimétriques sont inférieures aux valeurs de NRD dans tous les domaines (cf. figure 2 ci-après). Globalement, la tendance est à la baisse depuis 2011 pour une majorité d’examens (exemple pour l’examen Thorax de face, cf. figure 3 ci-après). Des perspectives d’amélioration du dispositif français sont envisagées, en s’appuyant notamment sur les pistes suivantes :•augmenter le nombre de données recueillies en pédiatrie pour permettre une analyse statistique des données ; réviser les catégories de poids pour s’aligner sur les recommandations européennes ;•réviser les valeurs et la définition de certains NRD (notamment en scanographie, pour prendre en compte les indications cliniques) ;•supprimer les NRD associés aux examens peu fréquents et en définir de nouveaux pour certains examens à enjeux (par exemple en tomosynthèse mammaire, en rythmologie cardiaque, en cone beam CT dentaire, etc.

    En quête d'archives : Les archives de l'IRSN éclairent la naissance de la sûreté nucléaire en France

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    Au début de l’année 1960, le Commissariat à l’énergie atomique (CEA) crée la Commission de sûreté des installations atomiques (CSIA) dont l’objectif est de centraliser l’examen des problématiques de sûreté des installations nucléaires françaises. La création de la CSIA et ses différentes sous-commissions2 marquent les débuts de la formalisation de la sûreté en France autour de pratiques et d’outils encore en vigueur aujourd’hui (dialogue technique, rapport de sûreté…). La CSIA et ses différentes sous-commissions sont l’ancêtre conjoint de l’ASN, de l’IRSN et des groupes permanents d’experts.Accompagné de l’archiviste Camille Bouchain, Michaël Mangeon s’est plongé dans quatre documents d’archives gardés précieusement à l’IRSN, permettant de comprendre la formalisation, en quelques mois, d’un embryon de système de contrôle et d’expertise et de quelques principes fondateurs de la sûreté nucléaire en France.Les documents mobilisés sont les suivants :- CEA, note de service n°C 278, Création d’une commission de sûreté des installations atomiques du CEA, 27 janvier 1960. Archive IRSN/FAR 314592- CEA, compte-rendu de la réunion du 11 février 1960 de la commission de sûreté des installations atomiques. Archive IRSN/FAR 327047- CEA, note de service HC N°38, Commission de sûreté des installations. Documents à fournir concernant la sûreté des piles, 14 mars 1960. Archive IRSN/FAR 314592- CEA, compte-rendu de la réunion du 7 avril 1960 de la sous-commission de sûreté des piles, 8 avril 1960. Archive IRSN/FAR 314592Pour analyser ces documents d’archive, nous reviendrons dans un premier temps sur l’origine de la création de la CSIA. Dans une seconde partie, nous analyserons la création et les principes de fonctionnement de la CSIA. Dans une troisième partie, nous éclairerons le rôle du rapport de sûreté, outil central dans le processus de dialogue technique avec l’exploitant. Dans une quatrième partie, nous tenterons de cerner la philosophie de cet embryon de système de contrôle et d’expertise, tourné vers la proximité entre acteurs et le développement industriel. Enfin, nous conclurons sur les héritages de ces premiers mois de fondations de la sûreté nucléaire en France

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